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Dr. R. Edwin Raj, M.E., Ph.D.(IIT-R)Professor, Dept. of Mech. Engg.
St. Xaviers Catholic College of Engineering
Chunkankadai , Nagercoil- 629003
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Growing gap between demand and supplyof commercial energy with increasing
dependence on imported oil. Oil imports expected to rise from present 70
percent to 100 percent in next fifteen years.
Substitution of imported oil main driverfor energy security.
CHALLENGE OF ENERGY SECURITY: INDIA
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Energy Crisis ?
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b0/GrowingGap.jpg8/2/2019 Energy Scenario in India 09[1].03
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Photovoltaic power
(GW)
2005 5.4
2006 7.0
2007 9.4
2008 15.72009 22.9
2010 39.7
2011 67.4
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Solar Power
CapacityMap of India
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Sivaganga Photovoltaic Plant[8] 5 02010-12 December 2010 Completed December 2010
Kolar Photovoltaic Plant[9] 3 02010-05 May 2010 Completed May 2010
Itnal Photovoltaic Plant, Belgaum[10] 3 02010-04 April 2010 Completed April 2010
Azure Power - Photovoltaic Plant[11] 2 02009 2009 2009
Jamuria Photovoltaic Plant[12] 2 02009 2009 2009
NDPC Photovoltaic Plant[13] 1 02010 2010 2010
Thyagaraj stadium Plant-Delhi[14] 1 02010-04 April 2010 April, 2010
Gandhinagar Solar Plant[15] 1 02011-01-21 January 21, 2011 January 21, 2011
Tata - Mulshi, Maharashtra[16] 3 02011-04 April 2011 Commissioned April 2011
Azure Power - Sabarkantha, Gujarat[17] 10 02011-06 June 2011 Commissioned June 2011
Moser Baer - Patan, Gujarat[18] 30 02011-06 June 2011 To Be Commissioned July 2011
Tata - Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu[19] 1 02011-07 July 2011 Commissioned July 2011
REHPL - Sadeipali, (Bolangir) Orissa [20] 1 02011-07 July 2011 Commissioned July 2011
TATA - Osmanabad, Maharastra [21] 1 02011-07-01 July 1, 2011 Commissioned 1st Aug 2011
Green Infra Solar Energy Limited- Rajkot,
Gujarat [22]10 02011-07-01 July 1, 2011 Commissioned November 2011
Total
India's largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants
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Others
22%
Venezula
4%
Angola
5%Saudi Arabia
18%Iran
16%
Kuwait
10%
Iraq
9%
UAE
8% Nigeria
8%
Indias Crude Oil Import
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HOW DO WE MEET OUR ENERGY DEMAND ?
Thermal
66%
Nuclear2%
Hydro
21%
RES
11%
Total Installed Capacity = 1,87,550 MW
All India Power generation
as on01. March.2012
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Wind Energy
70%
Small Hydro
16%
Biomass
13%
Energy fromWaste &
Photo Voltaic
1%
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA CURRENT STATUS
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Requirement Available Deficit %
Energy in MU
India 78,067 69,430 -8,637 -11.1
TN 7,135 5,526 -1,609 -22.6
Peak (MW)
India 1,28,680 1,13,086 -15,594 -12.1
TN 11,866 8,980 -2,886 -24.3
As on Feb 2012
by
CEA, Govt. of India
POWER SUPPLY POSITION
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Agriculture
25%Traction
3%
Industry
33%
Commercial
7%
Domestic
25%
Misc.
7%
ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN INDIA
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2002-03 566.7
2003-04 592.0
2004-05 612.5
2005-06 631.5
2006-07 671.9
2007-08 704.2
Country
Per Capita
consumption
(kWh)
Canada 17179
USA 13338
Aus 11126
Japan 8076France 7689
Germany 7030
UK 6206
India 631
Growth in India
Tamil Nadu - 976.81
ALL INDIA ANNUAL PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION
OF ELECTRICITY (kWH)
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Energy Environment
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Type of Energy
Renewable
Wind
Biomass
Small Hydro
Solar
Geothermal
Non-Renewable
(Fossil Fuels)
Coal
Petroleum
Natural gas
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RENEWABLE ENERGY- WHY WE NEED IT?
Sustenance of energy demand cant beachieved through fossil fuel as the limitedreserves are fast depleting (vs abundantsupplies of sun shine, bio energy, water andgarbage).
Global warming and Clean Development drive
forcing countries to reduce polluting industries.
Carbon Credits encouraging companies to go in
for captive renewable energy investments.
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Technologies Units PotentialAchievements
Upto Dec-10
Wind Power 5th Rank MW 45,000 13065
Small hydro power 10th Rank
(up to 25 MW) MW 15,000 2939
Biomass power/ 4th Rank
cogenerationMW 19,500 2559
Biomass Gasifiers 1st Rank 128
Urban and Industrial waste-
based powerMW 1,700 68
Solar photo-Voltaic 5th Rank MW - 18
Waste-to-energy MW 2500 141
RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL OF INDIA
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RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL OF INDIA
India has potential to generate about 89,000 MW ofpower from different renewable energy sources. Thisis excluding solar energy which has been estimatedfor most parts of the country at around 20 MW per
square km of open, shadow free area covered withsolar collectors, the Ministry of New and RenewableEnergy said.A total grid interactive renewable power generation
capacity of around 18842 MW has been set up as on31st January, 2011, which is over 11% of the totalpower generation installed capacity from all sources inthe country, the Ministry added.
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Wind Energy
70%
Small Hydro
16%
Biomass
13%
Energy fromWaste &
Photo Voltaic
1%
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA CURRENT STATUS
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RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA FUTURE VISION
Capacity addition of 30,000 MW is envisagedduring 12th Plan for renewables, raising the totalcapacity to 54,000 MW by 2022, which wouldcomprise 40,000 MW wind power, 6,500 MWfrom small hydropower and 7,500 MW frombiomass.
Potential from renewables energy sources is
estimated to be approximately 89,000 MW
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In MW
as on July 2010
INSTALLED CAPACITY OF WIND MACHINES
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Wi d E C i G th i I di
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0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
InstalledCapacity(MW)
Wind Energy Conversion Growth in India
Wi d E C i I di
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Tamil Nadu,
4906.74, 42%
Karnataka,
1472.75, 12%
Maharashtra,
2077.7, 18%
Rajasthan,
1088.37, 9%
Andhra
Pradesh
,
136.05,
1%
Madhya
Pradesh,229.39, 2%
Kerala,
27.75, 0%
Gujarat, 1863.64,
16%
West Bengal, 1.1,
0% Others, 3.2, 0%
Total Installed Capacity in India = 11,807 MW
as on 31.03.2010
Wind Energy Conversion - India
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SMALL HYDRO
AND
LARGE HYDRO POWER PLANT
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HYDRO POWER IN INDIA - OVERVIEW
India ranks 8
th
in the world in terms of hydro powergeneration.
Hydropower contributes only 24% of the total powercapacity.
India plans to increase it to 40% in next eight years time.
As per the assessment of Central Electricity Agency (CEA),the country has the potential to harness 148,700 MW ofhydro power installed capacity from the identified basins &rivers.
Hydro power investment is attractive on various counts proven technology, low O&M costs; high energy conversionefficiency of around 70%
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WHAT IS BIOMASS?
Biogasfrom pig
wasteCrop residue
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Sawdust
Sawdust fuel
Collection ofwoody fuel
WHAT IS BIOMASS?
BIOMASS IN INDIA OVE VIEW
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BIOMASS IN INDIA - OVERVIEW
Currently, globally, biomass contributes 14% of the totalenergy supply worldwide and 38% of this energy isconsumed in developing countries, predominantly in therural and traditional sectors of the economy.
Main driver for growth for biomass energy in India - growingconcern of indoor air pollution within houses, especially invillage houses, where large emission of toxic waste dueto burning of wood for domestic uses.
Today, over 100 million households are using biomass forcooking.
BIOMASS TRANSFORMATION AS ENERGY
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BIOMASS TRANSFORMATION AS ENERGY
Biomass
Direct Combustion
Thermo chemicalTransformation
BiochemicalTransformation
Others
Gasification
Thermal Cracking
Direct
Liquefaction
Low TemperatureGasification
AnaerobicDigestion
Aerobic Pyrolysis
Fermentation
Heat, PowerGeneration
(Fuel) Gas
Synthetic Gas
Liquid Fuel
Hydrogen,Methane
Methane
(Compost)
Ethanol
RDF, Carbonization, Bio-Diesel
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Plastics, glass,
tyre, paper etc
Waste to Energy process
Converts Solid waste into
Liquid fuels.
The process takes place in the
absence of oxygen.
How to use Biomass?
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1. Energy Recovery
Direct incineration
Fuel making by Fermentation
(Methane gas, Methanol)Gasification / Pyrolysis by thermal
decomposition.
Processing Biodiesel
2. Fertilizer
How to use Biomass?
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Biogas plant at our College
Night Soil
from Toilet
Kitchen
Waste
Bio-gas
Approx. saving of 10 LPG cylinder
per month costing more than
Rs.10,000/-
One plant runningsuccessfully for more than5 years in boys hostel and
another one in ladieshostel under-construction.
G ifi ti & P l i f Bi
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A complex organic compound subject to heating in an
inert atmosphere gives rise to the following products,
- Light hydrocarbons.
- Heavy organic species which could be
condensed to a liquid.
- A carbonaceous solid substance .
The condensed liquid is often called pyrolysis oil.
Gasification & Pyrolysis of Biomass
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Experimental Setup
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SOLAR ENERGY
Th I
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The Issue
It is very Diffuse, Cyclic andoften undependable.
System and components to gatherand concentrate effectively.
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SOLAR ENERGY TO PROVIDE
HIGH-TEMPERATURE HEAT AND ELECTRICITY
Solar Thermal System
Photovoltaic (PV) Cells
APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR CELL OR PV CELLS
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APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR CELL OR PV CELLS
History:
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History:Solar Power Satellites
in the 1970s
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OTHER RENEWABLE ENERGY
Energy from oceanTidal and Wave Energy
Geothermal Energy
Fuel Cells - Hydrogen
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CAN RENEWABLES SAVE THE WORLD?
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CAN RENEWABLES SAVE THE WORLD? Fossil fuels have excellent energy characteristics, but limited
reserves. Wind/ geothermal are among the cheapest of renewables.
There is potential for significant growth but they can not solve
our energy problem.
Solar energy has the potential to provide all our energyneeds.
Currently expensive; it is intermittent & dilute.
Currently no clear options for large scale energy storage.
Biomass has the potential to provide part of transportation
energy needs
Cellulosic biofuels and algaes are interesting but they have
not demonstrated large scale/long term potential.
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Other Research Areas
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Other Research Areas
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Other Research Areas
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Production of Liquid Fuel from
spent tyres by Pyrolysis