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Energy- Introduction- Non-renewable- Renewables- Transportation
Energy trivia…• USA has 4.5% of the world’s
population• 25% of world’s commercial energy
• India:– 16.4% of the population– 3% of world’s commercial energy
United States
Total energy consumption
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120,000,000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
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Energy Sources for Total US Energy Use
• 40% Oil• 22% Coal• 22% Natural Gas• 7% Nuclear• 5% Hydropower, Geothermal, Solar• 4% Biomass
Energy Sources for Transportation Sector
• 98% Oil• 2% Natural Gas and Electricity
(from a variety of sources)
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec2_2.pdf
Electricity Energy Source
Nonrenewable and renewable• Nonrenewables
– Oil– Coal– Natural gas– Nuclear
• Renewables– Solar– Wind– Biomass – Geothermal– Hydroelectric
• What is it?• Availability• Cost• Impacts
Oil• Refining through distillation
Oil: Availability
• Peak of oil production expected 2010-2030.– Some say it has already occurred
• World oil economic depletion 2035-84 (27 to 76 years from now)
• BUT: Oil use is growing (18% from 1990-2003)
United States production and consumption
Oil
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1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
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Crude oil production
Petroleum consumption
56% imports in 2003
Proven oil reserves at end 2004
• ~2/3 of world’s reserves in the Middle East.
• 20% of world’s reserves in Saudi Arabia.
• 3% in United States
Oil: Maintaining Production?• New Oil Field Finds?
• Oil Shale (or, heavy oil)– costs 75% more than pumped oil– mining waste, low net energy yield
• Tar Sands– severe environmental problems, low net energy
yield• New Technology to Exact more Oil from
Existing Sites?– Some already in place now– Note: world production has increased <10% in
the last two decades
Oil: Consequences
Heidi Snell
Oil spill off the Galapagos Islands 2001
Oil: EvaluationAvailability and cost• Still available and cheap (sort of)
and will be for short-term– probably not for mid-term– definitely not for long-term
Net energy efficiency• HighEnvironmental and other costs• Pollution (air and water)
– carbon dioxide, NOx, SOx
• Political dependence
COAL
http://www.ohvec.org/galleries/mountaintop_removal/007/43.html
Coal: What is it?
• Remains of buried swamp plants that have been pressurized over eons.– Largely carbon, with varying
amounts of water and sulfur:– Lignite (brown coal)
• low heat, low sulfur content– Bituminous coal (soft coal)
• high heat, usually high sulfur content– Anthracite (hard coal)
• high heat, low sulfur content
PA electricity generation
Energy use in Ohio
Coal: Supply Expectations• Identified coal reserves:
– last 220 yrs at current rate of use– last only 65 yrs if rate rises 2% per
yr
• Unidentified coal reserves:– last 900 yrs at current rate of use– last 149 yrs if rate rises 2% per yr
MOST ABUNDANT FOSSIL FUEL
Proved coal reserves at end 2004
66% world’s known reserves in :
•United States (24%)•former Soviet Union•China
•US anthracite:•only 2% of total
United States
Production and consumption of coal
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Coal
Coal consumption
Coal: Cost
• Cost– Low– However
• many old coal-burning facilities
• 45% of cost of new plant is environmental compliance
Coal: Environmental Impacts
• Dirtiest fossil fuel
• Mining effects:
• Combustion Effects:
Coal: evaluation• Availability
– High
• Cost– Cheap without environmental controls– Getting more expensive
• Environmental effects– HIGH
Clean coal?? Integrated gasification combined cycle
Natural Gas
Conventional vs Unconventional NG vs Biogas
• found with oil deposits = conventional
• found by itself = unconventional
• gas from biomass of recent origin = biogas– landfills, cows, termites, decomposition– methane
Proven natural gas reserves at end 2004
•40% of known reserves in former Soviet republics•6% of known reserves in US•In 2003 net imports of natural gas were ~15% of gas consumed
Natural gas
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1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
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Natural gas
Natural gas consumption
Other uses of natural gas
• Chemical industry– Feedstock for ammonia, methanol,
ethylene
• Energy source
California energy usage
“US Government policy has somehow concluded that natural gas should be the burned fuel of choice. That is something the equivalent of burning rare mahogany rather than common pine.”- Andrew Liveris CEO Dow Chemical
Natural Gas: Availability• At PRESENT rate of use:
– US conventional supplies: 65-80 years– World conventional supplies: 125 years– Unconventional supplies: >200 years
• Rates increasing 2% per year 200 year supply becomes 80 year
supply
Natural Gas: Environmental Impacts• Cleanest of all fossil fuels
Natural Gas:
• Availability:• Cost
– Going up
• Env effects– Clean for a fossil fuel, but still many
issues
Nuclear power
Nuclear fission: how it works
Nuclear power: how it works
Structure of a Nuclear Reactor
Nuclear Fission: Non-Renewable?• Conventional Nuclear Reactors: Splits
uranium-235 • U-235 is just 0.7% of total U supply• U-238 is >99% of world’s U• Availability of U-235: 100-200 years• Other potential nuclear fission
reactors: breeders reactors: could use U-238
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1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
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Nuclear power consumption and production
The evolution of nuclear power
• 1961: 1• 1969: 25• 1975: 31• 1979: 20• 1985: 14• 1990: 3
No new plants licensed since 1978
April 9, 1979
Chernobyl, 1986
www.spaceman.ca/gallery/ chernobyl/CHERNOBYL_002
Can nuclear power ever be safe?
http://www.angelfire.com/extreme4/kiddofspeed/chapter11.html
Nuclear waste• Low level waste
– 100-500 y
• High level waste– 100,000 – 240,000 y
• Who has responsibility for waste in US??
Yucca Mountain
Environmental impact
Nuclear energy - evaluation• Availability:
– Short term– Possibly renewable in long term
• Cost– High, though promoted as cheap
• Waste– No known safe storage
• Efficiency– Low
• Safety
Energy: Renewables
Solar: types• Solar heating
– Passive
If in northern hemisphere,
Raystown Field Station
SOLAR: types
Photovoltaics
Solar consumption in USA
Renewables
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1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
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Solar
Wind consumption
PV: past and future• Global production increasing: 32% from
2003-2004• Highly encouraged and supported by
government in Japan and Germany• Why not USA?• Future:
– PV roof arrays– PV shingles
OLYMPIC SIZE Site of the 1996 Olympic swimming competitions, Georgia Tech's Aquatic Center is powered by one of the world's largest grid-connected rooftop solar arrays (blue and gray structure).GEORGIA TECH PHOTO
These roof shingles are coated with PV cells made of amorphous silicon. When installation is complete, the PV shingles look much like ordinary roofing shingles, but they generate electricity. http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/photovoltaics.html
SOLAR: Evaluation
1. Availability
SOLAR: Evaluation (cont.)
CostConsequences
Wind
http://www.vma.cape.com/~relweb/Wind%20Power.htm
http://www.friendsofbruce.ca/images/calif_wind_farm.jpg
California Wind Farm
Proposed off shore wind farm in Cape Cod
Wind: current status
Renewables
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50000
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1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
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Solar
Wind consumption
Wind: current status• Increased 27% in 2004• Still only 0.4 % US total energy• Significant in some countries:
– Denmark, Northern Germany, parts of Spain
– 20-40% of electrical loads• Still reliable energy grid with no backup
system
Wind: Evaluation1. Availability
Wind: Evaluation1. Availability2. Cost3. Consequences
http://www.microclimetrics.com/public.cfm
Great Plains, USA
Biomass: How it works
Solid Biomass
Gas Liquid
Biogas (methane)
Alcohols(methanol,ethanol)Used for transportation(gasohol)New: Biodiesel
Convert
Consumption of biofuel: USA
Biofuel - wood, waste and alcohol (ethanol)
0
500,000
1,000,000
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Biomass: Evaluation1. Availability2. Cost 3. Consequences
* No net increase in CO2
Geothermal: how it works
http://www.oup.co.uk/oxed/children/oise/pictures/energy/geothermal/
Geothermal consumption: USA
Renewables
0
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1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
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Bil
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tu Geothermal
Solar
Wind consumption
Geothermal1. Availability 2. Cost3. Consequences
Geothermal electricity plant,Imperial Valley, CA
http://www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/geoelectricity.html
Hydropower
Hydropower consumption in USA
Renewables
0
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1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
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Conventional hydroelectric
Geothermal
Solar
Wind
Hydropower: DAMS1. Availability2. Cost3. Consequences
Glen Canyon Dam
Tidal and wave power
Artist's conception of a wave farm of 750-kW Pelamis wave converters, one of which is being
installed off the coast of Scotland by maker Ocean Power Delivery Ltd.
OCEAN POWER DELIVERY LTD. PHOTOA 125-kW Ocean Power Technologies energy buoy off the coast of Hawaii supplies electricity to a Navy installation.OCEAN POWER TECHNOLOGIES PHOTO
EAST RIVER Six Verdant Power 36-kW tidal turbines are being installed in New York City's East River in a pilot program the company hopes will grow to 300 units.VERDANT POWER PHOTO
TIDAL POWER A 300-kW turbine prototype, developed by Marine Current Turbines Ltd., was installed over a year ago in Britain's Bristol Channel to take advantage of the 5-knot tidal flow.MARINE CURRENT TURBINES LTD. PHOTO
Other Energy Choices???
Conservation
1. Availability2. Cost3. Consequences
Electricity:YOU have a choice!
http://www.green-e.org/
http://www.resource-solutions.org/lib/librarypdfs/Purchasing_Guide_for_Web.pdf
Average house = $15/mo extra
Fueling our vehicles• Ethanol and biodiesel?• Hybrids?• Hydrogen?
City of San Diego
Ethanol: a renewable biofuel• Energy legislation requires refiners to
blend 7.5 million gal ethanol into gas by 2012 (nearly double current amount)
• Displace >2 billion barrels of imported crude oil
• Distilled from corn or other vegetative material
• Net energy efficiency???– takes 29% more energy to make then ethanol
provides (Patzek – oil background)– 67% energy gain (USDA – corn biased?)– 35% energy gain (Energy Department)
Biodeisel• Biodiesel:
– Generated from soybeans or oilseed plants
– Can be blended with regular diesel and run in any engine
– Still costs more– Use is growing, but
still less than ethanol
Hybrid cars• Hybrid of gas and electric• Why better gas mileage?• How much better?• Honda Civic
– Hybrid: 46 city, 51 highway– Normal: 32 city, 38 highway
• Honda Insight 60 city, 66 highway• Toyota Prius 60 City, 51 highway• Ford Escape SUV, 4 WD
– Hybrid: 33 City, 29 highway– Normal: 21 city, 24 highway
Hydrogen