Energy in California and Energy in California and beyond…beyond…

US Energy usage by energy typeUS Energy usage by energy type Where our electricity comes from in US and in CaliforniaWhere our electricity comes from in US and in California Electricity Demand in California and projected future demands from:Electricity Demand in California and projected future demands from:

Population increasePopulation increase Electric plug-in vehiclesElectric plug-in vehicles

Renewable vs. non-renewable energy sourcesRenewable vs. non-renewable energy sources History of using Oil and GasHistory of using Oil and Gas Problems associated with fossil fuelsProblems associated with fossil fuels

OilOil Natural GasNatural Gas CoalCoal InfrastructureInfrastructure Geosequestration – i.e. Clean CoalGeosequestration – i.e. Clean Coal

Renewable sources and new technologies:Renewable sources and new technologies: SolarSolar Hydrogen and Fuel CellsHydrogen and Fuel Cells WindWind HydroHydro Biomass and DigestersBiomass and Digesters Co-generationCo-generation Geo-thermalGeo-thermal NuclearNuclear

What is the Power Grid and Deregulation of the Power GridWhat is the Power Grid and Deregulation of the Power Grid Choosing Green power – what does it meanChoosing Green power – what does it mean How Photovoltaics (PV) work and opportunities with electing solar powerHow Photovoltaics (PV) work and opportunities with electing solar power

Operate manufacturing facilitiesOperate manufacturing facilities Perform Industrial processesPerform Industrial processes Fuel Transportation and DistributionFuel Transportation and Distribution Provide lighting and coolingProvide lighting and cooling Defend ourselves as a NationDefend ourselves as a Nation Reverse Global WarmingReverse Global Warming

A U.S. A U.S. Energy DeficitEnergy Deficit continues continues to threaten our long-term to threaten our long-term

ability to:ability to:

In 2000, the US imported 30% of its energy.Source: Flexible Energy, Inc.

United States Energy Consumption – Production Imbalance

What is a BTU

Brittish Thermal Unit – unit of energy Quadrillion = 1,000,000,000,000,000 3413 BTUs = 1 KWH Quadrillion BTU = 239,000,000,000 KWH 2003 US Energy consumption in a year

per capita = 99,600 KWH (http://www.eia.doe.gov) 1 Quadrillion BTU enough energy for

2,390,000 Americans for one year

The 1993 “BTU Tax”

Energy Information Administrationhttp://www.eia.doe.gov

Energy Information Administrationhttp://www.eia.doe.gov

US Energy Consumption in Quadrillion BTU

Oil is used mostly for transportation

What energy source is most What energy source is most commonly used for electricity commonly used for electricity

generation in the US?generation in the US?

Energy Sources for ElectricityEnergy Sources for Electricity

http://www.flexibleenergy.com

http://www.ecoworld.com Year: 2000

Summary of last slide:Summary of last slide:

Europeans and Americans are Europeans and Americans are very productive. very productive. Do you think this Do you think this might have anything to do with Technology?might have anything to do with Technology?

But…..But…..

Americans are wasteful with Americans are wasteful with resourcesresources

How could technology address How could technology address energy waste and why hasn’t energy waste and why hasn’t industry attacked this problem?industry attacked this problem?

““The rising energy consumption of The rising energy consumption of China and India is raising the ante for China and India is raising the ante for energy producers to the tune of ten energy producers to the tune of ten quadrillion BTUs every few years. quadrillion BTUs every few years. These rapidly industrializing, massive These rapidly industrializing, massive nations are turning the global energy nations are turning the global energy economy on its ears.economy on its ears.““

http://www.ecoworld.comhttp://www.ecoworld.com

DEVELOPING THE YANGTZEE RIVER BASIN: Several Gigawatts will stream from the dam; cubic kilometer volumes of river water will flow to China's arid north in new canals. 1 Gigawatt = 1000 Megawatts

Could the US be using Natural Could the US be using Natural Resources more conservatively?Resources more conservatively?

Do China and India need to use their Do China and India need to use their own natural resources more wisely if own natural resources more wisely if they are to sustain their growth?they are to sustain their growth?

Could the U.S. export resource-saving Could the U.S. export resource-saving technology and “know-how” to China, technology and “know-how” to China, India, and Europe?India, and Europe?

Sadly, U.S. consumption habits and Sadly, U.S. consumption habits and preferences are emulated world-wide.preferences are emulated world-wide.

Beijing, China

Bangalore, India

The “American Way” exists almost everywhere, to the detriment of the environment in most cases.

Keeling Curve:

Besides Economic Security, Besides Economic Security, there are environmental issues there are environmental issues

related to worldwide energy related to worldwide energy consumption:consumption:

COCO22 is a is a greenhouse greenhouse gasgas

Greenhouse Greenhouse gases absorb gases absorb the earth’s the earth’s infrared infrared radiation:radiation:

water vapor water vapor carbon dioxide carbon dioxide methane methane ozone ozone nitrous oxidenitrous oxide

Air Bubbles trapped in Ice Caps indicate a rise in CO2 levels:

http://staffwww.fullcoll.edu

(Ethane) 2C2H6 + 7 O2 4 CO2 + 6 H2O(Propane) C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O

(Wood/sugar)C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

(gas) 1 C7H16 + 22 O2 7 CO2 + 8 H20

Photosynthesis consumes COPhotosynthesis consumes CO22

while combustion of while combustion of hydrocarbons produces COhydrocarbons produces CO22

Scientist attribute rising COScientist attribute rising CO22 and temperatures to human and temperatures to human

activities:activities:

Could rising temperatures be a Could rising temperatures be a natural phenomenon?natural phenomenon?

Temperature rise appears too Temperature rise appears too fastfast

Not enough natural sources to Not enough natural sources to warrant the dramatic and warrant the dramatic and continuous rise in COcontinuous rise in CO22

Humans release 13,000,000,000 Humans release 13,000,000,000 tons of carbon each year tons of carbon each year (Tim (Tim Flannery)Flannery)

Carbon Cycle

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov

Consider the Dinosaurs Consider the Dinosaurs 65 millions years ago?65 millions years ago?

Volcanic gases contributed to increased Volcanic gases contributed to increased Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

Some scientists estimated an increase of Some scientists estimated an increase of 14 14 00F over a period of 500,000 years before F over a period of 500,000 years before the mass extinction the mass extinction

At the peak of the Dinosaurs, COAt the peak of the Dinosaurs, CO22 levels levels were 12 times higher than today, sea levels were 12 times higher than today, sea levels were 300-800 feet higher, and there were were 300-800 feet higher, and there were no polar ice caps. Seas shallower due to no polar ice caps. Seas shallower due to sea floor swelling.sea floor swelling.

Oxygen Isotopes 16/18 ratio is temperature Oxygen Isotopes 16/18 ratio is temperature dependentdependent

Midwestern US was a shallow seaMidwestern US was a shallow sea

Most Oxygen has an atomic weight of 16, however a small percentage of oxygen atoms have two extra neutrons giving these Oxygen atoms an atomic weight of 18.

Limestone is deposited on the Ocean floors when hard bodied calcite-shelled creatures die. Calcite is CaCO3. The oxygen in calcite comes from CO2 and H2O.

Warmer water has a lower concentration of O-18 than cooler water. This is because it takes more energy to vaporize O-18 than O-16 due to it’s greater mass.

The ratio of O-18 or O-16 found in Limestone indicates the temperature of the water when the dinosaurs died.

O-18 to I-16 ratios indicate:

Temperature of the Sea has varied over time Climate has varied cyclically from ice ages

with ice extending to the equator, to warmer periods with no polar ice caps.

Yet, rate of climate change was slow compared to changes today and were attributed to changes in the earth’s orbit, volcanic eruptions, and changes in the sun’s intensity.

http://rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu Corg – Carbon Organisms

Tambora

In 1815, Indonesian Volcano, Tambora, explodes releasing the greatest known mass of dust into the atmosphere.

1816 is known as the “year without a summer”

Many horses died causing a shortage, leading the development of a “running machine”. Tambora

Krakatoa

There isn’t a natural catastrophe that we can look to as the cause of

rising CO2 levels

Clean Coal – what are we hearing?

Develop and Deploy Clean Coal Technology

http://www.podcastingnews.com

The U.S. needs to advance its research on clean, alternative energy sources like solar, wind and clean coal, while at the same time recommitting itself to expanding the use of nuclear power. 

What is Coal?

Fossil Fuel – takes 300 million years to form

Coal came from plant matter that got buried under tons of rock and ancient seas and “cooked” underground

The US has 25% of the world’s supply of coal

Coal is mined in 26 states

Fossil Fuel Fossil Fuel FormationFormation

Decayed Decayed plants and plants and animals animals preserved in preserved in the earth’s the earth’s crust under crust under pressure and pressure and heat.heat.

It takes It takes millions of millions of years for this years for this organic sludge organic sludge to become a to become a fossil fuelfossil fuel http://www.stovesonline.co.uk

Millions of years of stored Millions of years of stored Carbon is released in 150 Carbon is released in 150

yearsyears

Coal has been burned for 2000+ years, however it was the Industrial Revolution that dramatically increased the use of coal.

http://www.fossil.energy.gov

Burning Coal

C10H2 + O2 H20 + CO2

2C10H2 + 2102 2H20 + 20CO2

A lot of Carbon Dioxide is produced and it is emitted from the smoke stack in a un-concentrated form.

What is Clean Coal?

Removal of pollutant Sulfur Dioxide, SO2

Sulfur Dioxide causes Acid Rain Today “Clean Coal” also means

sequestering the CO2

Sequestering the CO2 from Coal

1. CO2 has to be concentrated

2. CO2 has to be transported to where it will be buried underground

3. CO2 then has to be compressed into a liquid

4. A 1000 meter deep hole has to be dug5. CO2 then can be injected into the hole6. Hole this must be monitored for

1000’s of years to ensure there are no leaks.

How much energy does it take to perform these six steps?

20% of the energy produced from burning coal would be needed just to compress the CO2

How much land is needed to store the compressed CO2 from coal power

plants?

12 cubic miles of CO2 would have to be pumped into the earth every day if all coal plants used geo-sequestration.

California’s energy crisis.California’s energy crisis. In 1995, the CA state legislature In 1995, the CA state legislature

unanimously passed a bill to open the unanimously passed a bill to open the electric utility industry to competition and electric utility industry to competition and deregulation.deregulation.

1998 deregulation takes effect and energy 1998 deregulation takes effect and energy rates riserates rise

2000-1 Rolling Blackouts due to 2000-1 Rolling Blackouts due to artificiallyartificially low supply of electrical energylow supply of electrical energy

US Energy Secretary and Gov. Gray Davis US Energy Secretary and Gov. Gray Davis ask for rate capsask for rate caps

Claims of price manipulation on electricity Claims of price manipulation on electricity market.market.

Senate Bill 1078Senate Bill 1078

• Introduced by Byron Sher (Palo Alto)Introduced by Byron Sher (Palo Alto)(State Senator – now retired)(State Senator – now retired)

• Signed by Governor in 2002Signed by Governor in 2002

• Boost to new energy technologies Boost to new energy technologies and small scale energy generation.and small scale energy generation.

A solution:

SB 1078 sets new direction for SB 1078 sets new direction for California Energy PolicyCalifornia Energy Policy

• Requires retail utilities to have at Requires retail utilities to have at least least 2020 percent of their total energy supply percent of their total energy supply produced through renewable produced through renewable generation.generation.

(to be achieved by 2010)(to be achieved by 2010)• Removes regulations that inhibited Removes regulations that inhibited

small and distributed production small and distributed production • Increase in-state generation of powerIncrease in-state generation of power

Impetus for SB 1078 is to Impetus for SB 1078 is to securesecure

electricity for California, but electricity for California, but another important another important

requirement is to reduce requirement is to reduce California’s dependence on California’s dependence on

fossil fuels.fossil fuels.

Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Resources:Resources:

Solar Thermal Electric Solar Thermal Electric Photovoltaics (PV)Photovoltaics (PV) Landfill Gas Landfill Gas WindWind Fuel Cells (using Fuel Cells (using

Renewable Fuels)Renewable Fuels)

BiomassBiomass HydroelectricHydroelectric Geothermal ElectricGeothermal Electric Municipal Solid Waste Municipal Solid Waste Anaerobic Digestion Anaerobic Digestion Tidal Energy Tidal Energy Wave EnergyWave Energy Ocean Thermal Ocean Thermal

Non-Renewable Energy Non-Renewable Energy Sources:Sources:

CoalCoal Natural GasNatural Gas Oil Oil Other Carbon products mined from the Other Carbon products mined from the

groundground Uranium for Nuclear Power plants (this is not Uranium for Nuclear Power plants (this is not

a fossil fuel)a fossil fuel)

Fossil Fuels are formed from the buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago

How is How is electricity electricity

made?made?

A fluid A fluid working on working on a turbinea turbine

GeneratorGenerator

http://www.solarschools.ne

http://currentenergy.lbl.gov/ca/index.php

33,000 MWatts was California’s 33,000 MWatts was California’s Peak Electricity DemandPeak Electricity Demand

on on December 1, 2005December 1, 2005 but… but…

Peak electricity demands occur on hot Peak electricity demands occur on hot summer days.  California’s highest peak summer days.  California’s highest peak demand was 52,863 megawatts and demand was 52,863 megawatts and occurred July 10, 2002.occurred July 10, 2002.

Peak demand is growing at about 2.4 Peak demand is growing at about 2.4 percent per year, roughly the equivalent of percent per year, roughly the equivalent of three new 500-megawatt power plants.three new 500-megawatt power plants.http://www.cpuc.ca.gov

Renewable energy sources Renewable energy sources only account for 10.6% in 2004only account for 10.6% in 2004

Solar and PhotovoltaicsSolar and Photovoltaics WindWind Hydro-PowerHydro-Power GeothermalGeothermal BiomassBiomass CogenerationCogeneration

Solar Energy – Using sun’s Solar Energy – Using sun’s radiation to heat water and air.radiation to heat water and air.

Most readily Most readily available available source of source of energyenergy

Use sun’s Use sun’s radiation to radiation to heat a fluid.heat a fluid.

Using sunlight to create Using sunlight to create electricity using photovoltaics electricity using photovoltaics

(PV):(PV): Sunlight hits a Sunlight hits a

sandwich of doped sandwich of doped silicon. Electrons silicon. Electrons are knocked out of are knocked out of their orbits. their orbits.

The electron flow The electron flow provides the provides the currentcurrent, and the , and the cell's electric field cell's electric field causes a causes a voltagevoltage ..

PV was developedIn the 1950’s for PoweringSatellites.

Solar Thermal Power PlantsSolar Thermal Power PlantsA highly curved mirror called A highly curved mirror called a parabolic trough focuses a parabolic trough focuses the sunlight on a pipe the sunlight on a pipe running down a central point running down a central point above the curve of the above the curve of the mirror. mirror.

The mirror focuses the The mirror focuses the sunlight on the pipe, and it sunlight on the pipe, and it gets so hot that it can heat gets so hot that it can heat synthetic oil within the pipe. synthetic oil within the pipe. Heat is extracted from the oil Heat is extracted from the oil to boil water into steam. to boil water into steam. That steam can then be used That steam can then be used to turn a turbine to make to turn a turbine to make electricity. electricity.

25% of electricity is still 25% of electricity is still made with natural gas as gas made with natural gas as gas is the backup power source.is the backup power source.

Boulder City, Nevada

http://www.powerfromthesun.net

Solar Tower Power PlantsSolar Tower Power Plants

Solar IISolar II Uses molten salt Uses molten salt

as a method of as a method of storing heat.storing heat.

Can produce Can produce power 24 power 24 hrs/day.hrs/day.

10 MW10 MW Retired in 1999Retired in 1999

Sunlight is Sunlight is reflected off reflected off 1,800 1,800 mirrors mirrors circling the circling the tall tower. tall tower. The mirrors The mirrors are called are called heliostats heliostats and turn to and turn to face the sun face the sun all day long. all day long.

http://www.solarpaces.org/solar_tower.pdf

Wind PowerWind Power California has over California has over

13,000 wind turbines13,000 wind turbines 95% of turbines are at:95% of turbines are at:

Altamont PassAltamont Pass Tehachapi (east of Tehachapi (east of

Bakersfield)Bakersfield) San Gorgonio, Palm San Gorgonio, Palm

SpringsSprings

Traditionally wind mills were used to Pump water or grind grains.

Wind Turbines Wind Turbines usually produce usually produce about 50 to 300 about 50 to 300 kilowatts of kilowatts of electricity each electricity each

Hydro-PowerHydro-Power

The state of The state of Washington leads Washington leads the nation in the nation in hydroelectricity.hydroelectricity.

About 87 percent of About 87 percent of the electricity made the electricity made in Washington state in Washington state is produced by is produced by hydroelectric hydroelectric facilities. facilities. Lake Shasta Dam, CA

Hetch Hetchy DamsHetch Hetchy Dams Operated by SFPUCOperated by SFPUC 380 MW of power380 MW of power SF has the largest unfiltered SF has the largest unfiltered

water supply on the west water supply on the west coast.coast.

The Dam led to creation of The Dam led to creation of the Sierra Club by John Muirthe Sierra Club by John Muir

Prior to filling the Hetch Hetchy valley.

Hetch Hetchy filled

Built 1913

Pro’s and Con’sPro’s and Con’s California has 386 hydro plants California has 386 hydro plants 14,116 MW of capacity 14,116 MW of capacity Renewable and cleanRenewable and clean RecreationRecreation Water storageWater storage Can be used to pump water during Can be used to pump water during

non-peak hours as a means of non-peak hours as a means of storing gravitational potential storing gravitational potential energy for use later when demand energy for use later when demand rises.rises.

Animals displaced and fish Animals displaced and fish migration disturbed.migration disturbed.

Loss of land and wildernessLoss of land and wilderness Change in hydrology and riversChange in hydrology and rivers Increase landslides, erosion, and Increase landslides, erosion, and

sediment.sediment. Dam has limited life spanDam has limited life span

GeothermalGeothermal

Using the earth’s heat Using the earth’s heat energy to produce energy to produce electricity.electricity.

California’s Geyser facility California’s Geyser facility is the largest geothermal is the largest geothermal electricity producer in the electricity producer in the world world

Need to locate a “hot spot”Need to locate a “hot spot” 50X fewer emissions that 50X fewer emissions that

fossil fuel powered plants.fossil fuel powered plants. Geothermal accounts forGeothermal accounts for

2,800 MW of capacity in 2,800 MW of capacity in the United States the United States

Geysers plant Near Sonoma850 megawatts capacity

Using geothermal heat pumpsUsing geothermal heat pumpsto pre-heat waterto pre-heat water

Hidden Villa Farm and Youth Hostel – Los Altos Hills

Biomass Power Biomass Power PlantsPlants

Biomass is the combustion of plant-Biomass is the combustion of plant-derived waste materials into electricityderived waste materials into electricity

California has more Biomass power California has more Biomass power plants than any other state with 29 plants than any other state with 29 plants and a capacity of 588 MW.plants and a capacity of 588 MW.

Materials consumed are: Materials consumed are: Ag waste, construction waste, forest Ag waste, construction waste, forest

thinning, orchard removal, urban waste, thinning, orchard removal, urban waste, and other wood type waste that would and other wood type waste that would otherwise go into landfills or get burned.otherwise go into landfills or get burned.

BiomassBiomass Controlled boilers Controlled boilers

reduce emissions reduce emissions compared to compared to open burning.open burning.

Heat energy is Heat energy is used to produce used to produce electricity.electricity.

Colmac Energy – RiversideCounty. 47 MW

How do Photovoltaics (PV) How do Photovoltaics (PV) work? work?

A is n-type Si (e.g. Phosphorus)A is n-type Si (e.g. Phosphorus) B is p-type Si (e.g. Boron)B is p-type Si (e.g. Boron)

P-Type

dopants

N-Type

dopants

Just at the junction the electrons and holes mix, creating a an electric field (voltage) separating the two sides. This voltage allows electrons to flow up but not down.

The solar cell is acting like a diode; current flows in one direction only.

http://www.specmat.com/pn%20junction.jpg

http://www.specmat.com/Solar%20Cell%20Description.jpg

http://www.specmat.com

A – glass coating

B – contact grid

C – Antireflective coating

D – N-type Si

E – P-type Si

http://www.wcubed.com/solar/solar_photovoltaics.htm

PV System with Batteries

It is for the safety of line-workers that PV system inverters are engineered to shut down when they do not receive input of matching voltage from the grid.

This system can be taken off the grid.

PV System without battery back-up.

All power is lost if grid goes down because there is no battery back up.

Utility Meter spins backwards when PV panel produces more than home power needs. Size of PV array is not critical since homeowner has security of being tied to the grid.

Net-Metering

Under net-metering, excess electricity produced by the PV panels will spin the existing home electricity meter backwards.

This provides the customer with full retail value for all the electricity produced.

The customer is billed only for the net energy consumed during the billing period.

Benefits: Use the existing meter and no batteries required.

The Energy Policy Act of 2005 requires electric public utilities (e.g. PG&E) to offer net-metering to customers.

Prior to this, utilities only had to pay wholesale prices for energy produced, thus there was little incentive.

If you produce more than you consume on average, the utility is NOT required to pay you.

Some utilities will pay for the excess.

Success of a technology often is impacted by policy.

Time-of-Use Net Metering

These are special Time-of-Use meters that keep track of WHEN you draw power from the grid and WHEN you supply power to the grid.

Time-of-Use agreements mean you pay more for power during peak times and you also receive larger credits if you generate an excess of power during peak times.

This system is beneficial if you generate an excess at peak times.

www.elsterelectricity.com

Design your PV systemDesign your PV system

Estimate needsEstimate needs Determine electricity demandsDetermine electricity demands Assess start-up costsAssess start-up costs Calculate cost-recovery timeCalculate cost-recovery time

A good resource is:

http://www.realgoodssolar.com/

Electing Green Power

"Energy derived from green sources is "Energy derived from green sources is not specifically delivered to the not specifically delivered to the customers who choose it, but to customers who choose it, but to the the power gridpower grid, which , which displaces powerdisplaces power that would have otherwise been that would have otherwise been produced from traditional [fossil fuel] produced from traditional [fossil fuel] generating sources." generating sources."

(Source: Stan Wise, Georgia PSC (Source: Stan Wise, Georgia PSC Commissioner)Commissioner)

What can Engineers do about What can Engineers do about thethe

Energy Crisis?Energy Crisis?