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ENERGY
CPES 2009-2010
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY HISTORY OF ENERGY IN U.S.
FOSSIL FUELS
Types of energy• Kinetic: energy that mass has because of
motion• KE = 1/2 mv2
• Potential Energy: stored energy - has the ability to produce motion– position– chemical (Where is this energy?)
• How does chemical energy get changed to kinetic? • “WHERE” is the energy in a chemical?
• Nuclear
Types of energy• Kinetic: energy motion
• Potential Energy: stored energy - has the ability to produce motion – become kinetic– Three Types of Potential Energy:– position– chemical (Where is this energy?)– atomic
Kinetic Energy Comes in Many Forms Kinetic energy – list types Energy Conversions
Know several examples – see class worksheet
Conservation Laws First law of energy : energy cannot created
or destroyed, but can and is constantly being changed from one form to another
Second Law of Energy: In any energy conversion, these is always a decrease in the amount of useful energy So, where does the useful energy go?
Energy ConversionsWhat energy conversion(s) does each figure exemplify?
Chemical Energy
Types Fuels Food
Where is the energy in these compounds? What is the origin form of this energy? How is the energy released?
Give examples – chemical energy to kinetic What ultimately happens to the energy released from
the molecules?
Conservation Laws
Conservation of matter-energy: the total amount of matter plus energy in the universe is constant
First law of energy conservation: energy not created but can be changed
Six forms of kinetic energy Sources for energy on earth: name 3
Second law of energy
In any energy conversion, these is always a decrease in the amount of useful energy
High quality vs. low quality energy
ENERGY HISTORY AND USE What technologies impacted the types of energy
used? – List several and be able to label energy history graphs handout
Commercial Energy Production - sources Fossil fuels Renewable (renewable) Nuclear Power
Residential Biomass is still number one - worldwide!! Explain this! In the U.S., how has home heating changed over the
last 200 years?
Electrical Power Production
Developed vs. Developing
WHY???
Developed vs. Developing Renewable vs. Nonrenewable
Developed: 90% non renewable Fossil fuels: 85% (oil 37%; gas 23%; coal 25%)
Developing: 59% non-renewable Oil 26%; coal25%; gas 7% Biomass 35%
Current Energy Use in U.S.
What does this graph tell you about per-capita energy use?
Nonrenewable resources Definition of non-renewable
How can the life of a non-renewable be extended?
Metallic minerals Nonmetallic minerals – silica, salts Energy resources
Fossil fuels Uranium
Renewable Resources Resources that when used – replaced in
relatively short period of time So, what are some examples of energy forms
that are replaced quickly? Resource that when used – no less of it!
So, what are some energy forms that are examples?
Classification of Resources
Identified resources - known location, quantity, and quality Reserves - identified resources - can profitably
extract at current prices
Fossil Fuels
What is a “fossil fuel”? In what ways is our society dependent on
fossil fuels? Video: Intro to Fossil Fuels with Bill Nye
Password and login is ehsbiology
Coal
Types Lignite Bituminous Anthracite
Uses of coal
Dirtiest burning of all fossil fuels What are the advantages and disadvantages
of using coal
Supplies
Uses of Coal
Industry Making steel – make coke, As fuel for many industrial processes Extract organic compounds for plastics and
many other products (also can use petroleum and natural gas for these products)
Making electricity (#1 fuel for this) Some used for heating
Coal
FormationFrom:
http://www.grantowngrammar.highland.sch.uk/subjects/Peak%20Oil%20web%20site/Formation%20of%20Fossil%20Fuels.html#formationofoil
Animation of Coal and Oil Formation
Formation of Coal
Types of Coal
Anthracite
Bituminous
http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photocoal.html
Lignite
Extraction of coal
Mining from surface strip mining
Subsurface mining (deep mining) Tunnels
Environmental advantages/disadvantages of these types of mining
“Remains” of past mining Slag piles of waste Acid mine drainage - #1 water pollution problem in
PA Economic advantages/disadvantages
Mining For Coal From:
http://www.grantowngrammar.highland.sch.uk/subjects/Peak%20Oil%20web%20site/Formation%20of%20Fossil%20Fuels.html#formationofoil
ExtractionExtraction
•Surface mining
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Strip_coal_mining.jpg
Surface Mining – beginning of revegatation
Slag Piles
Coal: Cons – Environmental
Air PollutionAir Pollution Major contributor of COMajor contributor of CO22
Releases 67 air pollutantsReleases 67 air pollutants EX- sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, mercuryEX- sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, mercury
Water Pollution – mining, slag pilesWater Pollution – mining, slag piles Erosion – from mining results in water pollutionErosion – from mining results in water pollution Acid RainAcid Rain Land/Property Damage – strip mining, acid Land/Property Damage – strip mining, acid
precipitation affects paint on cars, etc; wears precipitation affects paint on cars, etc; wears away statues and gravestonesaway statues and gravestones
http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/04/23/world/23coal-span-600.jpg
Pros of using coal?
Most abundant in U.S. U.S. has more supplies than any other country
Cheapest fuel to burn Works very well for industries and making
electricity
Natural Gas Uses
Industrial – 32% of total U.S. use Heating and MANY products Some used to make electricity
Residential heating – 23% of total U.S. use Heat in homes – U.S. 53% of homes
Electricity production – 23% of total U.S. use Commercial – 14% of total U.S. use
- heating and cooling of commercial buildings
Transportation – 0.1% Transporting from wells to homes, etc.
Pipelines Compressed in tanks – think of propane tanks.
Advantages Ample supply in U.S. CLEANEST burning of all fossil fuels LPG – propane and butane – used in propane tanks
Source of industrial organic compounds for making many, many materials
Supplies
Russia and Kazakhstan – 42% known reserves Known reserves and potential, undiscovered reserves: world 125 years;
U.S. only has 3% of known world reserves U.S. 65-80 years remaining at current
consumption rate
Petroleum Resources and reserves Importing oil
Natural Gas and Oil found together
• Formation of Natural Gas and Oil
Proven reserves oil
Refining Crude Oil
• Crude oil is a mixture of many
different hydro-carbons that
can be separated with distillation
• From heaviest to lightest:asphalt, wax, naptha,
diesel oil, heating oil, jet fuel,
gasoline,
cooking gases (propane, butane)
Oil Shale – Is there a future?
• Oil Shale - fine grained rock that contains a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds called kerogen. Once brought to the surface, the shale can be crushed and heated, vaporizing the kerogen.The kerogen vapor is then condensed to make shale oil
Oil Shale – What role will it play?
• Pros:Huge resource- could meet the country’s
needs for oil for 41 years at current usage levels. (but found on federal land)
Reserves of oil shale may be 200x greater than reserves of crude oil ( global supplies)Cons:
Low energy yield (takes the energy of 1/2 a barrel of crude oil to get one barrel of shale oil.
Requires large amount of water in dry areas where rock is found.
Will We Run Out of Fossil Fuels?
Proven reserves Extract at today’s cost and technology
Known but not economically recoverable reserves
What about future – finding huge reserves- is this suspected to happen?