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Energy Minerals in the Solar System:
Resources for the 21st Century
Energy Minerals in the Solar System:
Resources for the 21st Century
Bureau of Economic GeologyJohn A. and Katherine G.
Jackson School of Geosciences
Bureau of Economic GeologyJohn A. and Katherine G.
Jackson School of Geosciences
William A. Ambrose
William A. Ambrose
Harrison H. SchmittHarrison H. Schmitt
Engineering Physics
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Engineering Physics
University of Wisconsin-Madison
2008 AAPG Annual ConventionApril 21, 2008
OutlineOutline
● Strategic GoalsHuman settlementTransportation (propellants)Energy resources
● Strategic GoalsHuman settlementTransportation (propellants)Energy resources
● Solar System ResourcesMoonMarsNear-Earth asteroidsTitan
● Solar System ResourcesMoonMarsNear-Earth asteroidsTitan
Main Sources and AcknowledgmentsMain Sources and Acknowledgments
NASANASA
Paul Spudis, The Once and Future Moon (1996)Paul Spudis, The Once and Future Moon (1996)
John S. Lewis, Mining the Sky (1996)John S. Lewis, Mining the Sky (1996)
Harrison Schmitt, Return to the Moon (2006)Harrison Schmitt, Return to the Moon (2006)
Publication was authorized by the Director, Bureau of Economic Geology,The University of Texas at Austin
Publication was authorized by the Director, Bureau of Economic Geology,The University of Texas at Austin
John CurchinJohn Curchin
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Strategic GoalsStrategic Goals
Support human settlementSupport human settlement
Manufacture of propellants for transportation
Manufacture of propellants for transportation
Energy and materials sources for Earth importsEnergy and materials sources for Earth imports
Ares V Cargo Launch VehicleAres V Cargo Launch Vehicle
>280,000 lb to Low Earth Orbit
7.4-Mlb gross liftoff weight358 ft in length
Core stage•LOX/LH2
•Five RS68 engines
Five-segment RSRB’sEarth-departure stage
•LOX/LH2
Earth-LEO: 8.0 kms-1
LEO-Moon: 6.3 kms-1
Schmitt (2004)Schmitt (2004)
He-3 mining
Shuttle launch with lunar
propellants
Moon base: materials from regolith
U.S. funding commitment: $150B for 15 yr
Lunar Helium-3Lunar Helium-3Schmitt (2004)Schmitt (2004)
Lewis (1996)
>270,000 km2 minable (high- and medium-grade)
Schmitt (2006)Schmitt (2006)
Lunar He-3 DistributionLunar He-3 Distribution
Johnson et al. (1999)
Johnson et al. (1999)
TTOPOP
OceanusProcellarum
Tranquillitatis
Lunar HydrogenNorth Pole
Lunar HydrogenNorth Pole
Epithermal neutron flux
Feldman et al. (1998)
Feldman et al. (1998)
1.5°
Bussey and Spudis (2006)
Bussey and Spudis (2006)
Both poles: ~6.6 billion tons of ice
Shadowed area within 12° latitude
of north pole: 7,500 km2
Solar IlluminationNorth Pole
Solar IlluminationNorth Pole
% Illumination
15 km
Solar power
100
0
90-99
75-90
60-75
45-60
Bussey and Spudis (2006)
Bussey and Spudis (2006)
WaterAtmosphereIce capsPermafrost
WaterAtmosphereIce capsPermafrost
Gorgonum Chaos: Mars OdysseyGorgonum Chaos: Mars Odyssey
CO2, CH4 clathrates
Ice capsPermafrost
CO2, CH4 clathrates
Ice capsPermafrost
200 m200 mUSGSUSGS
Mars PropellantsMars Propellants North Pole - MOLANorth Pole - MOLA
Max. thickness 3 kmVolume ~1.2 million km3
Max. thickness 3 kmVolume ~1.2 million km3
Water on Mars Holden DeltaHolden Delta
7 km7 km
Wax River Delta
Wax River Delta
5 km5 km
(H. Roberts)(H. Roberts)
Earth: Northwest territories Mars: Plains near Lyot Crater
Emma PikeEmma Pike Mars Global SurveyorMars Global Surveyor
200 m200 m
Methane on MarsAtmosphere: 10 ppb
Methane on MarsAtmosphere: 10 ppb
Exhumed PermafrostExhumed
Permafrost
Methane on MarsAtmosphere: 10 ppb
Methane on MarsAtmosphere: 10 ppb
Hale-BoppMalcolm Ellis
Hale-BoppMalcolm Ellis
Comet impactsComet
impactsMicrobialactivity
Microbialactivity
ALH84001McKay (1996)
ALH84001McKay (1996)
Methane on MarsAtmosphere: 10 ppb
Methane on MarsAtmosphere: 10 ppb
Igneous activityIgneous activity
Ceraunius Tholus
40 km40 km
Weathered olivineWeathered olivine
Nili FossaeNili Fossae
20-32>45Olivine compositions (% FeO)
AsteroidsNEA’s
AsteroidsNEA’s
ArmaghUniversityArmagh
University
Non-EarthapproachingNon-Earthapproaching
AmorsAmors
NEA’sNEA’s
Asteroid Compositional TypesAsteroid Compositional Types
C-TypeC-Type75% of known asteroidsCI and CM chondrites: volatiles: 5-20% water
253 Mathilde253 Mathilde
S-TypeS-Type
951 Gaspra951 Gaspra
15% of known asteroidsdominant in inner belt:olivine, pyroxene, Fe
M-TypeM-Type 10% of known asteroidsFe, Ni, Co, Pt-group3554 Amun3554 Amun
3554 Amun—NEA3554 Amun—NEASmallest known M asteroid—300× metal in lunar regolith
Codrin BucurCodrin Bucur
~2 km diameter (size of atypical open-pit mine)
Mass: 30 billion tonsMass: 30 billion tons
Market valueFe and Ni: $8,000 billionCo: $6,000 billion
Pt-group: $6,000 billion
Market valueFe and Ni: $8,000 billionCo: $6,000 billion
Pt-group: $6,000 billion
Equivalent asset $10 millionper ton to launch from Earth, or$300,000,000 billion
Equivalent asset $10 millionper ton to launch from Earth, or$300,000,000 billion
Potential for in situ propellant productionPotential for in situ propellant production
Economic FactorsEconomic Factors
(+)
Large market for mass-in-orbit materials (metals, construction,
volatiles)
Large market for mass-in-orbit materials (metals, construction,
volatiles)
(-)
Small number of NEA’s have been spectrally classifiedSmall number of NEA’s have been spectrally classified
Mining techniques require feasibility testingMining techniques require feasibility testing
Target accessibility depends on orbital variabilityTarget accessibility depends on orbital variability
http://www.celestia.info/http://www.celestia.info/
Asteroid-Mining TechnologyAsteroid-Mining Technology
Strip mining Orbital transfer
Chesley BonestellChesley BonestellBonsor (2000)Bonsor (2000)
Titan Atmospheric profile
Temperature (K)Temperature (K)
Alt
itu
de (
km
)A
ltit
ud
e (
km
)
Cassini/Huygens missionCassini/Huygens mission
Ethane/methane lakesEthane/methane lakes
Ethane productionand fallout
Ethane productionand fallout
Ethane mistEthane mist
Methane hazeMethane haze
Ethane/methane/N2 oceanEthane/methane/N2 ocean
H2O ice and acetyleneH2O ice and acetylene
Titan: Cryovolcanism
Art View: Michael CarrollArt View: Michael Carroll
Lopes et al. (2005)Lopes et al. (2005)
100 km
Ganesha Macula
Titan: Hydrocarbons
Clark et al. (2007)Clark et al. (2007)
HC’s concentrated inlow-albedo terrains
Benzene(5.05-micron band)
100 km
He-3, ice, regolithHe-3, ice, regolith
SummarySummary
Metals, volatilesMetals, volatiles
Ice, CH4, N, CO2Ice, CH4, N, CO2
HC, ice