ENERGY INNOVATION FOR LIFE

CO

NT E N T S

Clean Energy R&D

Carbon Capture and Storage

Energy Efficiency

Clean Mobility

Smart Grids

Clean Energy Solutions

Working for Energy

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The rise of the knowledge-based economy has resulted in the changes in the patterns and level of energy consumption, which subsequent led to shifts in types of fuels and energy technologies available to us. The energy sector is the backbone of the South African economy and SANEDI plays a key role in enabling the country’s socio-economic advancement.

SANEDI has elected to focus on high impact focus areas within clean energy that will make the whole clean energy R&D space more complete and comprehensive, as the government and private sector undertake large scale investments in the clean energy infrastructure.

As technologies, such as mini-grid and hybrid solutions, continue to develop and mature, opportunities for innovative energy solutions that can make a meaningful contribution towards community development are becoming increasingly relevant towards improved energy access.

In addition to our key energy programmes, we have also worked extensively with the Department of Transport to encourage a Cleaner Mobility programme, with support from the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. This will result in the increased use of solar PV as part of the smart grids, to charge electric vehicles in the cities.

SANEDI also hosts and partners with the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP). This initiative has two municipal pilot projects aimed at improving energy and water efficiencies in portable and wastewater sectors.

The World Bank and the National Treasury have also signed an agreement on a grant of $23.4 million towards the development of a Pilot Carbon Dioxide Storage Project, which will kick-off in 2019.

C L E A N E N E R G Y R & D

At SANEDI, we understand that the provision of secure,

affordable and modern energy for all

citizens is central to poverty reduction and

economic growth.

FOCUS ON CLEAN ENERGY R&D UNLOCKS ECONOMIC GROWTH

CARBON CAPTUREAND STORAGEGLOBAL/SOUTH AFRICAN STATUSMARCH 2019

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CCS TechnologyCarbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an internationally tried and tested technology to decrease carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into the atmosphere, thus being one of the options of the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC) in its tool-kit to address global climate change.

C A R B O N C A P T U R E A N D S T O R A G E C A R B O N C A P T U R E A N D S T O R A G E

IntroductionIt is generally accepted that as the most copious greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere need to be mitigated to address global climate change.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), as a technology to mitigate CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, has a history that extends more than forty five years – the first large-scale CCS facility that began operating during 1972 was the Val Verde CO2-EOR. Today, globally, there are twenty three large-scale CCS facilities in operation or under construction capturing nearly 40 Mtpa as well as twenty eight pilot and demonstration-scale facilities1.

The International Energy Agency has shown that stabilising the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere would globally be less expensive if CCS was included in the menu of options to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions. Since the Paris Conference of Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC) that set a target of significantly less than 2° C, it is apparent that such a target cannot be achieved globally without CCS. Provided by the Global CCS Institute

The carbon capture and storage process

CO2 capture

CO2 transport

CO2 storage

The geological formation for storing CO2 requires a high porosity and high permeability rock overlaid by an impermeable cap-rock. Ideal geological formations are:

a) Depleted oil/gas fields – the best formations as they have a track-record of holding gases in place.

b) Un-mineable coal seams – the coal has a high affiliation to hold CO2. However, such storage effectively sterilises the coal for future exploitation.

c) Deep saline aquifers – globally the most copious of geological storage formations.

The stored carbon dioxide is in a super-critical or high density state and held in place through four stages of permanency as follows:

i. Structural trapping – whereby the CO2 is contained in a porous rock over-laid by an impermeable cap-rock;

ii. Residual trapping – as the super-critical CO2 is held by capillary action in the tiny pores of the rock;

iii. Solubility trapping – as the CO2 is dissolved in saline water; and

iv. Mineral trapping – as the CO2 reacts chemically with the surrounding rock and eventually becomes part of the rock.

The CCS technology has been successfully implemented in many parts of the world. Such applications include pilot and demonstration plants as well as fully commercial operations.

Incentives to undertake CCS include; carbon tax and emission limitation regulations. As an example, the Norwegian Sleipner CCS project was the first in the world to inject CO2 into a specific geological formation. Injection started during September, 1996 and since then until January, 2019 approximately 23 million tonnes have been injected.

Global CCS ActivitiesCarbon Capture and Storage is a proven global technology. Carbon Capture and Storage is recognised by the United Nations Framework for Climate Change (UNFCCC) as an admissible technology for the Clean Development Mechanism. In order to achieve the Paris target of significantly less than 20 C, it has been calculated that 14% of cumulative emissions reductions must be derived from CCS.

The technology involves four stages:

Capture – of carbon dioxide from the emissions of inter alia; industry, synthetic fuel production and electricity generating stations;

Injection – into an appropriate geological storage site, usually 1-2 km deep; and

Transport – to a suitable storage site, usually by pipeline;

Monitoring and Verification – to ensure safety and permanent storage.

The GCCSI Global Status of CCS – 2018 shows that CO2

capture capacity has risen from a zero base during 1970 to over 40 million tonnes per annum during 2019. Although the CO2 capture for dedicated geological storage has risen

over the past 5 decades, most of the capture capacity is for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). On the other hand, the cumulative injected CO2 has risen from a zero base during 1970 to nearly 250 Mt during 2018.

1. The Global Status of CCS – 2018 - GCCSI

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DEVELOPMENT OF CSS

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Department of Environmental Affairs

The DEA has been mandated by government to address climate change matters. The DEA has established the:

(a) Inter-Governmental Committee on Climate Change (IGCCC);

(b) National Committee on Climate Change (NCCC);(c) Steering Committee to monitor the progress of the

National Flagship Programmes addressed in the National Climate Change Response White Paper.

A SANEDI representative serves on the IGCCC and the NCCC and the Flagship Monitoring Committee. During 2018, the DEA has released for comment a draft Climate Change Bill.

Department of Energy

The DoE has been mandated by government to lead the policy and regulatory development of CCS. These activities are co-ordinated through the Inter-Departmental Task Team on CCS (IDTT-CCS).

A World Bank/DoE partnership has already undertaken the following studies:

(a) Policy/Regulation of CCS in the current legal structure and how CCS may be accommodated;

(b) Techno-economic investigation;(c) Human capacity building; and(d) Stakeholder engagement processes.

SANEDI/SACCCS has been a participant in Steering Committee that oversaw these studies undertaken by DoE/World Bank.

South African Energy Economy and Climate Change

South Africa is reliant on fossil fuels for most of its primary energy supply. Approximately 90% of primary energy is derived from fossil fuels – 72% of which is coal. Furthermore, coal provides 85% of electricity generation capacity and 92% of electricity production. Coal is also used for the production of liquid fuels including approximately 30% of the petroleum used in South Africa. This reliance on fossil fuels has led to an approximate 400Mt CO2 emissions per year. South Africa’s coal industry contributes significantly to employment opportunities, income generation as well as accounting for 6% of the country’s total merchandised exports.

4 5C A R B O N C A P T U R E A N D S T O R A G E C A R B O N C A P T U R E A N D S T O R A G E

Notwithstanding the recent advances made in renewable energies and energy efficiency measures, it is evident that fossil fuels will remain the main contributor to South Africa’s energy economy for some decades to come.

The recently released (August, 2018) draft National Resource Plan states the current coal-fired electricity generation capacity of ~81% is scheduled to be reduced to ~45% by 2030. The percentage drop is to be achieved by increasing the use of other primary energy sources such as renewables and natural gas. Nevertheless, apart from completing new capacity already committed/contracted, 100 MW of new coal-fired electricity generation capacity is planned.

During the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change Conference of Parties in Copenhagen, the South African President committed the country to lower greenhouse gas emissions – provided that international support in the form of funding and technology was forthcoming to assist with such an action. Such a commitment entails the application of a portfolio of clean technologies – including Carbon Capture and Storage.

Carbon Capture and Storage is viewed as a critical transition measure until nuclear and renewables become more dominant in the national energy supply.

Although the technology is well known globally and the capture and transport technologies are transferable, the geological storage and regulatory development are mostly country specific. Moreover, research and development to improve the efficiency of CCS and decrease costs continues globally. Latest information shows that CCS costs have fallen by 64% over the past decade .

Notwithstanding the drive to permanently store CO2 in geological formations, work is also being undertaken to use the captured CO2 as a feed-stock to other processes. For example, Lanxess [Newcastle, South Africa] captures 5 tonne/hour CO2 to use as feedstock in its chrome plant. SANEDI has recently undertaken a study to address the utilisation of CO2 is South Africa. The implementation of such projects is under consideration.

2. Shand CCS Feasibility Study – International CCS Knowledge Centre, UK

MandateThe investigation into the viability of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in South Africa is being undertaken with the expressed approval and support of government. The South African government has designated the Department of Energy (DoE) to lead the CCS programme. The South African Centre for Carbon Capture and Storage (SACCCS), as a division of the South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI), has been mandated by the DoE to undertake the technical development of CCS in South Africa. The DoE is undertaking the development of legal/regulatory matters.

The mandate for undertaking CCS development in South Africa is derived from:

a) The inclusion of CCS as one of the technologies in the then Department of Environmental Affairs and

Tourism greenhouse gas emission reduction scenario planning;

b) The establishment of the South African Centre for Carbon Capture and Storage (SACCCS) in 2009 in partnership with the Department of Energy (DoE), industry and international stakeholders;

c) CCS as one of the eight Flagship Programmes of the National Climate Change Response Policy White Paper, 2011;

d) Cabinet endorsement of the South African CCS Roadmap on 3 May, 2012; and

e) CCS is enshrine in the National Development Plan, Vision 2030 (Pages 167, 177, and 207).

At Ministerial direction, liaison is maintained with international bodies as a local capacity building exercise and to maintain South Africa’s international profile.

Establishment of SACCCS

The South African Centre for Carbon Capture and Storage (SACCCS) was established as division of the South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI) during 2009, when the Charter was signed by the founding Members. The Charter was eventually replaced by the SANEDI Carbon Capture and Storage Accord during January, 2017.

South African CCS Institutional Capacity

The success of any venture, in this case carbon capture and storage, is dependent on the institutional capacity established to take responsibility for such work. South Africa has four major institutional capacities for carbon capture and storage that have been mandated or created by the government. They are as follows;

(a) The Department of Energy (DoE) [to whom SANEDI reports] to develop policy and regulatory regimes pertaining to CCS;

(b) The Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) to implement the National Climate Change Response White Paper;

(c) The South African Centre for Carbon Capture and Storage (SACCCS), which was established in the South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI) to undertake the technical development of CCS in South Africa; and

(d) The Inter-Departmental Task Team on Carbon Capture and Storage, comprising the Departments of Energy, Environmental Affairs, Mineral Resources, Science & Technology, Trade & Industry and National Treasury.

South African Centre for Carbon Capture and Storage/Pilot CO2 Storage ProjectSACCCS is a ring-fenced division of SANEDI, the latter reporting to the DoE, with a mandate to undertake the technical development of CCS in South Africa. SACCCS was established during March, 2009 under a five year Charter – with a one year extension.

The 2009 Charter ended March, 2015. During the first six years of operation, SACCCS has successfully completed pre-feasibility studies to a Pilot CO2 Storage Project (PCSP) and embarked on capacity building projects.

The 2009 Charter is replaced by the SACCCS Research Accord that provides for the continuation of SACCCS.

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• Indicate the potential for CO2 storage in South African;• Capacity/experience building;• Platform for regulatory development; and• Obtain an indicative measure of CCS costs in South

Africa.

With regard to the PCSP, the Minister of Finance and the World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development acting as Administrator of the Carbon Capture and Storage Trust Fund) signed a Grant Agreement for support of US$23 million for the Pilot Storage Project.

With regard to stakeholders, SANEDI signed an Agreement with the Kwa-Zulu Natal Department of Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs (EDTEA) that formed a partnership to undertake the PCSP in the KZN area and included a Legacy Programme for local communities.

It is scheduled that prospective site specification (seismic and coring) will take place during 2019/20.

Pilot CO2 Storage ProgrammeThe Pilot CO2 Storage Project (PCSP) is the next critical phase of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) development in South Africa. This Project is an essential step for a prospective full scale integrated CCS demonstration that is scheduled, under the Road Map, to precede a commercial roll-out.

The PCSP includes:

i. The Pilot Monitoring Project to develop surface CO2 monitoring protocols;

ii. Stakeholder engagement as pertains to the PCSP; andiii. The determination of an appropriate site and injection

of carbon dioxide thereof.

The PCSP is a proof of concept for carbon capture and storage in South Africa and is an enabler for the following phases of the South African CCS Road Map. The objectives of the PCSP are, inter alia:

Planned(100s thousands of tonnes)

IntegratedDemonstration Plant2020

Planned(10s thousands of tonnes)

Pilot CO2 Storage Project2017

Launched by Minister October 2010

CarbonStorage Atlas2010

DoneCCSPotential2004

Planned(millions of tonnes)

CommercialOperation2025

3. The study was done by the CSIR under contract to the DoE.

South African CCS Road MapThe philosophy behind the South African CCS Roadmap is a step-by-step process leading from a zero base to potential commercial rollout. One of the important components of the Roadmap is to build capacity in the following areas:

• Technical;• Legal/regulatory;• Human capacity; and• Infrastructure capacity.

The South African CCS Road Map comprises five phases, each phase forming a major decision gate that tests the applicability of the use of CCS in South Africa. Within each phase are a number of secondary decision gates.

This configuration facilitates:

• Changes to the Project Plan that may become necessary to take into account the outcomes of findings; and

• Effective resource allocation [both financial and human].

The five phases are as follows:

South African Bureau of Standards (SABS)The South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) is a South African statutory body that was established in terms of the Standards Act, 1945 (Act No. 24 of 1945) and continues to operate in terms of the latest edition of the Standards Act, 2008 (Act No. 29 of 2008) as the national institution for the promotion and maintenance of standardisation and quality in connection with commodities and the rendering of services.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an independent, non-governmental organisation of 162 member national standards bodies. Through its members, it brings together experts to share knowledge and develop voluntary, consensus based, market relevant

international standards that support and provide support to global challengers.

The ISO has established a TC 265 programme for the standardisation of design, construction, operation, environmental planning and management, risk management, quantification, monitoring and verification and related activities in the field of carbon dioxide capture, transportation and geological storage.

The SABS has established a SABS/TC 265 programme to facilitate South Africa’s inputs to the ISO CCS Standard, eventually leading to a South African CCS Standard.

Technical Institutional CapacityOther institutional capacity of a specialised technical nature includes:

1. Council for Geoscience.2. Petroleum Agency of South Africa.3. PetroSA.4. Universities:a. University Witwatersrandb. University Pretoriac. University Western Caped. University KZNe. University Zululand

International linkagesAn international profile is essential for the South African CCS programme both from a technical capacity and funding perspective. Membership of international CCS organisations provides access to CCS expertise as well as raising South Africa’s profile and leading to international funding – both essential for a successful national CCS Programme. Current international CCS organisations of which membership is held are:

(a) Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) - DoE(b) International Energy Agency – Greenhouse Gas

Programme (IEA GHG) - SANEDI(c) Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute (GCCSI)

- SANEDI

Phase I

Preliminary Potential Investigation that theoretically indicated that South Africa had capturable CO2 emissions and potential storage possibilities. This Phase was undertaken by the Department of Energy and the report was published during 2004. A Stakeholder Workshop held by the DoE during 2006 concluded that South Africa should concentrate on geological storage in the near term.

Phase IIPrior to the establishment of the SACCCS, a study was initiated by the South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI) to ascertain the potential for the geological storage of CO2 in South Africa – a government/industry partnership. The output was an Atlas on Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide in South Africa that quantified potential storage at a ‘theoretical’ level. The Atlas was launched by the Minister of Energy during October 2010. That launch was followed, during January 2011, by the release of the detailed geological storage report. The study identified four possible CO2

geological storage basins, mostly off-shore.

Phase IIIThe Pilot CO2 Storage Project (PCSP) is scheduled to inject c10,000 tonnes CO2 per year into a selected geological storage formation. First injection is currently scheduled

Mainstream CCS WorkThe general work of the SACCCS continues and includes the following:

a) The Bursary and Non-Bursary support programmes;

b) Research Projects – some of which are complete and others in progress or just starting:

i. Business Case for the Continuation of Carbon Capture and Storage in South Africa;

ii. Alternative Sites for CCS and the PCSP; iii. Utilisation of Carbon Dioxide; iv. Mineralisation of Carbon Dioxide; v. Feasibility of a CO2 Capture Plant using Renewable

Energy in South Africa; vi. Survey on Industry Requirements Regarding CCS

Regulations;

vii. Others – to be decided as recommended by the SACCCS Advisory Committee.

c) Stakeholder Engagement to extend the understanding of CCS, including;

i. General public; ii. Schools careers; and iii. Career/Science Expos

d) Biennial CCS Conferences – the 6th Biennial CCS Conference is scheduled for February, 2019.

e) International and regional collaboration, including:

i. CSLF; ii. IEA GHG; and iii. GCCSI.

for 2019 – the first time CO2 will be injected into a South African geological formation.

Phase IVAn Integrated Demonstration that involves all four stages of CCS, namely capture, transport, injection, storage and monitoring. The Demonstration is planned to inject c100,000 tonnes CO2 per year. The Integrated Demonstration is the bridge between proving the feasibility of CCS in South Africa and commercial rollout.

Phase VThe Commercial rollout of CCS in South Africa will depend on the successful technical outcomes of the previous stages as well as economic incentives and regulatory requirements. Initial projects are planned to inject c1 million tonnes CO2 per year.

As the electricity crisis continues to grip South Africa, with load shedding and outages affecting individuals and industry alike across the country, opportunities are opening up in a number of areas, including business development, job creation, improved energy efficiency, and more.

POWER CRISISCREATES OPPORTUNITIES FOREFFICIENCY AND GROWTH

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As part of the Africa Energy Indaba 2019’s panel discussion on ‘Lessons to learn relating to Energy Efficiency and developing an energy efficient economy: The Impact for African countries adopting energy efficiency and the linked business opportunity’, I noted that in previous rolling blackouts, consumers had become far more energy efficient, both in behaviour and in the adoption of alternative energy sources, but as electricity supply stabilised, interest dwindled and old habits returned. The present crisis is refocusing the country’s attention on the need to be more sustainable and more efficient.

There are huge opportunities for digitalisation and other disruptive technologies in the renewable energy sector, increasing installations, creating demand for new jobs and uplifting the local economy. If we do, as we must, take the whole sustainable energy drive seriously, and incorporate Industry 4.0 technologies and upskill people, we will stimulate growth of a whole new industry and all that it represents.

E N E R G Y E F F I C I E N C Y E N E R G Y E F F I C I E N C Y

Corporates and small business need to take responsibility to affect change in sustainable energy, creating awareness at every level of society is a priority, not only about electricity and energy, but about water and waste too – everything is integrated and resources are limited. Companies of varying sizes can also look at adopting policies such as ISO 50001, which supports organisations in all sectors to use energy more efficiently through the development of an energy management system. It helps people be aware of what they’re doing and identify opportunities to improve efficiencies and reduce waste.

There is a dramatic increase in the use of rooftop PV installations in buildings of all types – shopping malls, offices, municipalities, hotels and homes – and its incorporation into building designs, which is very positive. There has also been an encouraging swing

towards thermal passive design, where the orientation of the building, and features such as insulation, location, layout, window size and placement, and shading, are all taken into account at the design stage of the building, to reduce dependence on the national grid.

These growth points notwithstanding, more focus needs to be given to R&D in the renewable energy and energy efficiency sectors, which has experienced an unfortunate reduction in funding in recent years, because there have just been an overwhelming number of other pressing social areas demanding R&D spend. Some South African universities and TVET colleges are recognising this need for sustainable energy R&D and are trying to do more with limited funds.

There is a tremendous value of energy collaboration across Africa and the energy challenges that South Africa is facing are not unique to this country. Collaborations are of the utmost important and events such as the

Africa Energy Indaba, which has been bringing industry stakeholders together for many years, encourages learning from each other. There has been a definite growth in the collaborative attitude towards improving energy efficiency among many African countries, with a number of initiatives being established, such as the Southern African Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (SACREE), in Namibia.

Looking ahead, the ideal energy solution for the African continent is a combination of energy carriers. Gas must play a role, as must solar and wind, which we have in abundance in different areas in South Africa. We believe all three are the way forward for the continent and will avoid a situation where all energy eggs are in a single basket.

Reflected Sunlight > .7

Emitted Thermal Radiation > .7

Conduction

Incident Sunlight

Convection

Performance of cool roofs can be assessed in terms of thermal emittance, solar reflectance or Solar

Reflectance Index (SRI), which is a measure of both emittance and reflectance.

COOLSURFACES APPLICATIONPROMOTE ENERGY EFFICIENCY TAX INCENTIVES

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Managed by the South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI), the Cool Surfaces Project seeks to cool buildings using energy-passive technology, especially in areas where electricity supply is limited or absent.

Cool Surfaces refers to all materials and technologies used in the construction of the building envelope to improve thermal comfort: surfaces that reflect much of the solar energy and release much of the stored heat energy.

This refers to white roofs, light-coloured pavements and specialised cool coatings. The two basic characteristics that determine the ‘coolness’ of a roof are solar reflectance (SR) and thermal emittance (TE). As can be seen from the diagram below, the results are excellent. Whitening 100 m2 of roofing cancels the warming effect of 10 tons of CO2 emissions (or 0.6 tons per year for the life of the roof.”

E N E R G Y E F F I C I E N C Y E N E R G Y E F F I C I E N C Y

We began in 2013, and so far seven projects have been completed and have improved thermal comfort for residents and improved buildings’ energy efficiency. These are the !Kheis Pilot project in Duineveld, Northern Cape; Emmanuel Primary School and Kgomoco Primary School in Sharpeville, Gauteng; Thusanang Day Care Centre in Hammanskraal, Gauteng; Kimberley Old Magistrates’ Courthouse, Northern Cape; !Kheis Municipality Office in Groblershoop, Northern Cape; and !Kheis Cool Surfaces Scale-up Sternham, Northern Cape.

The !Kheis Scale-up project coated 27 500 m2 of roofing to improve thermal comfort for occupants and piloted the potential for Cool Surfaces to mitigate the impact of climate change in South Africa. However, this just scratches the cool surface of the potential yet to be achieved. Pending projects are a Department of Defence building in Limpopo and an informal settlement in City of Tshwane, Gauteng.

A sizeable amount of housing stock among the low-income households in South Africa is built from various materials that are not necessarily energy efficient. Those range from informal dwellings built out of corrugated iron sheeting, traditional dwellings, township dwellings (matchbox or RDP houses), and regular brick and mortar structures. In all of these, there is no universal application of solar passive design principles.

Most suffer from poor design, leading to uncomfortable and sometimes extreme indoor temperatures night and day, during winter and summer. For most of the dwellings, there is still no access to electricity and, where it is available, electric heating/cooling is not an economic option.

Therefore, there has been a focus on low-income housing but not to the exclusion of other markets. Cool coatings/membranes are effective on most buildings – from storage warehouses to corporate office buildings, with sophisticated HVAC systems.

Indoor AirTemperature

HOUSE WITHCONVENTIONAL ROOF

80°C

Indoor AirTemperature

HOUSE WITHCOOL ROOF

50°C

34°C 27°C

AmbientTemperature

34°C

Cool roofs are able to maintain a temperature differential of 6 – 8 degrees Celsius between ambient and

indoor air temperature due to high thermal emittance and solar reflectance.

The Cool Surfaces project, borne out of a collaborative agreement between the American and South African Departments of Energy, is a non-electric response to South Africa’s need for a cost-effective, low maintenance and passive-energy cooling technology for buildings.

COOL ROOF PROPERTIES

AND PERFORMANCE

Since the Cool Surfaces Project kicked off in 2013, seven ventures to improve buildings’ energy efficiency and thermal comfort for resident have been completed.

Qualifying industries that use Cool Surface technology can apply for the 12 L Tax Incentive for energy efficiency.

Benefits

• Cooler surface temperatures help the roof and the equipment on it last much longer.

• Cool roofs allow less heat into the building, making homes, warehouses and other buildings without air-conditioners (AC), much cooler.

• In cities, cooling effects vary from city to city, but studies indicate a consistent pattern of cooling potential from between 2-4 °C.

• Globally cancels 500 medium- sized coal power plants’ worth of greenhouse gas emissions – more than compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), deployment. It is an excellent offset measure.

• Cool surfaces can cut AC energy use by up to 20% on the top floor of air-conditioned buildings, often avoiding cooling loads at peak times.

• Cooler intake air means the AC works less, and energy efficiency contributes to downsizing AC units.

ENERGYEFFICIENCYPUTS CASH BACK IN YOUR POCKET

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Load shedding focussed South Africans on the need to monitor their electricity consumption and plan efficient usage and it appears that some people have gone back to the idea of ‘I’ll just pay’. Recently however, load shedding threats have resurfaced and rolling blackouts are an ever-increasing possibility, whilst the price of electricity is likely going to continue to be increased at double-digit figures for at least the next five years, as Eskom struggles to recoup its losses.

South Africa relies on coal for about 90% of its energy input, resulting in a large amount of carbon dioxide emissions. This pollution, concentrated around the power

E N E R G Y E F F I C I E N C Y E N E R G Y E F F I C I E N C Y

stations mainly in the Mpumalanga area, is not caused by the power stations alone but by all South Africans, as they are generating the pollution through their excessive use of coal-based energy. These emissions contribute to the changing climate patterns we are now seeing develop in South Africa – climate change is a reality today, not some time in the distant future. Every kilogram of coal burnt releases approximately one kilogram of carbon dioxide.

Now is the time for everyone to consider mixed energy resources, at home and work, energy efficiency and what these mean in terms of savings on the monthly budget and saving the planet.

Energy efficiency is often seen as a ‘nice to have’ or only for ‘big corporations’ but not applicable at home or to small to medium businesses because it is expensive or not necessary.

It is this kind of thinking that delays the implementation of efficient energy solutions across the board –

from home to skyscraper to factory.

The fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) is pushing energy efficiency, as more and more items become digitised. The Internet of Things (IoT) includes the refrigerator in your home, the aircon in your office and the entire production process in your factory. The more efficiently these run, the less energy is expended.

Most appliances and machinery come with an energy rating, from A (the most efficient) to G (least efficient). There is a corresponding price difference but what both

Industry compliance leads to tax paybacks Many companies are unaware of the tax rebate programme administered by SANEDI on behalf of government. The incentive has been in place since 2013.

We have had small companies and a number of the top energy intensive energy users apply, all with excellent results. Interventions include flare stacks and waste heat converted back into production; airlines optimising routes and avgas usage; hospitals cutting down on lighting and air-conditioning usage. Solar powered parking, double-glazing, conversion to LED lights – all add up to energy efficiency over the year.

consumers and procurement departments fail to take into account, is that the energy saved over the life of the item will outweigh the higher initial cost – it is about life cycle costs and not just the initial purchase price.

Digitisation enables buildings to become ‘smart’. Lights only operate when someone is there; air conditioners are central yet create climate zones for differing comfort levels; banks of computers or other machines can be ‘put to sleep’ after a period of non-activity; lifts only switch on lights when called; underground carparks remain dark until movement occurs and so the list goes on.

However, these building management systems (BMS) are not just for the office building; there are smaller versions, available locally, that can be wired into one’s home’s distribution board. These can be used to shut down what the industry refers to as ‘vampire loads’, all the plugs with indicator lights that are not in use but on standby, any appliance using clocks or readouts when not in use; these can be put into ‘sleep’ mode.

You can go one further; there are many ‘apps’, that when coupled to the right technologies, can switch on and off lights, heaters/air cons or get the microwave going from your smart phone. What once was science fiction is an everyday reality and this is only the beginning!

Digitisation saves energy

14 15E N E R G Y E F F I C I E N C Y E N E R G Y E F F I C I E N C Y

Go to green transportTransport is one of the largest causes of greenhouse gas emissions, particularly in South Africa, which has a high ratio of cars, taxis, buses and trains all using fossil fuels. Green fuels are being developed for diesel consumers, particularly buses and electric cars are moving from drawing boards to parking lots. Electric vehicles make sense economically, again when viewed over the life cycle of the car. The initial cost is outweighed by no services and a replacement of a battery every couple of years. Already carparks are installing electrical vehicle charging outlets and, what adds to their energy efficiency is that these are mostly solar powered, thus reducing electricity usage.

Future thinking

The next big jump will be provided by LED lights. Essentially motherboards with a bulb, many of these lights are already marked as Li-Fi enabled. Li-Fi uses the

light spectrum, as opposed to Wi-Fi, which uses the radio spectrum. This spectrum is already overcrowded across the world because of the rapid uptake of Wi-Fi. Li-Fi will be broader, faster and will enable anyone with an LED light to be able to connect to the world. Streetlights, traffic lights, shops, offices will all act as routers and this will change communication in ways we cannot even begin to imagine.

What is needed is a radical change in human behaviour – one that looks at the long term effects of purchasing an item versus the immediate costs, that weighs up our children’s air quality against coal power stations; that understands that reducing water and waste also contributes to energy efficiency.

South Africa, through the support of the government of Denmark and the European Commission, the International Energy Efficiency in Emerging Economies Programme (E4) has been successfully working in partnership with key emerging economies on a rich and diverse programme of activities since January 2014.

The Third Annual Global Conference on Energy Efficiency, hosted by the International Energy Agency (IEA), took place from 25-26 October 2018 in Paris, France. The conference was attended by Ministers and high-level Government officials, Business leaders, Financial institutions and Civil society gathering from over 60 countries to advance the dialogue on energy efficiency, with a focus on action and delivery of scalable, impactful efficiency policies and programmes. IEA is committed to continue global co-operation and knowledge sharing in the global energy sector.

Over 60 countries, representing 80% of the world’s energy consumption, shared insights and experiences on how to increase action and maintain momentum on energy efficiency in the context of increasing CO2 emissions and a slow-down in global energy intensity improvements.

The focus at IEA’s Third Annual Global Conference on Energy Efficiency faced the urgent need to implement and scale-up successful energy efficiency policies and programmes with real impacts with regards to decarbonisation, economic growth, energy access and sustainable development.

IEA released the latest energy efficiency market report series, on 19 October 2018. It also featured a World Energy Outlook Efficient World Scenario (EWS), which shed light on how energy efficiency can reduce global energy demand by 2040 across all key economic sectors while simultaneously delivering multiple non-energy benefits.

The report answered the question “What would happen if policy makers realised all the economically viable potential for energy efficiency that is available with existing technologies”?

SUPPORTS IEA’SGLOBAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY

In terms of lighting sector’s contribution to global energy efficiency, especially relating to the transformation from ‘traditional’ lighting (bulbs), to the more versatile Internet of Things (IoT), through LiFi, a technology for wireless communication between devices using light to transmit data and position. All light fittings and light sources from Signify will be IoT-compatible by 2020.

However, there may be a shortfall of technically competent people to implement these installations, opening the opportunity for huge job creation potential. It was stressed that social and environmental challenges go hand-in-hand and should be addressed as such. To increase scalability, a possible business model is for consumers to pay for ‘lighting’ as a ‘service’ and not for the actual technology upgrades, e.g. this model is already underway at Schiphol Airport in the Netherlands.

During the proceedings it was also highlighted that the African Union has signed an agreement with Estonia in 2017 to support e-Governance development throughout Africa.

There’s a need for improved energy efficiency in the aviation and transportation sector in Africa as well as the need for digital transformation, where some of the fastest growing economies in the world are situated.

Though many of the topics discussed are commonly known and already being debated in South Africa, there were a number of new insights into developing innovative solutions to the way the country addresses some of the hurdles associated with the widespread uptake of energy efficiency, e.g. innovative financing mechanisms for energy efficiency.

The conference provided an excellent platform to network with some of the best global minds in energy efficiency and to obtain a better understanding of where South Africa is placed in its energy efficiency journey, relative to other developed and developing countries around the world. The observation is that South Africa is performing well in this area. However, there are some lessons learned from this conference, which could be considered for South Africa, going forward.

Energy Efficiency has been recognised in South Africa as one of the most cost-effective ways towards sustainable development. Energy efficiency improvement helps to avoid the cost of new energy generation (and distribution) capacity, advance industry’s competitiveness, increase access to energy and reduce pollution including emissions of greenhouse gases.

16 17C L E A N M O B I L I T Y C L E A N M O B I L I T Y

RESEARCH ON

ENERGY DEMANDSTRANSPORTFINDS DATA COLLECTION DIFFICULT

SANEDI, in conjunction with the Energy Research Centre (ERC) at University of Cape Town, has conducted a three-year research project into transport energy demand, with the main aim of the study being to investigate the impact of electric vehicle penetration into the South African market.

A key premise of the project was that energy data is fundamental to energy research. Data is crucial in order to answer any of the pressing questions facing South Africa’s energy sector, be it how to ensure affordable access to modern energy services, or reduce greenhouse gas emissions or both at the same time. Such data needs to be of the highest possible quality, regularly updated and in the public domain.

The team was to undertake a project to provide an independent database that could form a primary resource for interdisciplinary researchers, officials, planners, analysts, entrepreneurs and industrialists across the energy, development and environmental communities.

The database could also form the basis for the compilation of an on-going biennial energy outlook. The major value proposition was that an accessible, credible and routinely maintained energy database enables multiple projects to be run cost effectively in the long term.

Key to this study was the collection of the data on the transport and energy situation in South Africa. Initially, the study was to be completed in December 2018 but was extended to the end of March 2019, as data collection proved to be problematic.

Diverse data banksThe problem with energy data in South Africa is that not all energy data is in one central data repository. There are pockets of data sitting with Eskom, with the Department of Environmental Affairs, with the Department of Energy, Department of Economic Development etc.

Then the CSIR has repositories of data, as does the Energy Research Centre at UCT, other universities, such as the University of Pretoria and various research institutions. Therefore, the main issue is not data availability but that of data access. There are a number of projects in the energy sector but getting access to them is very difficult.

Data repositoryTherefore, we have many data sets sitting at different institutions but we do not have it in one place. One of

our ambitions were to try to create this open energy data repository at SANEDI. We developed the framework and the platform for it so now we are trying to get buy in from different departments and research institutions. The problem with that was that all of these institutions have their own projects and data, which they want to own exclusively.

That is the challenge we have – aligning government departments and research institutions to find common ground on sharing data.

We now have plans in the pipeline that address how do we align data collection needs of different institutions, how do we collect data by using a certain approach and methodology and how do we standardise the methodology, tools and frameworks, so that it can be used by multiple institutions?

Beneficiaries Multiple organisations would benefit from such a data bank.

First amongst them would be the Department of Transport (DoT), as the study is aligned to the green transport strategy, which has targets for different types of reduction in energy consumption, eg rail, road etc. Therefore, this study will enable the DoT to align or revise its green transport strategy because some of the analysis that was done in the study used its targets as a benchmark to do the analysis. In addition, there is the DTI with its low carbon transport programme.

Initially there were two streams to the project. One was going to take care of United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) and DTI needs. They were interested in the feasibility of electric vehicles, when would they enter the market, what were the implications if electric vehicles penetrated the market and the knock-on effect on jobs, mechanics and the whole value chain of the road transport sector.

The other was the research institutions as this study built on a previous study that collected data for the transport sector in South Africa. This study built on that data collection and collected data on sales of liquid fuels and data on freight, road and air transport.

Finally, the public will benefit as well because all data will be in the public domain once published.

The project team, led by Adrian Stone, included Bruno Merven and Bryce McCall from ERC, with Tiisetso Maseela and Resmun Moonsammy of SANEDI.

SMART GRIDPROGRAMMEKeeping sustainability at the forefront

18 19S M A RT G R I D S S M A RT G R I D S

The benefits associated with the Smart Grid include:

• More efficient transmission of electricity• Quicker restoration of electricity after power disturbances• Reduced operations and management costs for utilities, and ultimately lower power

costs for consumers• Reduced peak demand, which will also help lower electricity rates• Increased integration of large-scale renewable energy systems• Better integration of customer-owner power generation systems, including renewable

energy systems• Improved security

Results from programme

Participating municipalities were eThekwini, Nala, Naledi, Govan Mbeki, Thabazimbi, Mogale City, City Power, Msunduzi, Matatiele and Nelson Mandela Bay. In addition, the Department of Energy looked at energy efficiency in public buildings.

The Smart Grid Programme addresses objectives of energy transformation and service delivery. Its technology employs smart mechanisms to transition to an energy mix on the South African grid, which allows South Africa to meet its climate change objectives as well as address inefficiencies in the municipal system.

It promotes the utilisation of integrated systems and processes in the municipal environment thus enabling efficiencies and effectiveness not seen before in the municipal environment.

Furthermore, in other areas of the programme, SANEDI has identified the manner in which smart grids are instrumental in supporting sound decision making within a utility based on actual and accurate data. Undeniably, smart grids adopts a broader focus to a utility’s needs, it reaches far beyond just technologies and solution but also seeks to establish smart systems and processes as effort to improving the entire value chain of a utility.

The Smart Grid Programme is one of the flagship programmes within SANEDI, which focuses on applied research projects to test and deploy various smart grids concepts within the electricity distribution industry (EDI). Through the EU Donor Funded Smart Grid Programme, it facilitated the implementation of ten pilot projects, which were intended to improve the sustainability outlook of operating an electricity utility at municipal level.

The municipal electricity business model is changing with the introduction of disruptive technologies within distribution networks. With smart grids, people and processes are integrated in a fashion that enables technology to be used as an enabler for positive change.

In the main, this project confirmed that the Smart Grid Programme enhances revenue collection, improves cash flow and immediately detects theft.

Ministerial backing

In February this year, the acting Deputy Director-General (DDG) for Clean Energy at the Department of Energy, Mokgadi Modise, encouraged SANEDI to continue with its programme.

She stated that with the Fourth Industrial Revolution advancing faster, South Africa too needs to move with speed to intensify the deployment of smart grids. The Smart Grid Programme represents an unprecedented opportunity to move the energy industry into a new era of reliability, availability and efficiency that will contribute to the economic and environmental health of South Africa.

During the transition period, it will be critical to carry out testing, technology improvements, consumer education, development of standards and regulations and information sharing between projects to ensure that the benefits envisioned from the Smart Grid Programme become a reality.

ChallengesThe Smart Grid Programme has unearthed many challenges, which include aging facilities, costs overtaking revenue, lack of skills and decline in maintenance.

The Auditor General’s report indicates that about 125 of South Africa’s municipalities are collecting less than 80% of the revenue. If electricity is the main revenue spinner for the municipalities, they have losses of about 53% in some of the municipalities.

Enabling the future

While smart grids and smart metering are not silver bullets, they are a key enabler for change to happen. If it is properly engineered, municipalities can collect their revenue. One of things that we are arguing is that municipalities could make the transition from post-paid to pre-paid and take it even further to make all services pre-paid. If you do not pay for a pre-paid service, you do not get it. This closes the loop, it gives the municipalities visibility and they are now able to exercise control. In addition, it brings about levels of efficiency and forces municipalities to deal with change and new ways of doing business. The key is to institutionalise that change.

These pilot projects are a combination of people, process and technology – and one has to get all three right.

“A smart grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it- generators, consumers and those that do both- in order to deliver sustainable, economic and secure supplies efficiently,” European Technology Platform Smart Grid (ETPSG).

20 21C L E A N E N E R G Y S O L U T I O N S C L E A N E N E R G Y S O L U T I O N S

The number of finance specialists offering to help fund home solar is on the rise and I am of the opinion that the financing houses (private sector as well as banks) are definitely more open to offering finance of home solar systems. Solar technology is mature and proven, however, even more important than this is that it is becoming better known and accepted in the consumer market as well as by the financing houses. When viewing the deals offered by finance specialists for home solar, compared to a bank loan or a monthly Eskom bill, at present the target is to reach cost parity as closely as possible in terms of meeting the market needs of cost vs energy security and independence implied by these systems. Consumers need to know how to differentiate between providers. They tend to asses two main things when making the decision to shift to solar, namely capital cost (capex) and the ‘payback period’ (the amount of time required to save on traditional energy costs and cover the capex of their system). In addition other drivers include, the desire for energy autonomy/independence, energy security, long term cost benefit in terms of savings, once the payback period has lapsed. The service provider with the best scenario/projection for these things, while still providing quality and after sale service would be a good one to consider. I often find that a spreadsheet of costs and benefits between providers is helpful when making these decisions. When looking at the costs involved in installing solar power in one’s home, it is dependent on what kind of system one requires. Each benefit will have a cost and one will need

to tailor one’s system to what one can require and afford. Consider how much of one’s home one wants to supply with solar electricity. One does not have to meet all of one’s demands with a photovoltaic (PV) technology for example. One could just install enough to drive essential appliances and a few lights. Consider also the cost and benefit of switching to a solar water heating technology, which a demand that consumes approximately 45-50% of electricity required in a home. In South Africa, so long as one can afford to install and maintain the system, using the costing information one can get from one’s service provider, then using solar energy is never a bad idea. South Africa has an excellent and very reliable solar resource in most parts of the country all year round (For more information, go to www.sauran.net/Page/Maps).However, the system needs to work for one and what one requires. I would not advocate going completely ‘off the grid’, with respect to one’s electricity requirements but rather consider one’s energy security and the availability for immediate maintenance and repair should something go wrong and require adjustment. Also remember that one pays anyway to remain connected to the national grid in terms of property rates (in most cases), so why lose that back up? When calculating how long it will take for one to breakeven ie start enjoying cheaper energy costs, will also depend on the type of system that one selects to address one’s particular need. However, one should consider that most ‘payback periods’ range between 2-7 years, depending on the system specifications.

Solar Maps for South Africa

The following maps display the Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) and the Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) for South Africa. The maps uses colour contours to indicate the level of total irradiance (kWh) that a unit area (square meter) is exposed to over a 1 year period.

Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI)

Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI)

REVIEWING SOLAR AT HOMEIN TERMS OF COSTS

23C L E A N E N E R G Y S O L U T I O N S

BOOSTS LOCAL ENERGY BUSINESS

WIND ATLAS

Climate change is one of the foremost challenges facing humankind today and energy is inextricably linked to climate change. As a developing country, South Africa has relatively high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, when measured per capita.

According to the World Resources Institute Climate Analysis Indicator Tool, South Africa’s GHG profile is dominated by emissions from the energy sector, which accounted for 84% of the country’s total emissions in 2012. Of this, 60% of the emissions were due to electricity and heat, 15% from manufacturing and construction, 12% from transport and the balance from other energy subsectors. Therefore, the diversification of the national energy portfolio is critical.

22 C L E A N E N E R G Y S O L U T I O N S

The Department of Energy, supported by SANEDI, CSIR, SAWS, UCT and the Technical University of Denmark with Government of Denmark and Global Environment Facility (GEF) funding and supported by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), embarked in 2008 on improving the wind energy resource assessment and mapping of South Africa, through the South African Wind Energy Programme (SAWEP).

Phase 1 of SAWEP results were:

1. Completion of Wind Atlas for South Africa (WASA 1) covering the Western Cape, some parts of the Eastern Cape and the Northern Cape through the erection of nine wind measurements masts. The masts have been operational since September 2010, which resulted in the release of the first large scale high resolution Wind Resource Map for South Africa in 2013.

2. WASA 2 resulted in the construction of five wind measurements masts covering the remaining areas of the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Free State, which have been operational since November 2015. WASA 2 was completed in December 2018, thus resulting in an interim resource map of South Africa validated from WASA 1 & 2.

3. WASA 3 resulted in the erection of four wind measurements masts in 2017/18 covering the remaining parts of the Northern Cape. The masts went online in December 2018. WASA 3 is planned to be completed in 2020. This latest extension means that we cover 75% of South Africa’s land area with 18 wind measurement masts that are used to validate the Wind Atlas and database covering all nine provinces of South Africa.

The third phase of WASA allows more investors and installers of wind turbines to take advantage of the powerful WASA information such as wind climate and

energy information that is given for 50, 100 and 200 m above ground level. Climate information at each of the 250-m modelling grid points will make it possible to calculate, say, specific mean power density from 0-25 ms−1, energy yield for any given wind turbine, capacity factor for any given wind turbine, etc.

Internationally, wind atlases do not drill down to such detail and data. This information allows the identification of specific areas in South Africa to develop capacity to enable large or small scale exploitation of wind energy in South Africa. E.g. WASA is used by the Dept of Environmental Affairs in the identification of wind energy development zones that is streamlining the IEA process.

WASA maps, data and tools are freely available to the public that levels the playing field for big and small players in the identification and thereby saving time and costs in the development of favourable wind development areas. E.g. the WASA wind mast measurements enable a long term, uninterrupted and quality assured wind data bank for South Africa. The data bank is invaluable for e.g. investigating and predicting the seasonal and potential climate change impacts on SA’s wind resource and for wind power forecasting etc and is freely accessible to the public, universities and other research institutions.

As a result, South Africa is currently actively contributing towards the Global Atlas for Renewable Energy led by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).

We also identified, through a SAWEP review study on the small-scale wind development sector, scope to enhance growth in this sector and focussing on training and capacity building, as we grow the wind sector. In particular basic wind turbine technology training, basic safety training, complemented by training in entrepreneurship and other skills that would increase local participation and investment in the communities.

Wind energy resource

assessment and mapping

24 25W O R K I N G F O R E N E R G Y W O R K I N G F O R E N E R G Y

OFFICIAL BIO DIGESTEROPENING AT EARTH CENTRE

The 10 cubic metre bio digester uses a feedstock of horse manure, diluted with a sustainable volume of water, including grey water, to produce biogas fuel for heating applications. In households, schools, Early Childhood Development (ECD) centres and community facilities, the fuel can be used for as a substitute for electricity or LPG. It can be used for cooking, water heating, space heating and lighting. After the processing of horse manure, the resultant digestate is an organic fertiliser which can be used to support organic gardening and other farming processes.

The installation and utilisation of the biogas from the bio digester will not only improve people’s standard of living but will also help the environment by minimising organic waste that is left to decompose uncontrolled.

There are opportunities to create primary jobs in the implementation, operation and maintenance of the biogas systems. The project is also able to support secondary job creation in supporting food security initiatives and other farming activities.

The biogas projects can also help to mitigate climate change-related challenges in capturing methane and combusting it into heat and carbon dioxide. It minimises bio-waste, sterilises them into digestate that can be valorised.

Nineteen more will be installed at a variety of locations in Gauteng, North West, Free State, Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces, with a particular focus on institutions such as old age homes, ECD centres, schools and clinics. The impact within institutions is greater than within households, as more people stand to benefit from the system. The partners will look at smaller systems that are cost effective, which can be used by households.

The installation of anaerobic digesters will be of great importance not only in promoting the standard of living for people but help the environment by minimising the amount of organic waste. Biogas usage is not limited to low income communities, but also finds application in commercial and industrial applications.

Vuyiswa Sethunya from Unisa explaining the biogas digester functionality.

The partnership of the University of South Africa (Unisa),mining company ExxaroResources and SANEDIofficially launched its firstinstitutional anaerobicbiogas digester at EarthCentre in Johannesburg in December 2018.

BEST FEMALE PROJECT AT

SCIENCE FAIR

She entered the Ekurhuleni regional finals, in mid-August 2018, with her project, ‘The Carbon Eater’, a device designed to absorb carbon dioxide emissions in the air, thereby reducing the amount that reaches the atmosphere.

We are delighted to be awarding girls who enter the STEM field with such innovative ideas. This is what South Africa needs if it is to keep ahead in the energy sector.

The Eskom Expo for Young Scientists is a science fair, where students have a chance to demonstrate their own scientific investigations and projects. By participating at the expo, students will increase their awareness of the wonders of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) and add to their knowledge by broadening their scientific horizons.

There were a number of renewable energy and energy efficiency projects at the expos that SANEDI can leverage on in terms of research and development and we salute Eskom for its countrywide efforts to promote enthusiasm amongst our youth for the possibilities that exist in the scientific world.

SANEDI awarded its prize for Best

Female Project at the Eskom Expo for Young Scientists to

a Grade 11 learner, Nyeleti Mashele

from Sir Pierre Van Ryneveld High School

in Kempton Park.

SANEDI SPONSORS

The Carbon Eater display with Nyeleti Mashele explaining the system to judges.

In honour of its achievements, the Eskom Expo for Young Scientists International Science Fair (ISF) won the 2018 South African National Energy Association (SANEA) Energy Education Award, in association with SANEDI, on 4 September 2018. Through these awards, SANEA and SANEDI aim to celebrate and pay tribute to enthusiastic South Africans and organisations that are key role-players in the energy landscape.

26 W O R K I N G F O R E N E R G Y

TURNING WASTEINTO ENERGYat four Emfuleni Schools

SANEDI implemented green technology - a bio-digester that uses kitchen food and garden wastes and animal manure to produces biogas and bio slurry, energy efficient LED lighting and solar water heaters. In addition, in two of the schools the organisation was able to apply Cool Surfaces coatings, a thermal paint that regulates temperature of the room, to reduce temperature extremes.

The schools all had in common high electricity bills, functioning feeding schemes and therefore availability of food waste, close proximity to animal waste, lack of thermal comfort in the classrooms due to high indoor temperatures, high water bills and casual school gardens.

The initial audit indicated that the schools rarely switched on the geysers, preferring to use LPG to boil water in the food kitchens, the lights were not all working and some permanently on, and the disposal of food waste was poor. The classrooms and the administration blocks were fitted with double T8 fluorescent tubes lights and the exterior lighting was high-pressure sodium lights. The schools mostly used industrial LPG stoves in food kitchens and four (4) plate electric stoves in staff kitchens.

The resultant biogas and bio slurry enable the schools to reduce their dependence on LPG, make money from selling the nutrient-rich fertiliser and improve their own gardens’ production.

The initiative implemented is about exploring innovative technologies that produce diverse energy services that are efficient and cost effective and leading to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, amongst others.

These kinds of integrated, multi-purpose community projects are in line with our belief that energy innovation and the efficient use of energy are two key components to mitigating the challenges of providing alternative clean and sustainable energy solutions.

The biogas system produces gas for more than one hour of cooking every day. Preliminary research results indicate that electricity bills of the schools were reduced and the usage of LPG gas had also been reduced.

In the case of Kgomoco Primary School, the LPG usage had been reduced to zero.

The above demonstrate that the use of renewable energy resources and technologies are essential if we are to manage the energy intensity at both household and institutional levels.

Four Sharpeville schools,Emmanuel, Kgomoco, Lehlasedi

and Seliba Primary Schools have benefitted from

a R1.7 million Clean Energy Programme, instituted

by SANEDI, in partnership with the Provincial Department ofInfrastructure Development’s

Green Agenda unit.

T: +27 11 038 4300 E: information@sanedi.org.zaW: www.sanedi.org.zaA: Block C, Upper Grayston Office Park152 Ann Crescent, Strathavon, Sandton 2146

@Energy_ZA@Sanedi.gov