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Energy distance in an electric power grid Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), South Korea 6 June, 2014. NetSci2014, Berkeley, CA Heetae Kim, Petter Holme
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Energy distance in an electric power grid
Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), South Korea
6 June, 2014. NetSci2014, Berkeley, CA
Heetae Kim, Petter Holme
Energy distance ↳Network analysis
Result ↳Estimate path-considered environmental impacts
Greenhouse gas emission ↳Life cycle assessment
Necessity of improvement ↳Topological imbalance
Background ↳ Motivation ↳ Environmental impacts of electric power system ↳ Necessity
Outline
Motivation
10km
50km
Santiago
Curico
Can energy system be just?
The way how to reflect the transmission load of an electric power grid
in environmental impacts assessment
Background - Environmental impacts
Background - Environmental impacts
Background -
Electricity consumption
Resource combustion
Environmental impacts
Greenhouse gasemissions
Background -
Electricity consumption
Resource combustion
Environmental impacts
Greenhouse gasemissions
Background -
Electricity consumption
Resource combustion
Environmental impacts
Greenhouse gasemissions
Background -
Electricity consumption
Resource combustion
Environmental impacts
Greenhouse gasemissions
Background -
Electricity consumption
Resource combustion
Environmental impacts
Greenhouse gasemissions
= =
Electricity consumption
Resource combustion
Greenhouse gasemissions
= =
Background - Environmental impacts
Electricity consumption
Resource combustion
Life cycle assessment (LCA) [ISO(2006) “ISO14044”]
↳Estimate comprehensive environmental impacts
Greenhouse gasemissions
= =
Background - Environmental impacts
DisposalMaintenanceConstructionElectricity consumption
Resource combustion
Life cycle assessment (LCA) [ISO(2006) “ISO14044”]
↳Estimate comprehensive environmental impacts
Greenhouse gasemissions
= =
Background - Environmental impacts
DisposalMaintenanceConstructionElectricity consumption
Resource combustion
Greenhouse gasemissions
= =+ + +
Life cycle assessment (LCA) [ISO(2006) “ISO14044”]
↳Estimate comprehensive environmental impacts
Background - Environmental impacts
DisposalMaintenanceConstructionElectricity consumption
Resource combustion
Greenhouse gasemissions
/ (g of CO2/kWh)
= =+ + +
Background - Environmental impacts
Conversion factor
DisposalMaintenanceConstructionElectricity consumption
Resource combustion
Greenhouse gasemissions
/ (g of CO2/kWh)
= =+ + +
Background - Environmental impacts
Conversion factor
Total emission
Conversionfactor of
Electricity consumption
Total emissionConversion
factor ofElectricity
consumption
What is now
Total emission
Conversionfactor of
Electricity consumption
Total emissionConversion
factor ofFacility usage
What is ideal
×
×
×
×
DisposalMaintenanceConstructionElectricity consumption
Resource combustion
Greenhouse gasemissions
= =+ + +
Background - Environmental impacts
/ (g of CO2/kWh)Conversion factor
DisposalMaintenanceConstructionElectricity consumption
Resource combustion
Greenhouse gasemissions
= =+ + +
Background - Environmental impacts
/ (g of CO2/kWh)Conversion factor
Why is the transmission load not negligible?
The topological imbalance of transmission paths
↳Extreme scale of power grid↳Various supply-demand pairs
Necessity
Consumer A
Necessity - 1. Topological imbalance with increasing scale
Consumer A
Consumer B
Consumer C
Necessity - 1. Topological imbalance with increasing scale
Necessity - 1. Topological imbalance with increasing scale
Necessity - 1. Topological imbalance with increasing scale
NorNed
Necessity - 1. Topological imbalance with increasing scale
Necessity - 1. Topological imbalance with increasing scale
Asia Super Grid
Necessity - 1. Topological imbalance with increasing scale
Necessity - 1. Topological imbalance with increasing scale
DeserTec
Necessity - 1. Topological imbalance with increasing scale
Necessity - 1. Topological imbalance with increasing scale
Necessity - 2. Various supply demand pairs
Consumer B
Consumer A
Consumer C
Necessity - 2. Various supply demand pairs
Consumer B
Consumer A
Consumer C
Necessity - 2. Various supply demand pairs
Consumer B
Consumer A
Consumer C
http://www.powershop.co.nz
Electricity service plans
Consumer B
Consumer A
Consumer C
Necessity - 2. Various supply demand pairs
Consumer B
Consumer A
Consumer C
Necessity - 2. Various supply demand pairs
Consumer B
Consumer A
Consumer C
Necessity - 2. Various supply demand pairs
Electric power market is becoming more complex.
It is required to reflect the complex supply and demand relationship
in the environmental impact assessment
Total GHG emissions1
Energy distance2Total GHG emissions1
Energy distance2 GHG allocation3Total GHG emissions1
Energy distance GHG allocationTotal GHG emissions 2 31
Energy distance GHG allocationTotal GHG emissions 2 31
SIC center of Economic Load Dispatch (CDEC-SIC)✓the main national electricity system✓serves 92% of country’s population✓10 regions out of 15✓42 provinces out of 57
Data collection✓2007 to 2012
System boundary
Energy distance GHG allocationTotal GHG emissions 2 31
SIC center of Economic Load Dispatch (CDEC-SIC)✓the main national electricity system✓serves 92% of country’s population✓10 regions out of 15✓42 provinces out of 57
Data collection✓2007 to 2012
System boundary
↳CO2 conversion factor × amount of electricity consumption [ISO(2006) “ISO14044”]
Energy distance GHG allocationTotal GHG emissions 2 31
= g CO2/ kWh × kWh
= g CO2
g CO2/ kWh MWh
0.006 325
0.266 13,450
0.157 7,946
0.285 14,385
0.027 1,1,358
0.020 1,013
0.239 12,072
= 23.02 Mt CO2-eq
GHG emissions of Chilean electric power system
Itten, R. et al. (2013). "Life Cycle Inventories of Electricity Mixes and Grid", ESU-services Ltd.CNE (2012). "Instalaciones de transmisión por sistema eléctrico nacional." Comisión Nacional de Energía
Energy distance GHG allocationTotal GHG emissions 2 31
Amount of electricity consumption × Transmission distance
ei = mijdijj∑
i : a substationj : a power planteij : energy distance of imij: the amount of electricity supply from j to idij : the transmission distance from j to i
i
j Power plant
Substation
Transmission
distance d
2
A
B
1
Greedy algorithm↳the nearest substation has priority
Poss
ible
p
air
Tra
nsm
issio
n
dist
an
ce
Optimal
Electricity
supply m
Energy distance GHG allocationTotal GHG emissions 2 31
466 Nodes
↳129 Power plants 291 Substations 46 Towers
543 edges
Energy distance GHG allocationTotal GHG emissions 2 31
466 Nodes
↳129 Power plants 291 Substations 46 Towers
543 edges
Energy distance GHG allocationTotal GHG emissions 2 31
466 Nodes
↳129 Power plants 291 Substations 46 Towers
543 edges
Energy distance GHG allocationTotal GHG emissions 2 3
Energy distance GHG allocationTotal GHG emissions 2 31
0
Energy distance GHG allocationTotal GHG emissions 2 31
0
0 1200 MWh
Electricity consumption
Energy distance GHG allocationTotal GHG emissions 2 31
0
0 1200 MWh 0 4000 km
Electricity consumption Transmission distance
Energy distance GHG allocationTotal GHG emissions 2 31
0 4000 km
0
0 1200 MWh
Electricity consumption Transmission distance
Energy distance GHG allocationTotal GHG emissions 2 31
by energy distanceby consumption
Energy distance GHG allocationTotal GHG emissions 2 31
676
66000
kt CO2
Greenhouse gas emissions allocated
by energy distanceby consumption
Energy distance GHG allocationTotal GHG emissions 2 31
676
66000
kt CO2
Greenhouse gas emissions allocated
Network analysis on electric power grid ↳ Useful not only topological analysis but also functional analysis
Energy distance ↳ Both # of electricity consumption and transmission distance
Re-allocate environmental impacts to users ↳ Life cycle assessment on GHG emissions ↳ Energy distance analysis ↳ Make the fair allocation possible
Summary
Super cool.Thank you!
Prof. Petter Holme Fariba Karimi Heetae Kim Eun Lee Minjin Lee
Acknowledgment
