PIEZOELECTRICITY

A PROJECT BY

S.SHARMILI

Xll - A

PIEZOELECTRICITY

ABSTRACT:

Piezoelectricity also called the piezoelectric effect is the appearance of an

electrical potential or a voltage across the sides of a crystal when it is

subjected to mechanical stress. One of the unique characteristics of the

piezoelectric effect is that it is reversible, meaning that materials exhibiting

the direct piezoelectric effect (the generation of electricity when stress is

applied) also exhibit the converse piezoelectric effect (the generation of

stress when an electric field is applied). The piezoelectric effect is very

useful within many applications that involve the production and

detection of sound, generation of high voltages, electronic frequency

generation, microbalances, and ultra fine focusing of optical assemblies.

But in this project we have found a new application of piezoelectricity in

energy harvesting. If a piezoelectric material like barium titanate or lead

zirconate titanate is introduced in the wheels of electric motor cycles, it

can produce an enormous amount of electricity because the vehicle tyres

are continuously applied with force and the experience mechanical stress

all the way the vehicle runs. This mechanical stress can cause deformation

in the piezoelectric crystal and electricity can be produced from it. THis

would be extremely useful because it would be like the more one drives

the vehicle, the more fuel they get.

I. INTRODUCTION

Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid

materials (such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as

bone, DNA and various proteins) in response to applied mechanical

stress. The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure.

It is derived from the Greek word piezō , which means to squeeze or

press, and ē lektron, which means amber, an ancient source of electric

charge.[2]

Piezoelectricity was discovered in 1880 by French physicists

Jacques and Pierre Curie.

A piezoelectric disk generates a voltage when it undergoes

deformation

The piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear electromechanical

interaction between the mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline

materials with no inversion symmetry. When piezoelectric material is

placed under mechanical stress, a shifting of the positive and negative

charge centres in the material takes place, which then results in an

external electrical field. The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process in

that materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect (the internal

generation of electrical charge resulting from an applied mechanical

force) also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect (the internal generation

of a mechanical strain resulting from an applied electrical field). For

example, lead zirconate titanate crystals will generate measurable

piezoelectricity when their static structure is deformed by about 0.1% of

the original dimension. Conversely, those same crystals will change about

0.1% of their static dimension when an external electric field is applied to

the material. The inverse piezoelectric effect is used in the production of

ultrasonic sound waves.

DISCOVERY AND EARLY RESEARCH

The pyroelectric effect, by which a material generates an electric potential

in response to a temperature change, was studied by Carl Linnaeus and

Franz Aepinus in the mid-18th century. Drawing on this knowledge, both

René Just Haüy and Antoine César Becquerel posited a relationship

between mechanical stress and electric charge; however, experiments by

both proved inconclusive.

The first demonstration of the direct piezoelectric effect was in 1880 by

the brothers Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie. They combined their

knowledge of pyroelectricity with their understanding of the underlying

crystal structures that gave rise to pyroelectricity to predict crystal

behavior, and demonstrated the effect using crystals of tourmaline,

quartz, topaz, cane sugar, and Rochelle salt (sodium potassium tartrate

tetrahydrate). Quartz and Rochelle salt exhibited the most

piezoelectricity.

The Curies, however, did not predict the converse piezoelectric effect.

The converse effect was mathematically deduced from fundamental

thermodynamic principles by Gabriel Lippmann in 1881. The Curies

immediately confirmed the existence of the converse effect, and went on

to obtain quantitative proof of the complete reversibility of electro-

elasto-mechanical deformations in piezoelectric crystals.

For the next few decades, piezoelectricity remained something of a

laboratory curiosity. More work was done to explore and define the

crystal structures that exhibited piezoelectricity. This culminated in 1910

with the publication of Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik

(Textbook on Crystal Physics), which described the 20 natural crystal

classes capable of piezoelectricity, and rigorously defined the piezoelectric

constants using tensor analysis.

MECHANISM

The nature of the piezoelectric effect is closely related to the occurrence

of electric dipole moments in solids. The latter may either be induced for

ions on crystal lattice sites with asymmetric charge surroundings (as in

BaTiO3 and PZTs) or may directly be carried by molecular groups (as in

cane sugar). The dipole density or polarization (dimensionality [Cm/m3] )

may easily be calculated for crystals by summing up the dipole moments

per volume of the crystallographic unit cell. As every dipole is a vector,

the dipole density P is a vector field. Dipoles near each other tend to be

aligned in regions called Weiss domains. The domains are usually

randomly oriented, but can be aligned using the process of poling (not

the same as magnetic poling), a process by which a strong electric field is

applied across the material, usually at elevated temperatures. Not all

piezoelectric materials can be poled.

Of decisive importance for the piezoelectric effect is the change of

polarization P when applying a mechanical stress. This might either be

caused by a reconfiguration of the dipole-inducing surrounding or by re-

orientation of molecular dipole moments under the influence of the

external stress.

Piezoelectricity may then manifest in a variation of the polarization

strength, its direction or both, with the details depending on:

1. the orientation of P within the crystal

2. crystal symmetry and

3. the applied mechanical stress.

The change in P appears as a variation of surface charge density upon the

crystal faces, i.e. as a variation of the electric field extending between the

faces caused by a change in dipole density in the bulk. For example, a

1 cm3 cube of quartz with 2 kN (500 lbf) of correctly applied force can

produce a voltage of 12500 V.

Piezoelectric Materials

There are many materials, both natural and man-made, that exhibit a

range of piezoelectric effects. Some naturally piezoelectric occurring

materials include Berlinite (structurally identical to quartz), cane sugar,

quartz, Rochelle salt, topaz, tourmaline, and bone (dry bone exhibits

some piezoelectric properties due to the apatite crystals, and the

piezoelectric effect is generally thought to act as a biological force sensor).

An example of man-made piezoelectric materials includes barium titanate

and lead zirconate titanate.

Photoelectric effect in quartz

In recent years, due to the growing environmental concern regarding

toxicity in lead-containing devices and the RoHS directive followed

within the European Union, there has been a push to develop lead free

piezoelectric materials. To date, this initiative to develop new lead-free

piezoelectric materials has resulted in a variety of new piezoelectric

materials which are more environmentally safe.

APPLICATIONS

Currently, industrial and manufacturing is the largest application market

for piezoelectric devices, followed by the automotive industry. Strong

demand also comes from medical instruments as well as information and

telecommunications. The global demand for piezoelectric devices was

valued at approximately US$14.8 billion in 2010. The largest material

group for piezoelectric devices is piezocrystal, and piezopolymer is

experiencing the fastest growth due to its low weight and small size.[34]

Piezoelectric crystals are now used in numerous ways:

Electric Cigarette Lighter: The best-known application is the electric

cigarette lighter pressing the button causes a spring-loaded hammer to hit

a piezoelectric crystal, producing a sufficiently high-voltage electric

current that flows across a small spark gap, thus heating and igniting the

gas. The portable sparkers used to ignite gas stoves work the same way,

and many types of gas burners now have built-in piezo-based ignition

systems.

Transformer: A piezoelectric transformer is a type of AC voltage

multiplier. Unlike a conventional transformer, which uses magnetic

coupling between input and output, the piezoelectric transformer uses

acoustic coupling. An input voltage is applied across a short length of a

bar of piezoceramic material such as PZT, creating an alternating stress in

the bar by the inverse piezoelectric effect and causing the whole bar to

vibrate. The vibration frequency is chosen to be the resonant frequency

of the block, typically in the 100 kilohertz to 1 megahertz range. A higher

output voltage is then generated across another section of the bar by the

piezoelectric effect.

Step-up ratios of more than 1,000:1 have been demonstrated. An extra

feature of this transformer is that, by operating it above its resonant

frequency, it can be made to appear as an inductive load, which is useful

in circuits that require a controlled soft start. These devices can be used in

DC–AC inverters to drive cold cathode fluorescent lamps.

Sensors: The principle of operation of a piezoelectric sensor is that a

physical dimension, transformed into a force, acts on two opposing faces

of the sensing element. Depending on the design of a sensor, different

"modes" to load the piezoelectric element can be used: longitudinal,

transversal and shear. Detection of pressure variations in the form of

sound is the most common sensor application, e.g. piezoelectric

microphones (sound waves bend the piezoelectric material, creating a

changing voltage) and piezoelectric pickups for acoustic-electric guitars. A

piezo sensor attached to the body of an instrument is known as a contact

microphone.

Piezoelectric sensors especially are used with high frequency sound in

ultrasonic transducers for medical imaging and also industrial

nondestructive testing (NDT).

ENERGY HARVESTING FROM PIEZOELECTRICITY

Of the various kinds of energy-harvesting technologies in use today,

piezoelectric energy harvesting has the unique ability to generate

electrical energy simply through the input of vibration or external force

impulses. However, in certain applications, the vibrational frequency

range required to generate consistent energy is a very limited. Because

real-world situations typically have inconsistent or varying vibration

frequencies, this requirement severely limits its practicality.

University of Florida researchers have developed a system that not only

removes this limitation but also increases the energy harvesting efficiency.

The system employs a fluidic transfer mechanism where force, when

exerted on the wear-resistant cover, is transferred into the fluid layer

below and the encapsulated compliant piezoelectric membranes. The

fluid can either be compressible, reducing the applied force, or non-

compressible, maximizing the amount of force that is transferred to the

piezoelectric membranes. The system is asynchronous, meaning that it

does not require consistent or predictable force or vibrational frequency

to function efficiently. Energy harvesting using piezoelectricity has

environmental benefits, for example the reduction of chemical waste

produced by replacing batteries and potential monetary gains by reducing

maintenance costs. If this can be achieved, the requirement of an external

power source as well as the maintenance costs for periodic battery

replacement and the chemical waste of conventional batteries can be

reduced significantly and detoxify mainstream electronics.

POWER GENERATING SIDEWALK: Charging pads from the cross

walk collect energy from the vibrations. Piezoelectric charging panels

channel energy to lithium ion batteries which can be used further. These

electricity can be used to power street lights which can reduce a major

electricity consumption.

GYMS AND WORKPLACES: Vibrations caused from the machines in

the gym are utilized to produce electricity. At workplaces piezoelectric

crystals are laid in the chairs for storing energy.

MOBILE KEYPADS AND KEYBOARDS: Crystals are laid down under

the keys of mobile unit and keyboard. For every key pressed vibrations

are created. These vibrations can be used for charging purposes.

POWER GENERATING BOOTS: A similar idea is being researched by

DARPA in the United States in a project called Energy Harvesting, which

includes an attempt to power battlefield equipment by piezoelectric

generators embedded in soldiers' boots. However, these energy

harvesting sources by association affect the body. DARPA's effort to

harness 1–2 watts from continuous shoe impact while walking were

abandoned due to the impracticality and the discomfort from the

additional energy expended by a person wearing the shoes.

FLOOR MATS AND DANCE CLUBS: Series of crystals can be placed

under the floor mats, tiles and carpets. One footstep can provide enough

electrical current to light two 60 watt bulbs for one second. When a

dance floor is used an enormous voltage can be generated. This energy is

used to power the equipment of night clubs.

HARVESTING MECHANISM FROM SMART HIGHWAYS

Generator harvests the mechanical energy of the vehicles and converts it

into the electrical energy. Electrical energy is stored via harvesting

module. Then it charges battery on side of the roads and distributes it.

Yield : For 1 km of piezoelectric road of one lane we can generate

44000kwh/yr.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Generator size = 1 sq. ft.

Cost of one generator = Rs.2000/-

No. of generators needed = 3280 for 1 km of road

Cost estimation = 70 lakhs for 1 km of road

COMPARISON:

An experiment was conducted with the outer ring road of Hyderabad to

compare.

Budget to build the 8 lane road = Rs.6700 crores/-

Budget to build a 8 lane piezoelectric road = Rs.6800 crores/- (which is

only 1.5% increase in the overall budget)

Power generated from 1 km single lane piezoelectric road = 44000 kw-

hr.

Power generated from 158 km 8 lane road = 158 x 8 x 44000 =

55616000 kw-hr

Average charge of Indian Government on 1 kw-hr = Rs.5/-

So, by calculation,

Income for government = Rs. 5 x 55616000 kw-hr = Rs.27,00,00,000/-

PROFIT

The amount invested in this returns in just 4

years.

Average life of piezoelectric road is 30

years, so income generated in next 26 years

is a profit.

ADVANTAGES

It does not require consistent or predictable vibrational frequency to

produce energy, increasing potential usage and adoption rate

It takes advantage of various kinds of force or strain, allowing for a

wide range of applications, including flooring, bridges, and roads

It can generate electricity from practical situations, widening the

market

It increases the efficiency of energy harvesting, providing a

competitive advantage

Piezoelectricity is unaffected by external electric fields

It is a pollution free source of energy

Maintenance cost is low

Easy replacement of equipment

RELATED WORK

EXISTING METHOD:

Electric motorcycles and scooters are plug-in electric vehicles with two

or three wheels powered by electricity. The electricity is stored on

board in a rechargeable battery, which drives one or more electric

motors. These type of vehicles utilizes electricity instead of fuel for their

working. The engine of the vehicle contains a battery which is

rechargeable and is smaller than the engine present in fuel powered

vehicle.

PROPOSED METHOD:

If a piezo crystal is placed in the tyres of an electric motorcycle, it

produces electricity which would be enough to charge the battery to

run the vehicle. This would be a very new method in energy harvesting

as the more the vehicle runs the more the electricity is produced. A

piezo crystal placed in the tyres of the vehicle will experience

continuous mechanical strain and hence if it is connected to an external

load current flows through it. This current can be used to run the

vehicle the next time and can also be stored in a battery for further use.

Therefore initial charging of the battery alone would be enough. This

would be very useful in today's situation where there is a major

concern for energy crisis. This would reduce our dependency on fossil

fuels which are the antagonists of nature. Hence we hope that this

method would be perfectly useful and can be implemented for the

welfare of the society and the nation.