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Energy and matter
The Earth has internal (chemical) and external (solar) energy.
That energy is used to move matter through the Earth’s systems.
Energy changes the physical and chemical properties of matter.
Sustaining Life on Earth Requires Energy and Matter
One-way flow
of EnergySun
Chemicals
Cycling
of Matter
Energy in Living Systems
Living systems use energy
Energy used for growth, reproduction and metabolism
No organism can create energy
Can store it, but not create it
http://ecology.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/sun.jpg
Ecosystem energy flow
Energy enters an ecosystem in 2 ways:Energy is “fixed” (stored in tissues) by organisms and moves through food webs.
Heat energy is transferred (air, water, soil convection) and warms life on Earth.
Sunlight is primary source of energy for most life on Earth
Exception: Chemicals used in deep sea vents
Primary Producers
Primary producers capture sunlight or chemicals and convert it into useable energy.
These organisms are called “autotrophs.”
http://people.westminstercollege.edu/faculty/tharrison/emigration/2_diatoms.gif
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/300px-Leaf_1_web.jpg
Primary Producers
Primary producers use solar or chemical energy to make complex organic compounds out of inorganic materials.Primary producers store energy.
Used for their own energy needsAlso used by organisms that consume them
http://people.westminstercollege.edu/faculty/tharrison/emigration/2_diatoms.gif
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/300px-Leaf_1_web.jpg
Primary ProducersPrimary producers include plants, algae and certain bacteria.Use either
Photosynthesis: use solar energy to make carbohydrates; release oxygen
Phytoplankton (aquatic autotrophs) account for 50% of the oxygen produced
Chemosynthesis: use chemical energy to make carbohydrates
http://people.westminstercollege.edu/faculty/tharrison/emigration/2_diatoms.gif
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/300px-Leaf_1_web.jpg
Consumers = heterotrophs
Consumers (heterotrophs) rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients. Different types of consumers are classified by the way they get energy.
http://video.ecb.org/badger/download/vlc/images/VLC124_Consumers.jpg
Types of Consumers: Carnivores
Carnivores kill and eat other animals.
The process of obtaining meat requires energy but meat is generally high in energy and nutrients and is easy to digest.
http://producersconsumers.wikispaces.com/file/view/lionDD.jpg/37331363/lionDD.jpg
Types of Consumers:Herbivores
Herbivores obtain energy from plants: roots, leaves, stems, seeds or fruits.
Examples include koalas, cows, rabbits and deer.
http://www.eoearth.org/files/199301_199400/199323/koaladiet2.jpg
Types of Consumers:Omnivores
Omnivores eat a variety of foods including both plants and animals.
Example: Bears eat other animals but also eat berries and other plant products.
http://www.saburchill.com/images02/010805012.jpg
What about the human diet?Humans who are vegans (plant products only) can be considered _______________.
What about vegetarians who eat milk products? ___________________
Humans who eat meat and fat only can be considered____________.Humans who eat meat, vegetables and fruit can be considered ________________.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_gfZRLG7ChzA/TQVxb_hRoMI/AAAAAAAAAHk/62yyPSZjuIk/s1600/omnivore.jpg
Types of Consumers:Scavengers
Scavengers eat animals that have been killed by other animals or have died of other causes.
Vultures are scavengers.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lbViVUxHu10/TiWOpgNdKNI/AAAAAAAAABk/QT7Hyi8tTFU/s400/vulture.jpg
Types of Consumers:Detritivores
Detritivores help decompose organic matter by consuming detritus: dead animal and plant parts and organic wastes.Commonly digest decomposers that live on or in detritus
http://www.theanimalfiles.com/images/detritivore.jpg
Earthworms are detritivores.
Types of Consumers:Decomposers
Decomposers chemically break down organic matter and use it for energy.
Release inorganic compounds into soil
Decomposers include bacteria and fungi.
Mushrooms are types of fungi.
http://www.scienceiscool.info/pseudomonas_bacteria.jpg
http://www.geography4kids.com/files/art/land_chain4_240.jpg
Energy Flow in an Ecosystem: Food Chains and Food Webs
http://www.sleepingdogstudios.com/Network/Biology/foodweb_2.gif
Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction -- from producers to various levels of consumers.
Producers and consumers are linked through feeding relationships.
Energy Flows Through “Trophic Levels”
Each step of a food web or food chain is called a trophic level.
Energy flows up from one trophic level to the next.
http://belizesharks.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/trophiclevels.jpg
Trophic Levels
First Trophic LevelFirst Trophic Level
Second Trophic LevelSecond Trophic Level
Third Trophic LevelThird Trophic Level
Fourth Trophic LevelFourth Trophic Level
Producers (plants)Producers (plants)
Primary consumers Primary consumers (herbivores)(herbivores)
Feed directly on Feed directly on producersproducers
Secondary consumer Secondary consumer (carnivores)(carnivores)
Feed on Primary Feed on Primary ConsumersConsumers
Tertiary consumerTertiary consumerFeed on other carnivoresFeed on other carnivores
Food Chains
Food chains are the series of steps through which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten.
Can be short or longhttp://gis.bcsd5.org/Inspiration/Food%20Chain.jpg
Food Webs
Food Web = more complicated network of feeding interactions
Include interconnected food chains
Removal of one organism affects all other members of the web.
Remember: Decomposers and detritivores play an important role by releasing organic nutrients that canbe used by the primary producers.
Identify three food chains within this food web.
http://silverfalls.k12.or.us/staff/Read_Shari/mysite/foodweb1.jpg
Which is shortest?____________________________Which is longest? ____________________________Describe the possible effectsof a grasshopperextinction.__________________________________________Note: Energy flows in the direction
of the arrow.
Ecological Pyramids
Diagrams used to show the relative amounts of energy or matter in each trophic level of a food chain or food web.
Three types:Pyramids of Energy
Pyramids of Biomass
Pyramids of Numbers
Pyramid of Energy
Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level of a food chain or food web
Pyramid of Energy: 10% Rule
As energy is transferred up to the next trophic level, 90% of the energy is lost.Only 10% of the energy within one trophic level is transferred to the next level.
Pyramid of Energy: 10% Rule
Example: A bird (1st consumer) eats plant seeds (primary producer). Only 10% of the energy in the grass will be stored in the tissues of the bird.How much of the energy from the grass will be stored in the tissues of the hawk that eats the bird? ___________________
Pyramid of Biomass
The total dry mass of organisms in a trophic level is its “biomass”.
A pyramid of biomass shows the relative amount of organic matter at each level.
Most at primary producer level; least at the top trophic level
http://images.tutorvista.com/content/ecosystem/biomass-upright-pyramid.jpeg
What does this say about the amount of primary producer biomass required to support tertiary consumers?