ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, …. Energy... · 2015-05-18 · ENERGY HARVESTING:...

1

G.Gromov

ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT

COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS,

DEVELOPMENTS.

ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov

RMT LTD

2

20 YEARS AT THE THERMOELECTRIC MARKET

NOMENCLATURE OF MORE THAN 2 000 TYPES OF TECS

PRODUCTION CAPABILITY OF MORE THAN 5M UNITS PER YEAR

ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED


RMT LTD

3

Regular

HD Technology

Advanced HD

256 Elements per cm2




Super HD 5 mm

THERMOELECTRIC COOLING

MICROMODULES

Bulk Technology

Own high-performance Bi-Te material

Best Price-Performance ratio on the market

Automated manufacturing

All in-house

Telcordia GR-468 qualified

RoHS compliant solutions by default

Full-featured flexibility with new developments


THERMOELECTRIC MICROMODULE APPLICATIONS

4

Sensors Generators Coolers

Thermoelectric Micromodules


THERMOELECTRIC MICROMODULE APPLICATIONS

𝑄𝐶 = 2𝑁𝛼𝑇𝑐𝐼 −𝐼 × 𝐴𝐶𝑅

2− 𝐾∆𝑇

𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 =2𝑁𝛼 2 × 𝑇𝑐

2 × 𝐴𝐶𝑅, 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0

∆𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =1

2𝑍𝑇𝑐

2, 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0

Rload

I

Th

Tc

𝐼 =𝐸

𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑅

𝑃 = 𝐸2 × 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑅 2

𝜂 =𝑍 × ∆𝑇

4

E

Th

Tc

∆𝑇 = 𝑄 × 𝑅𝑇

𝐸 = 𝑎 × 2𝑁 × (𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐)

𝑆𝑎 =1

𝑓×

𝛼

𝑘

𝑆𝑎 =1

𝑎 × 2𝑁 𝑍 × 𝐴𝐶𝑅

I

Tc

Th

COOLER GENERATOR SENSOR

Qc

Qh

Ql

Ql

QP

QP

QR/2

QR/2

Tc

Th

Qh

Qc

Ql

Ql

QP

QP

QR/2

QR/2

Th

Tc

Qh

Qc

Ql

Ql

Th

Tc

Seebeck Peltier Seebeck - Peltier

5


THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS for ENERGY HARVESTING

6

Sensors Generators Coolers

Thermoelectric Micromodules


THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING MARKET

7

Harry Zorvos. Successful commercial Energy Harvesting deployments in Wearable, Industrial Controls,

Transportation, Medicine, Handhelds, Fitness and Building Control” IDTechEx, 2013

$900 million

to 2024

Rload

I

Th

Tc


THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING MARKET

8

No Moving Parts

Reliably for over 30 years

Reasonable prices

Maintenance-Free

Solid-State Device

Compact, Simple and Scalable

Small Heat Sources Small Temp. Differences

Why Thermoelectric

Energy Harvesting


RMT for THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING

9

Thermoelectric applications basic

knowledge

Wide components (thermoelectric

generators) nomenclature

Test and development equipment

Solutions for energy harvesting

applications


BASIS. HOW IT WORKS

10

Rload

I

Th

Tc

Qh

Qc

Ql

Ql

QP

QP

QR/2

QR/2

Th

Tc

𝑄ℎ = 2𝑁𝑘∆T + 2𝑁𝛼𝐼𝑇ℎ −1

2𝐼2(2𝑁𝑅)

𝑄𝑐 = 2𝑁𝑘∆T + 2𝑁𝛼𝐼𝑇𝑐 +1

2𝐼2(2𝑁𝑅)

𝐸 = 2𝑁𝛼∆T

𝐼 =𝐸

𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑅 𝑚 =

𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝐴𝐶𝑅

𝑈 = 𝐼𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐸𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑




𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 =𝐸2

4 × 𝐴𝐶𝑅

THERMAL BALANCE EQUATIONS


BASIS. HOW IT WORKS

11

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 =𝐸2

4 × 𝐴𝐶𝑅

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

0 5 10 15 20

ACR=3,0

ACR=4,9

ACR=8,2

ACR=13,3

P,

mW

Rload, Ohm



𝑹𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝑨𝑪𝑹

𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙

MAXIMAL POWER vs LOAD RESISTANCE Rload

Rload

I

Th

Tc


BASIS. HOW IT WORKS

12

𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑡 =𝐸2

𝐴𝐶𝑅×

𝑚

1 + 𝑚 2

𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑚 × 𝐴𝐶𝑅

𝑹𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝒎𝒐𝒑𝒕 𝑨𝑪𝑹

𝜼𝒎𝒂𝒙

𝑚𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 1 + 𝑍 ×𝑇ℎ + 𝑇𝑐

2

𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑥 =Δ𝑇

𝑇ℎ

𝑚𝑜𝑝𝑡

𝑚𝑜𝑝𝑡 + 1 −Δ𝑇𝑇ℎ

𝒎𝒐𝒑𝒕 ~ 2

𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ~1.0 … 1.4 𝐴𝐶𝑅

MAXIMAL EFFICIENCY vs OPTIMAL LOAD mopt

Rload

I

Th

Tc


BASIS. HOW IT WORKS

13

𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅′𝑇𝐸𝐺 + 𝑅𝑐

𝑹𝒄 = 𝑹′𝑻𝑬𝑮

𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙

∆𝑇 < ∆𝑇𝑠

𝑅𝑇𝐸𝐺′ =

1

𝐾′≈

𝑅𝑇𝐸𝐺

1 +𝑍𝑇𝑐

1 + 𝑚

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈𝑍 × ∆𝑇𝑠

2

4×

𝑅′𝑇𝐸𝐺

𝑅′𝑇𝐸𝐺 + 𝑅𝑐2

×1

1 +𝑍𝑇𝑐

1 + 𝑚

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

0 5 10 15

Rc=2

Rc=3

Rc=6

Rc=10

P,

mW

RTEG, K/W

Rload

I

Th Tc

T’h T’c

DT

DTs

MAXIMAL POWER vs THERMAL RESISTANCES RTEG , Rc


BASIS. TEG DESIGN and PERFORMANCE

14

𝐸 = 2𝑁 × 𝛼 × ∆𝑇

𝑈 = 𝐸 ×𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝐴𝐶𝑅

𝑈𝑃𝑀𝐴𝑋 =𝐸

2 𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐴𝐶𝑅

𝑈𝑅𝑀𝐴𝑋 ≈ 𝐸 𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ≫ 𝐴𝐶𝑅

5

50

500

5 50

DT=2,5°C

DT=5°C

DT=10°C

DT=20°C

E,

mV

Number of pellet pairs N

Rload

I

Th Tc

T’h T’c

DT

DTs

Umax ~ 0.5-1.0E

OUTPUT VOLTAGE

𝑬

𝑵


BASIS. TEG DESIGN and PERFORMANCE

15

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑁 ×𝑍

4× ∆𝑇2 × 𝑓 × 𝑘

𝑅𝑇𝐸𝐺 =1

2𝑁 × 𝑓 × 𝑘

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 =𝑍

4× ∆𝑇2 ×

1

𝑅𝑇𝐸𝐺

Rload

I

Th Tc

T’h T’c

DT

DTs

PERFORMANCE

Pmax

1/RTEG

0,01

0,10

1,00

10,00

100,00

5 50 500

1MD06

1MD04

1MD03

1MD02

P,

mW

RTEG, K/W


.

RMT TEGS

16

RMT TEG datasheets contain all info for simplified TEG estimations

N couples = 57

Rteg = 2.51Ohm @Thot=85ºC 1MD04-057-03

Thot=85ºC

Tcold=27ºC (example value)

(example value)


RMT TEGS

17

RMT MICROMODULE TECHNOLOGY

Regular

HD Technology

Advanced HD




SuperHD

1100 Elements

per cm2

5mm


RMT TEGS

18

Maintenance-free

Miniature dimensions

High performance

Environmentally conscious

Long lifetime operating

World widest range

RMT TEGs

Bulk Technology process

Best Performance-Price ratio

RMT bulk-Technology TEGs Seebeck coefficient per pair - α=400mV/K

As a reference - thin-film Technology TEGs have only 250 m V/K

ADVANTAGES


BULK or THIN-FILM TECHNOLOGY

19

THIN-FILM MODULE

BiTe pellets are grown on a substrate by

thin-film process. Two substrates are

soldered together

BULK TECHNOLOGY MODULE

BiTe materials manufactured in ingots, cut

into pellets and soldered between two

metallized ceramics

5mm


BULK or THIN-FILM TECHNOLOGY

20

THIN-FILM MODULE BULK TECHNOLOGY MODULE

𝑬𝑩

𝑬𝑻≈ 𝟎. 𝟓 … 𝟎. 𝟔

𝑷𝑩

𝑷𝑻 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟓 … 𝟑

“T” vs “B”

THE SAME HEAT FLUX

MAXIMUM POWER (𝑹𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅= 𝑨𝑪𝑹)

THE SAME TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

THE SAME HEAT FLUX

𝜼𝑩

𝜼𝑻 ≈ 𝟐, 𝟐 … 𝟐, 𝟓

𝜼𝑩

𝜼𝑻 ≈ 𝟔, 𝟓 … 𝟕, 𝟓

Power

Voltage Efficiency


RMT TEGS

21

Dr. Harry Zervos, Dr. Peter Harrop and Raghu Das. IDTechEx. Energy Harvesting and Storage 2014-

2024: Forecasts, Technologies, Players.

ENERGY HARVESTING APPLICATIONS


RMT TEGS

22

• Watches, sport trackers, wireless sensors.

5-10°C Low power heat sources. Typical – human body.

• Power for wireless sensors, WNS.

10-20°С Middle range heat sources. Industrial and natural heat sources.

• Power for wireless sensors, remote control.

20-50°С High power heat sources. Mostly industrial nature.

THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING APPLICATIONS

ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, DEVELOPMENTS. G. Gromov 23

Rload

I

Th

Tc

T’h

T’c

DT DTs

∆𝑇𝑠= ∆𝑇 + ∆𝑇с

∆𝑇 =1

2× ∆𝑇𝑠= 2.5 °𝐶

𝑆 ≈ 𝟏𝟓 см2

𝑅с = 𝟓𝟕 𝐾/𝑊

𝑅′𝑇𝐸𝐺 ≅ 𝑅с = 𝟓𝟕 𝐾/𝑊

𝑅𝑇𝐸𝐺 ≈ 𝑅′𝑇𝐸𝐺 × 1.35

𝐸 = 2 × 𝑈𝑇𝐸𝐺 ≥ 2 × 20 𝑚𝑉

OPTIMAL SOLUTION ALGORITHM

RMT TEGS

∆𝑻𝒔= 5 °𝑪

DC-DC input voltage >20 mV


𝑹′𝑻𝑬𝑮 ≅ 𝑹с = 𝟓𝟕 𝑲/𝑾

𝑹𝑻𝑬𝑮 ≈ 𝑹′𝑻𝑬𝑮 × 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓

𝑬 = 𝟐 × 𝑼𝑻𝑬𝑮 ≥ 𝟐 × 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝑽

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

5

50

500

0 50 100 150

1MD06-xx-07

1MD06-xx-08

1MD04-xx-05

1MD04-xx-08

1MD03-xx-04

1MD03-xx-05

1MD02-xx-03

1MD02-xx-04

1MD02-xx-05

E

RT

EG,

K/W

N

E,

mV


RMT TEGS

Optimal solution

1MD02-044-04

2.7x4.0 mm2

44 pairs

(0.2x0.2x0.4mm3)

0,01

0,10

1,00

10,00

10 100

1MD02

P,

mW

RTEG, K/W



RMT TEGS

~ 1 Year x

Optimal solution

1MD02-044-04

2.7x4.0 mm2

44 pairs

(0.2x0.2x0.4mm3)


0,01

0,10

1,00

10,00

100,00

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Pm

ax

, m

W

DTs, K

Rload I

Th Tc

T’h T’c DT

DTs

0.05 - 0.5 mW

1.0 - 3.0 mW

10 - 25 mW

5 - 10°C 10 - 20°C 30 - 50°C

RMT TEGS

MicroTEGs with 0.05-25 mW power

for Harvesting Applications


RMT TEGS

27

Dr. Harry Zervos, Dr. Peter Harrop and Raghu Das. IDTechEx. Energy Harvesting and Storage 2014-

2024: Forecasts, Technologies, Players.

ENERGY HARVESTING APPLICATIONS


DEVELOPMENTS

28

WRISTWATCHES

The watch is driven by body heat converted into the electrical power by the

thermoelectric. At least two models have been built, one by Seiko and another by

Citizen. The Seiko watch under normal operation produces 22 μW of electrical

power.


DEVELOPMENTS

29

WEARABLE CHARGER CONCEPT

Thermoelectric effects connect a difference of temperatures with electricity. In other

words, when two parties of a bracelet have different temperature, between them there is

a current. Certainly, the difference of body temperature of the person and environment,

has to promote it.

http://www.mobipower.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=250.


DEVELOPMENTS

30

WEARABLE HEALTH MONITORING

Germany-based industrial designer Olga Epikhina has conceived a parasitic, wearable

health monitoring system that relies on the power generated by human body heat and

vibrations to monitor body temperature, blood pressure, brainwave and heartbeats.

Each piece of the set comes complete with a vibration energy harvester, a

thermoelectric generator and a capacitor for energy storage

http://www.greendiary.com/healthpals-body-heat-powered-wearable-health-monitoring-system.html


DEVELOPMENTS

31

ENERGY-AUTONOMOUS RADIATOR ACTUATOR

Although we have already seen mobile phone concepts and even cooking pots

utilizing thermoelectric energy harvesting, thermoelectric radiator valves are currently

becoming very popular, with the temperature difference between a radiator and the

ambient air being the source for the generated power. Honeywell, Moeller,

Kieback&Peter, Tahydronics are some of the companies that already have such

products available on the market.

Perspectives

Temperature sensors, occupancy sensors

Enabling users to control the heating system, automatically switch their home

appliances on and off.


DEVELOPMENTS

32

TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTERS

Supplied to Robinson Brothers for use its specialty chemical manufacturing process.

ABB’s energy harvesting wireless temperature transmitter needs a minimum of 30

degrees temperature difference.


DEVELOPMENTS

33

UNIVERSAL CHARGER CONCEPT

The charger can work with different heat sources: hot/cold water cap; hot stone; solar

radiation falls to earth and others.

Heat sink

Heat sink

Electronics DC-DC

Battery

Sensors

TEGs

USB

The RMT concept


DEVELOPMENTS

34

SOIL GENERATOR CONCEPT

There is natural daily dynamical temperature difference at top soil layer about 20-30

centimeters. Heat flux in the soil ~ 100 W/m2. Variable temperature difference ±10…20°C.

To use it with help of TEG and heat pipe.

~20…30 cm

Ta

Tu

DT

time, hours

0

24 12 24

Soil node TEG

Heat sink

Heat sink

Heat pipe (gravity free)

Electronics DC-DC

Battery

Sensors

Antenna

Da

ily H

ea

t F

lux

The RMT concept


DEVICES for TESTS and DEVELOPMENTS

35

All-in-one solution for TEG analysis

Optimal for TEGs energy harvesting analysis

Detailed TEG output and data logging

Precise temperature setup for experiments

Ability to connect different DC-DC converters

Compact design (A4 size)

Works with PC and in stand-alone mode

TE GENERATORS

DEVELOPMENT

KIT


TE GENERATORS DEVELOPMENT KIT

36


TE GENERATORS DEVELOPMENT KIT

37


APPENDIX. TE GENERATORS DEVELOPMENT KIT

38

Parameters Units Value

Temperature stabilizing range °С +10 … +100

Max temperature difference to set °C 50

Output voltage range of TEG V 0 … 9.999

Electric current range of the TEG A 0 … 1.000

Heat flux range W 0 … 9.999

Output voltage of DC-DC converter V 0 … 9.999

Load current

High current mode A 0 … 0.100

Low current mode mA 0 … 5.0

Computer interface USB

TEGs Dimensions Supported

Length x Width, А х В mm2 2х2 … 30х30

Height, Н mm 0.5 … 5.0

Power Supply of the Kit V 110 … 240

Maximal power consumption W 60

Overall dimensions of Kit АхВхН, max mm 200 х 300 х 80

Weight kg 3.0

Dimensions of main Modules

Mounting table mm 200 х 300 х 20

Electronic plate mm 100 х 200 х 25

Controller unit mm 55 х 55 х 35

Programmable heat flux unit mm 55 х 55 х 8

DC/DC converter unit mm 55 х 55 х 10

SPECIFICATIONS

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ENERGY HARVESTING: RMT COMPONENTS, SOLUTIONS, …. Energy... · 2015-05-18 · ENERGY HARVESTING:...

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