Energy Management for Houses and Building in Oman

8/13/2019 Energy Management for Houses and Building in Oman

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Sohar University

Facul ty of Engineeri ng

Civil Engineeri ng

Energy Management for Houses and Building in Oman

by

Ali Al-Ghaithi

Ahmed Al-Moqbali

Mahmood Al-Mamari

Sami Al-Whabi

May 2013


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Abstract

Due to the increasing demand for energy and the importance of its preservation in

nowadays world, this research is held as the researchers visited an existing home and

measures the maps architectural; calculate the number and type of lighting used and the

amount of energy consumption. In addition, they touched on the air conditioning and thenumber of hours used and replacement of lamps. As the researchers do the above, they

think that great values of energy reduction are expected if current portfolio of energy and

heat insulating to the outside wall of the house and installing an umbrella and GRC to the

windows in front of the sun and its impact on the reduction of energy consumption as the

researcher used survey to measure people's knowledge of energy saving methods and

equipment. To sum up, recommendations and proposals to build a new house have been

developed as well as the selection of appropriate house also make a roof stacks in the

centre of the building.


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List of contains

Cover page .... 1

Abstract ......................... 2

List of contents ...3

List of abbreviations ...5

Chapter 1: Introduction .6

1.1 Introduction ....6

1.2 Energy Management Importance ....6

1.3 Design of Energy saving building ...6

1.4 Problem statement ..7

1.5 Objective of this research .7

Chapter 2: literature Review ..8

2.1 Introduction....8

2.2 lighting ...8

2.2.1 History ...8

2.2.2 Types of lighting ..9

2.2.2.1 Incandescent lighting 9

2.2.2.2 Fluorescent lighting ....10

2.2.2.3 CFLs ....11

2.2.2.3.1 CFL lighting .....11

2.2.2.4 LED lighting ....12

2.2.2.4.1 Energy saving 12

2.2.2.4.2 How LEDs different 13

2.2.2.4.3 LED products ..13

2.2.2.5 Lighting comparison ..13


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2.3 natural ventilation ....15

2.3.1 Introduction .15

2.3.2 descaption16

2.3.3 Types of natural ventilation effects..16

2.3.4 Design recommendations .16

2.3.5 Materials and methods of construction ..18

2.3.6 natural ventilation of Awbi(2010)....18

2.4 Insulation ...21

2.4.1 How insulation works ...21

2.4.2 Insulation materials ...22

2.4.3 Types of insulation..22

2.4.4 GRC or GFRC ...26

2.4.5 What is GFRC .26

Chapter 3 : research methodology ....27

3.1 introduction .27

3.2 data collection from home based.27

3.3 a comparison between used equipment and saving equipment ....27

3.4 survey study ...27

Chapter 4 : results ......28

4.1 survey results ..31

Chapter 5: conclusion ...32

Bibliography ....33

Appendix

Appeniex A .34


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List of Abbreviation

CFLs: Compact fluorescent lamps

LED:Light-Emitting Diodes

GFRC or GRC: Glass fiber reinforced concrete
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Energy management in building is an essential technique that considers the energy in

relation to effects and interactions of the building components and parts. Those parts are

as follows as examples, the building site, its envelope (walls, windows, doors, and roof),

its heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system; and its lighting, controls, and

equipment.

As the world is facing a huge problem of energy shortage and heating results, the process

of finding out more solution has been developed as techniques of energy management for

the sake of saving more energy. Thus, scholars first focus on the parts, materials and

locations of the houses as they can be chosen to be green and energy saving items.

1.2 Energy Management Importance

Energy management has become an important issue as many utilities around the world as

it is very difficult to meet energy demands, which has caused load flaking and power

quality obstacles. An efficient usage of energy management methods in home,

commercial, and industrial sectors can reduce energy requirements and lead to savings in

the cost of energy utilized, which in the future also has positive impact on the

environment as well. On other hand, some think that energy management is not only

important in distribution systems; however, it also has great consequence in generation

systems as well. Therefore, smart network management and renewable energy sources

integration are becoming important facets of efficient energy management.

1.3 Design of Energy Saving Building

What is crucial in implementing energy management in practice is the design of the

building. Thus, in designing low-energy buildings, it is important to take into account that

the underlying purpose of the building is neither to save, not to consume energy. In other

words, the building is built to serve the users and their activities within saving purposes.Scholars and specialists urge that a correct understanding and performing of building

purposes, occupancy and activities strongly lead to building designs which not only save

energy and reduce costs; rather, it also improves residents with high level of comfort and

workplace performance.


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Thus, the researchers will study the issue from different sides as they are trying to give

the reader with plenty of solutions of managing energy, so that house owners can follow

those solutions and reduce waste of energy. This is expected by the usage of good

equipment and materials that consume low energy or help to reduction consumption of

energy. Therefore, in this paper, the researchers will shed the light the aspects of lighting,

ventilation and isolation.

1.4 Problem statement

The problem is that many people in Oman are having low knowledge and perspectives of

saving energy approaches starts from designing the building to the selection of

appropriate electrical goods. This pushes the researchers to investigate in depth the

reasons, obstacles and challenges behind such problem in order to sum up with some

solutions and suggestions.

1.5 Objective of this research

This study is aimed to focus on presenting energy management in building and to conveya message that there are some expected suggestions to help reduce energy consumption.Thus, the researchers are trying to find answers for the following questions:

1: How can the design of the house help save energy?

2: How can ventilation of the house help save energy?

3: How can use of insulation helps save energy in houses?

4: How can use of saving bulbs help save energy usage in houses?


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CHAPTER 2

Literature review

2.1 introductions

Lighting and ventilation are the main things we should control to reduce and save energy.

In this chapter, the first section is about lighting. While, the second section is about

ventilation. The third part is about insulation. The last part is about GRC.

2.2 Lighting

Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic

effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light

fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Day lighting (using

windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during

daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which

represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can

enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive

psychological effects on occupants according to the Wikipedia (2013).

2.2.1 History

With the discovery of fire, the earliest forms of artificial lighting used to illuminate an

area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves ofPeking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive lamps to illuminate surroundings. Theselamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns andstones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal orvegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been foundin the Lascaux caves in modern day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oilyanimals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick.Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps werealso invented. Chandeliers were an early form of "light fixture". With the development ofelectricity and the incandescent light bulb, the luminosity of artificial lighting improvedto be able to use indoors. They became widely used and extended the time that people

could stay up, among other developments according to the Wikipedia (2013)


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2.2.2 Types of Lighting

Figure (1)

2.2.2.1Incandescent Lighting

Incandescent lighting is the most common type of lighting used in homes, though it is the

least energy efficient. It has traditionally delivered about 85% of household illumination.

Incandescent light bulbs operate without ballasts. They light up instantly, providing a

warm light and excellent color rendition. You can also dim them. However, incandescent

lamps have a low efficacy compared to other lighting options (1017 lumens per watt)

and ashort average operating life (7502500 hours).

Incandescent bulbs are the least expensive to buy, but

because of their relative inefficiency and short life spans,

they are more expensive to operate than newer lighting types

such as CFLs and LEDs. Learn more about how energy-

efficient

Light bulbs compare with traditional incandescent and

replacing incandescent lamps (Anonymous, 2012)

Figure (2)
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2.2.2.2 Fluorescent Lighting

Figure (3)

Fluorescent light bulbs use 25%-35% of the energy used by incandescent bulbs to

provide the same amount of light (efficacy of 30-110 lumens per watt). They also last

about 10 times longer (7,000-24,000 hours). The light produced by a fluorescent tube is

caused by an electric current conducted through mercury and inert gases. Fluorescent

lights require a ballast to regulate operating current and provide a high start-up voltage.

Electronic ballasts outperform standard and improved electromagnetic ballasts by

operating at a very high frequency that eliminates flicker and noise. Electronic ballasts

also are more energy-efficient. Special ballasts are required for dimming. The twogeneral types of fluorescent light bulbs are:

Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) -- a type of screw-in bulb which is used incommon household fixtures

Fluorescent tube and circling bulbs -- typically used for task lighting such asgarages and under cabinet fixtures, and for lighting large areas in commercial

buildings.


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2.2.2.3 CFLs

CFLs combine the energy efficiency of fluorescent lighting with the convenience and

popularity of incandescent fixtures. CFLs fit most fixtures designed for incandescent

bulbs and use about 75% less energy.

Although CFLs cost a bit more than comparable incandescent bulbs, they last 615 times

as long (6,00015,000 hours). See How Energy-Efficient Light bulbs Compare with

Traditional Incandescent, and find out how CFLs work.

CFLs are most cost-effective and efficient in areas where lights are on for long periods of

time. You'll experience a slower payback in areas where lights are turned on for short

periods of time, such as in closets and pantries. Because CFLs do not need to be changed

often, they are ideal for hard-to-reach areas.

2.2.2.3.1 CFL Lighting

CFLs are available in a variety of styles or shapes, and each is designed for a specific

purpose. The size or total surface area of the tube(s) determines how much light it

produces. Many models are dimmable, as indicated on the package, and are and

compatible with other lighting controls (Anonymous, 2012).

.


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2.2.2.4 LED Lighting

Figure (4)

The light-emitting diode (LED) is one of today's most energy-efficient and rapidly-

developing lighting technologies. Quality LED light bulbs last longer, are more durable,

and offer comparable or better light quality than other types of lighting.

2.2.2.4.1 Energy Savings

LED is a highly energy efficient lighting technology, and has the potential to

fundamentally change the future of lighting in the United States. Residential LEDs

especially ENERGY STAR rated products -- use at least 75% less energy, and last 25

times longer, than incandescent lighting.

Widespread use of LED lighting has the greatest potential impact on energy savings in

the United States. By 2027, widespread use of LEDs could save about 348 TWh

(compared to no LED use) of electricity: This is the equivalent annual electrical output of

44 large electric power plants (1000 megawatts each), and a total savings of more than

$30 billion at today's electricity prices (Anonymous,2012).
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2.2.2.4.2 How LEDs are Different

LED lighting is very different from other lighting sources such as incandescent bulbs and

CFLs. Key differences include the following:

Light Source: LEDs are the size of a fleck of pepper, and a mix of red, green, and blue

LEDs is typically used to make white light.

Direction: LEDs emit light in a specific direction, reducing the need for reflectors and

diffusers that can trap light. This feature makes LEDs more efficient for many uses such

as recessed down lights and task lighting. With other types of lighting, the light must be

reflected to the desired direction and more than half of the light may never leave the

fixture.

Heat: LEDs emit very little heat. In comparison, incandescent bulbs release 90% of

their energy as heat and CFLs release about 80% of their energy as heat.

2.2.2.4.3 LED Products

LED lighting is currently available in a wide variety of home and industrial products, and

the list is growing every year. The rapid development of LED technology leads to more

products and improved manufacturing efficiency, which also results in lower prices

(Anonymous, 2012)

2.2.2.5Lighting Comparison

When selecting energy-efficient lighting, it is a good idea to understand basic lighting

terms and principles.Also, it helps to explore yourlighting design options if you haven't

already. This will help narrow your selection according to Anonymous (2012).

Types of lighting include:

Fluorescent Incandescent Outdoor solar Light-emitting diode (LED)

You can use the chart below to compare the different types of lighting
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Lighting Comparison Chart

Lighting Type

Efficacy

(lumens/

watt)

Lifetime

(hours)

Color Rendition

Index

(CRI)

Color Temperature

(K)

Indoors

Outdoo

Incandescent

Standard "A" bulb 1017 7502500 98100 (excellent) 27002800 (warm)Indoors

outdoor

Energy-Saving Incandescent (or Halogen) 1222 1,0004,000 98100 (excellent)29003200 (warm to

neutral)

Indoors

outdoor

Reflector 1219 20003000 98100 (excellent) 2800 (warm)Indoors

outdoor

Fluorescent

Straight tube 301107000

24,000

5090 (fair to

good)

27006500 (warm to

cold)

Indoors

outdoor

Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) 5070 10,000 6588 (good)27006500 (warm to

cold)

Indoors

outdoor

Circline 4050 12,000 Indoors

Light-Emitting Diodes

Cool White LEDs 6092

25,000

50,000

7090 (fair to

good) 5000 (cold)

Indoors

outdoor

Warm White LEDs

275425,000

50,000

7090 (fair to

good)3300 (neutral)

Indoors

outdoor

(Source:www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/led-lighting)
http://www.doe.gov/node/380635http://www.doe.gov/node/380635http://www.doe.gov/node/380617http://www.doe.gov/node/380617http://www.doe.gov/node/380587http://www.doe.gov/node/380587http://www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/led-lightinghttp://www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/led-lightinghttp://www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/led-lightinghttp://www.doe.gov/node/380587http://www.doe.gov/node/380617http://www.doe.gov/node/380635


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2.3 Natural Ventilation

2.3.1 Introduction

Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space

without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor spaceas a result of pressure or temperature differences. There are two types of natural

ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven

ventilation. While wind is the main mechanism of wind driven ventilation, buoyancy-

driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from

temperature differences between the interior and exterior according to Wikipedia.com

(2013)

Almost all historic buildings were ventilated naturally, although many of these have been

compromised by the addition of partition walls and mechanical systems. With an

increased awareness of the cost and environmental impacts of energy use, naturalventilation has become an increasingly attractive method for reducing energy use and

cost and for providing acceptable indoor environmental quality and maintaining a

healthy, comfortable, and productive indoor climate rather than the more prevailing

approach of using mechanical ventilation. In favorable climates and buildings types,

natural ventilation can be used as an alternative to air-conditioning plants, saving 10%-

30% of total energy consumption (Walker, 2010).

Natural ventilation systems rely on pressure differences to move fresh air through

buildings. Pressure differences can be caused by wind or the buoyancy effect created by

temperature differences or differences in humidity. In either case, the amount ofventilation will depend critically on the size and placement of openings in the building. It

is useful to think of a natural ventilation system as a circuit, with equal consideration

given to supply and exhaust. Openings between rooms such as transom windows,

louvers, grills, or open plans are techniques to complete the airflow circuit through a

building. Code requirements regarding smoke and fire transfer present challenges to the

designer of a natural ventilation system. For example, historic buildings used the stairway

as the exhaust stack, a technique now prevented by code requirements in many cases

(Walker, 2010).


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2.3.2 Description

Walker (2010) states that natural ventilation, unlike fan-forced ventilation, uses the

natural forces of wind and buoyancy to deliver fresh air into buildings. Fresh air is

required in buildings to alleviate odors, to provide oxygen for respiration, and to increase

thermal comfort. At interior air velocities of 160 feet per minute (fpm), the perceivedinterior temperature can be reduced by as much as 5F. However, unlike true air-

conditioning, natural ventilation is ineffective at reducing the humidity of incoming air.

This places a limit on the application of natural ventilation in humid climates.

2.3.3Types of Natural Ventilation Effects

Walker (2012) writes that wind can blow air through openings in the wall on the

windward side of the building, and suck air out of openings on the leeward side and the

roof. Temperature differences between warm air inside and cool air outside can cause the

air in the room to rise and exit at the ceiling or ridge, and enter via lower openings in thewall. Similarly, buoyancy caused by differences in humidity can allow a pressurized

column of dense, evaporative cooled air to supply a space, and lighter, warmer, humid air

to exhaust near the top. These three types of natural ventilation effects are further

described below.

2.3.4 Design Recommendations

According to Walker (2010) the specific approach and design of natural ventilation

systems will vary from one building to another and from one site to another based on

building type and local climate. However, the amount of ventilation depends critically on

the careful design of internal spaces, and the size and placement of openings in the

building. He suggests the following recommendations:

Maximize wind-induced ventilation by sitting the ridge of a buildingperpendicular to the summer winds.

Approximate wind directions are summarized in seasonal "wind rose" diagramsavailable from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration

(NOAA). However, these roses are usually based on data taken at airports; actual

values at a remote building site can differ dramatically.

Buildings should be sited where summer wind obstructions are minimal. Awindbreak of evergreen trees may also be useful to mitigate cold winter winds

that tend to come predominantly from the north.

Naturally ventilated buildings should be narrow. It is difficult to distribute fresh air to all portions of a very wide building using

natural ventilation. The maximum width that one could expect to ventilate


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naturally is estimated at 45 ft. Consequently, buildings that rely on natural

ventilation often have an articulated floor plan.

Each room should have two separate supplies and exhaust openings. Locateexhaust high above inlet to maximize stack effect. Orient windows across the

room and offset from each other to maximize mixing within the room while

minimizing the obstructions to airflow within the room. Window openings should be operable by the occupants. Provide ridge vents. A ridge vent is an opening at the highest point in the roof that offers a good outlet

for both buoyancy and wind-induced ventilation. The ridge opening should be

free of obstructions to allow air to freely flow out of the building.

Allow for adequate internal airflow. In addition to the primary consideration of airflow in and out of the building,

airflow between the rooms of the building is important. When possible, interior

doors should be designed to be open to encourage whole-building ventilation. If

privacy is required, ventilation can be provided through high louvers or transoms.

Consider the use of clerestories or vented skylights. A clerestory or a vented skylight will provide an opening for stale air to escape in

a buoyancy ventilation strategy. The light well of the skylight could also act as a

solar chimney to augment the flow. Openings lower in the structure, such as

basement windows, must be provided to complete the ventilation system.

Provide attic ventilation. In buildings with attics, ventilating the attic space greatly reduces heat transfer to

conditioned rooms below. Ventilated attics are about 30F cooler than

unventilated attics. Consider the use of fan-assisted cooling strategies. Ceiling and whole-building fans can provide up to 9F effective temperature drop

at one tenth the electrical energy consumption of mechanical air-conditioning

systems.

Determine if the building will benefit from an open- or closed-building ventilationapproach.

A closed-building approach works well in hot, dry climates where there is a largevariation in temperature from day to night. A massive building is ventilated at

night, then, closed in the morning to keep out the hot daytime air. Occupants arethen cooled by radiant exchange with the massive walls and floor.

An open-building approach works well in warm and humid areas, where thetemperature does not change much from day to night. In this case, daytime cross-

ventilation is encouraged to maintain indoor temperatures close to outdoor

temperatures.

Use mechanical cooling in hot, humid climates.


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Try to allow natural ventilation to cool the mass of the building at night in hotclimates.

Open staircases provide stack effect ventilation, but observe all fire and smokeprecautions for enclosed stairways.

2.3.5 Materials and Methods of ConstructionSome of the materials and methods used to design proper natural ventilation systems in

buildings are solar chimneys, wind towers, and summer ventilation control methods. A

solar chimney may be an effective solution where prevailing breezes are not dependable

enough to rely on wind-induced ventilation and where keeping indoor temperature

sufficiently above outdoor temperature to drive buoyant flow would be unacceptably

warm. The chimney is isolated from the occupied space and can be heated as much as

possible by the sun or other means. Air is simply exhausted out the top of the chimney

creating suction at the bottom which is used to extract stale air.

Wind towers, often topped with fabric sails that direct wind into the building, are a

common feature in historic Arabic architecture, and are known as "malqafs." The

incoming air is often routed past a fountain to achieve evaporative cooling as well as

ventilation. At night, the process is reversed and the wind tower acts as a chimney to vent

room air. A modern variation called a "Cool Tower" puts evaporative cooling elements at

the top of the tower to pressurize the supply air with cool, dense air (Walker, 2010).

Walker (2010) adds that in the summer, when the outside temperature is below the

desired inside temperature, windows should be opened to maximize fresh air intake. Lots

of airflow is needed to maintain the inside temperature at no more than 3-5 F above the

outside temperature. During hot, calm days, air exchange rates will be very low and the

tendency will be for inside temperatures to rise above the outside temperature. The use of

fan-forced ventilation or thermal mass for radiant cooling may be important in controlling

these maximum temperatures.

2.3.6 Natural Ventilation of Awbi(2010)

According to Awbi (2010) In Natural Ventilation the airflow is due to wind andbuoyancy through cracks in the building envelope or purposely installed openings.Single-Sided Ventilation:

Limited to zones close to the openingsCross-Ventilation:Two or more openings on opposite walls -covers a larger zone than the single-sidedopeningsStack Ventilation:Buoyancy-driven gives larger flowsWindcacthers: Wind and buoyancy driven -effective in warm and temperate climates.The following paintings show the idea of Awbi (2010) natural ventilation.


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2.4 Insulation

Anonymous (2012) claims that insulation in your home provides resistance to heat flow.

The more heat flow resistance your insulation provides, the lower your heating and

cooling costs. Properly insulating your home not only reduces heating and cooling costs,

but also improves comfort.

2.4.1 How Insulation Works

To understand how insulation works it helps to understand heat flow, which involves

three basic mechanisms -- conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction is the way

heat moves through materials, such as when a spoon placed in a hot cup of coffee

conducts heat through its handle to your hand. Convection is the way heat circulates

through liquids and gases, and is why lighter, warmer air rises, and cooler, denser air

sinks in your home. Radiant heat travels in a straight line and heats anything solid in its

path that absorbs its energy (Anonymous, 2012).

Anonymous (2012) adds that most common insulation materials work by slowing

conductive heat flow and -- to a lesser extent -- convective heat flow. Radiant barriers

and reflective insulation systems work by reducing radiant heat gain. To be effective, the

reflective surface must face an air space.

Regardless of the mechanism, heat flows from warmer to cooler until there is no longer a

temperature difference. In your home, this means that in winter, heat flows directly from

all heated living spaces to adjacent unheated attics, garages, basements, and even to the

outdoors. Heat flow can also move indirectly through interior ceilings, walls, and floors --

wherever there is a difference in temperature. During the cooling season, heat flows from

the outdoors to the interior of a house.


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To maintain comfort, the heat lost in the winter must be replaced by your heating system

and the heat gained in the summer must be removed by your cooling system. Properly

insulating your home will decrease this heat flow by providing an effective resistance to

the flow of heat.

2.4.2 Insulation MaterialsInsulation materials run the gamut from bulky fiber materials such as fiberglass, rock and

slag wool, cellulose, and natural fibers to rigid foam boards to sleek foils. Bulky

materials resist conductive and -- to a lesser degree -- convective heat flow in a building

cavity. Rigid foam boards trap air or another gas to resist conductive heat flow. Highly

reflective foils in radiant barriers and reflective insulation systems reflect radiant heat

away from living spaces, making them particularly useful in cooling climates. Other less

common materials such as cementations and phenolic foams and vermiculite and perlite

are also available according to Anonymous (2012) .

2.4.3 Types of Insulation

Type Insulation Materials Where

Applicable

Installation

Method(s)Advantages

Blanket:

batts and

rolls

Fiberglass

Mineral (rock or

slag) wool

Plastic fibers

Natural fibers

Unfinished

walls, including

foundation

walls

Floors and

ceilings

Fitted between

studs, joists, and

beams.

Do-it-yourself.

Suited forstandard stud and

joist spacing that

is relatively free

from

obstructions.

Relatively

inexpensive.

Concrete

blockinsulation

and

insulating

concrete

blocks

Foam board, to be

placed on outside of

wall (usually new

construction) or

inside of wall

(existing homes):

Some manufacturers

Unfinished

walls, including

foundation

walls,

for new

construction or

major

Require

specializedskills

Insulating

concrete blocks

are sometimes

Insulating cores

increases wall R-

value.

Insulating

outside of

concrete block

wall places mass
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incorporate foam

beads or air into the

concrete mix to

increaseR-values

renovations

Walls

(insulating

concrete

blocks)

stacked without

mortar (dry-

stacked) and

surface bonded.

inside

conditioned

space, which can

moderate indoor

temperatures.

Autoclaved

aerated concrete

and autoclaved

cellular concrete

masonry units

have 10 times the

insulating value

of conventional

concrete.

Foam

board or

rigid foam

Polystyrene

Polyisocyanurate

Polyurethane

Unfinished

walls, including

foundation

walls

Floors and

ceilings

Unvented low-

slope roofs

Interior

applications:

must be covered

with 1/2-inch

gypsum board

or other

building-code

approved

material for fire

safety.

Exterior

applications:

must be covered

with

weatherproof

facing.

High insulating

value for

relatively little

thickness.

Can block

thermal short

circuits wheninstalled

continuously

over frames or

joists.

Insulatingconcrete

forms

(ICFs)

Foam boards or

foam blocks

Unfinished

walls, including

foundation

walls for new

construction

Installed as part

of the building

structure.

Insulation is

literally built intothe home's walls,

creating high

thermal

resistance.
http://energy.gov/node/369163http://energy.gov/node/369163http://energy.gov/node/369163http://energy.gov/node/369163


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Loose-fill

and

blown-in

Cellulose

Fiberglass

Mineral (rock orslag) wool

Enclosed

existing wall or

open new wall

cavities

Unfinishedattic floors

Other hard-to-

reach places

Blown into

place using

special

equipment,sometimes

poured in.

Good for adding

insulation to

existing finished

areas, irregularly

shaped areas, and

around

obstructions.

Reflective

system

Foil-faced kraft

paper, plastic film,

polyethylene

bubbles, or

cardboard

Unfinished

walls, ceilings,

and floors

Foils, films, or

papers fitted

between wood-

frame studs,

joists, rafters,

and beams.

Do-it-yourself.

Suitable for

framing at

standard spacing.

Bubble-form

suitable if

framing is

irregular or if

obstructions are

present.

Most effective at

preventing

downward heatflow,

effectiveness

depends on

spacing.

Rigid

fibrous orfiber

insulation

Fiberglass

Mineral (rock or

slag) wool

Ducts in

unconditioned

spaces

Other placesrequiring

insulation that

can withstand

high

temperatures

HVAC

contractors

fabricate the

insulation into

ducts either at

their shops or at

the job sites.

Can withstand

high

temperatures.


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Sprayed

foam and

foamed-

in-place

Cementations

Phenolic

Polyisocyanurate

Polyurethane

Enclosed

existing wall

Open new wall

cavities

Unfinished

attic floors

Applied using

small spray

containers or in

larger quantities

as a pressure

sprayed(foamed-in-

place) product.

Good for adding

insulation to

existing finished

areas, irregularly

shaped areas, andaround

obstructions.

Structural

insulated

panels

(SIPs)

Foam board or

liquid foam

insulation core

Straw core

insulation

Unfinished

walls, ceilings,

floors, and

roofs for newconstruction

Construction

workers fit SIPs

together to form

walls and roofof a house.

SIP-built houses

provide superior

and uniform

insulation

compared to

more traditional

construction

methods; they

also take less

time to build.

(Source:http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/types-insulation,2012)
http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/types-insulationhttp://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/types-insulation


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2.4.4 GRC OR GFRC

Glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) was first introduced to the building industry in

the early 1970s in the United Kingdom. Today, it is one of the most popular and

innovative building materials used throughout the United States, Europe, Middle East and

Asia.

2.4.5 What is GFRC?

It is a composite of Portland cement, fine aggregate, water, acrylic co-polymer, glass

fiber reinforcement and additives. The glass fibers reinforce the concrete, much as steel

reinforcing does in conventional concrete. The glass fiber reinforcement results in aproduct with much higher flexural and tensile strengths than normal concrete, allowing

its use in thin-wall casting applications. GFRC is a lightweight, durable material that can

be cast into nearly unlimited shapes, colors and textures. There are two basic processes

used to fabricate GFRC the Spray-Up process and the Premix process. The Premix

process is further broken down into various production techniques such as spray premix,

cast premix, pultrusion and hand lay-up (Wikipedia.com, 2013).


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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 IntroductionThis research study will be conducted in order to achieve its objectives based on the

following methods. Thus, the researchers used the survey to collect data about the the

purposeful issues.

3.2 Data Collection From home basedTo investigate the design of the house and it is orientation as well as the type of lighting

and air condition used in this house, the researchers used a sample of house and targeted

people to collect their valuable data. Also, they investigate the used heat insulation in that

house and its effects as factors in reducing energy.

3.3 A comparison between used equipment and saving equipment

Conducting a comparison between the type of lighting used in the home-based in terms of

energy consumption with the types of lighting portfolio of energy. In addition to the

impact of installing thermal insulation to reduce the use of air-condition., As well this

shows some of the solutions to reduce the use of air conditioner and lighting such as

installing GRC and umbrellas in front of windows facing the sun and make a roof stacks

from the ground floor and pass through the first floor to be open to the sky.

3.4 Survey StudyA survey study was prepared (attached copy in the appendix) which helps us to see under

which condition the house owners choose the lighting and air condition. Also, it helps to

assess their knowledge about the usefulness of heat insulation.


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CHAPTER 4

RESULTS

By visiting the house in Al-Trafe village and look at its drawings, its electricaldistribution as shown in Table 1. In addition to the survey we conducted to indentify the

prices and features of the electrical bulbs in the market based on the number of lamps andfans and air conditioners and hours of working. In addition to that we focused on rates ofannual consumption in Rial Omani.

As shown in Table 2 (which hypothetically has not been implemented only on theattached form) low rates of annual consumption can be gained, through the replacementbulbs qualities with lower power consumption according to table 2. Furthermore, picture1 shows a sample of saving energy bulb.

In addition, the use heat insulation walls (picture 2), GRC on the front windows of thesun facing the direct sun (picture 3) adding to that installing umbrellas in front of widows

that confront partly to the sun and roof stacks pass from the ground floor through the firstfloor to be open to the sky which led to shorten the duration of the operation of airconditioners all above help to reduce the energy to within one-third. According to thedata collected from the most targeted sample, most of them responded that usinginsulation work well to reduce the hours of air-conditioners working in their house to belesser for 4 hours.


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Electric

equipment

Number Energy

(KW)

Consume

(Hour)

Price

)BZ)

Price

Consume

DaIly)BZ)

Price

Consume

DaIly)RO(

Price

Consume

Monthly(RO)

Price

Consume

Yearly(RO)

Price

Equipm

ent

( RO)

Total Price

Consume

Yearly

For lighting

(RO)Fan 8 0.06 20 10 96 0.096 2.88 34.56

Air condition 8 2 12 10 1920 1.92 57.6 691.2

Incandescent

Lighting

77 0.06 12 10 554.4 0.5544 16.632 199.584 0.2 214.984

Fluorescent

double tube

Light

2 0.072 12 10 17.28 0.01728 0.5184 6.2208 1 8.2208

Total Price Consume Yearly (RO) 1131.1488 223.192Table (1)

Electric

equipment

Number Energy

(KW)

Consume

(Hour)

Price

)BZ)

Price

Consume

DaIly)BZ)

Price

Consume

DaIly)RO(

Price

Consume

Monthly(RO)

Price

Consume

Yearly(RO)

Price

Equipment

( RO)

Total Price

Consume

Yearly

For lighting

(RO)Fan 8 0.06 10 10 48 0.048 1.44 17.28

Air condition 8 2 4 10 640 0.64 19.2 230.4

ncandescent

Lighting

77 0.011 12 10 101.64 0.10164 3.0492 36.5904 1 113.5904

Fluorescent

double tubeLight

2 0.011 12 10 2.64 0.00264 0.0792 0.9504 1 2.9504

Total Price Consume Yearly (RO) 285.2208 116.5408Table (2)


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Picture (1)

Picture (2)

Picture (3)


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4.1 Survey ResultAs the researchers conducted the questionnaire which consisted on 10 questions, the

researchers found the following:

37% of people are chose the air conditioners according to their lower price, 55% of them

look to the quality only 8% is the percentage of those who knows and take into accountthe term energy management And only 7% of them are familiar with the amount of

energy consumed by every equipment.

With regard to lighting household may notice that 12% of people use incandescentlighting while 33% use fluorescent lighting and 19% use compact fluorescent lamp andlight emitting diode while and found that 36% of people use all kinds of lamps and only10% are choose the type of lamps on the basis of saving energy. In terms of usinginsulation, 96% responded that they have not used it in their houses, while 85 % thinkthat its usage is very important as shown in table (3) and chart (1).

Table (3)

Chart (1)

Answer 4Answer 3Answer 2Answer 15518Q1

371422Q2

64027Q3

685Q4

43246Q5

2614249Q6

74224Q7

658Q8

703Q9

1162Q10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

Answer 1

Answer 2

Answer 3

Answer 4


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CHAPTER 5

5.1 Conclusion:

As conclusion from this research study and from the site visit we found out that people

should take into account the importance of appropriate design of a house for better energymanagement within a house. To achieve that, consideration of an appropriate lighting,

efficient ventilation, insulation and usage of GRC can definitely lead to better level of

saving energy.

Also the questionnaire survey showed that people need more awareness about the

importance of using materials and apparatus that saves energy.


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Bibliography

1) Wikipedia (2013). Retrieved from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting

2) Anonymous (2012). Retrieved from:http://www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/incandescent-lighting

3) Anonymous (2012). Retrieved from:http://www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/fluorescent-lighting

4) Anonymous (2012). Retrieved from:http://www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/led-lighting

5) Andy Walker (2010). Retrieved from:http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php

6) Wikipedia (2013). Retrieved from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_ventilation)

7) Prof. Hazim Awbi.2010.BASIC CONCEPTS FOR NATURAL VENTILATION OFBUILDINGS.Retrieved from: http:// www.reading.ac.uk/tsbe.pdf

8) Anonymous (2012). Retrieved from:http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/types-insulation,2012

9) Wikipedia (2013). Retrieved from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_fiber_reinforced_concrete
http://www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/fluorescent-lightinghttp://www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/led-lightinghttp://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_ventilationhttp://www.reading.ac.uk/tsbe.pdfhttp://www.reading.ac.uk/tsbe.pdfhttp://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/types-insulation,2012http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_fiber_reinforced_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_fiber_reinforced_concretehttp://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/types-insulation,2012http://www.reading.ac.uk/tsbe.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_ventilationhttp://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.phphttp://www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/led-lightinghttp://www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/fluorescent-lighting


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APPENDIX A

Questionnaire

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Energy Management for Houses and Building in Oman

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