EnergyEnergy

Energy (E)– the ability to perform workEnergy (E)– the ability to perform work

Potential E (EPotential E (EPP)- stored energy)- stored energy

Kinetic E (EKinetic E (EKK)– energy of motion)– energy of motion

Heat – kinetic energy of moleculesHeat – kinetic energy of molecules

Endergonic ReactionsEndergonic Reactions

Endergonic – energy insideEndergonic – energy inside

Reactions that take in energy and store Reactions that take in energy and store it in chemical bondsit in chemical bonds

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Exergonic ReactionsExergonic Reactions

Exergonic – Energy outsideExergonic – Energy outside

Reactions that release stored Reactions that release stored chemical energychemical energy

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

Energy of ActivationEnergy of Activation

EEAA – the amount of energy required to – the amount of energy required to

start the reactionstart the reaction

Lit fuse on a firecrackerLit fuse on a firecracker

Spark in an engineSpark in an engine

Enzymes : Protein CatalystsEnzymes : Protein Catalysts

Enzymes – proteins that speed up Enzymes – proteins that speed up chemical reactions, each enzyme chemical reactions, each enzyme promotes a specific reactionpromotes a specific reaction

Substrate – the molecule that is Substrate – the molecule that is targeted by the enzymetargeted by the enzyme

Enzyme : SubstrateEnzyme : Substrate

Sucrase : sucroseSucrase : sucrose

Lactase : lactoseLactase : lactose

Helicase : DNA helixHelicase : DNA helix

Competitive inhibition – the inhibitor blocks the active site, preventing the enzyme from accepting any substrate molecules

Noncompetitive inhibition – the inhibitor changes the shape of the active site, preventing the enzyme from accepting any substrate molecules

DiffusionDiffusion

Diffusion-Diffusion- the natural tendency of the natural tendency of molecules to move from areas of high molecules to move from areas of high to low concentrationto low concentration

Passive transportPassive transport

Transport that doesnTransport that doesn’’t use cellular t use cellular energyenergy

Osmosis : The diffusion of WaterOsmosis : The diffusion of Water

Osmosis occurs when the Osmosis occurs when the solutesolute is is not able to move across the not able to move across the membrane.membrane.

In order to reachIn order to reach equilibrium equilibrium, water , water moves across the membrane.moves across the membrane.

WaterWater concentration, not concentration, not solutesolute concentration determines direction concentration determines direction of movement.of movement.

Hyper-, Hypo-, or IsotonicHyper-, Hypo-, or Isotonic

The concentration of solutes in a solution The concentration of solutes in a solution are compared with those inside the cell.are compared with those inside the cell.

HypertonicHypertonic – a solution whose – a solution whose concentration of solutes is higher than concentration of solutes is higher than that in the cellthat in the cell

HypotonicHypotonic- a solution whose solute - a solution whose solute concentration is lower than that in the cellconcentration is lower than that in the cell

IsotonicIsotonic – a solution whose – a solution whose concentration os solutes is equal to that concentration os solutes is equal to that in the cellin the cell

Active TransportActive Transport

Active transport requires Active transport requires energy energy to move a to move a substance through a cell membrane. substance through a cell membrane.

Exocytosis – “Outside the cell” bulk movement of materials out of the cell

Endocytosis – “Inside the cell” bulk movement of materials into the cell

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWItglvTiLc

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated

endocytosis