materials and components (something that can be used) that can be found within the environment.Natural resources Ubiquitous resources- resources can be found everywhere such as sunlight and air- will not run out in foreseeable futureInexhaustible resources- Examples are: solar radiation, geothermal energy, and air Biotic resources- obtained from the biosphere (living and organic material), such as forests, animals, birds, and fish and the materials that can be obtained from them. - fossils such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they are formed from decayed organic matter.- those that come from non-living, non-organic material. Abiotic resources- Examples: land, water, air, heavy metals such as gold, iron, copper, etc.

Renewability of Natural Resources1. Renewable- can be replenished naturally considered renewable only so long as the rate of replenishment/recovery exceeds that of the rate of consumption.- Examples: sunlight, air, wind, etc., are continuously available and their quantity is not noticeably affected by human consumption.2. Non renewable - their rate of consumption exceeds the rate of replenishment/recovery- examples: fossil fuels and mineral deposits are in this category because their rate of formation is extremely slow (potentially millions of years), which means they are considered non-renewable from a human use perspective

1. Solar energy -collected and converted by photovoltaic cells known as solar cellsRenewable Energy Resources

Hydroelectric power - The kinetic energy in the falling and flowing of water in rivers and streams is used to produce electricity

3. Energy from heat stored in waterOcean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)Mechanics:1. Warm surface water is pumped through a heat exchanger and used to evaporate liquid ammonia.The ammonia gas (working fluid) is used to drive turbines that generate electric currentThe used gas in converted back to liquid ammonia by cold water from the deeper part of the ocean

OTEC facilities

Advantages of OTEC facilities1. minimal environmental impacts - no greenhouse gas emissions 2. Produces desalinated water for industrial, agricultural, and residential uses3. Provides air-conditioning for buildingsDisadvantages2. Localized only in the tropics 4. The cold, deep seawater used in the OTEC process is also rich in nutrients, and it can be used to culture both marine organisms and plant life1. Still not highly efficient

4. Wind energyWind- simply air in motion- caused by the uneven heating of the Earth's surface by the sun. the Earth's surface is made of very different types of land and water, it absorbs the sun's heat at different rates.The Daily Wind CycleSea BreezeA coastal breeze blowing from sea to land caused by the temperature difference when the land surface is warmer than the sea surface. The sea breeze usually occurs during the day.Land BreezeA coastal breeze flowing from land to sea caused by the temperature difference when the sea surface is warmer than the adjacent land. The land breeze usually occurs at night

Wind- simply air in motion- caused by earths rotationthe equator is hotter than the north and south polesforce created by the rotation of the EarthCoriolis force it deflects air to the right (east) in the Northern Hemisphere- the effect is the northeast trade wind- at the lower hemisphere, the effect is called the southwest trade wind

Wind power- energy created and stored using the kinetic energy that comes naturally from the wind- the process of capturing that wind energy and converting it to electrical power that can be used in households across the nation.- wind power is captured using a wind electric turbine

With an average of 14 34 miles per hour, a small turbine can generate 10-1000kilowatt of electricity- approximately 2.5% of electric consumption is generated by wind powerCompetitive price - the overall cost per unit of energy produced is similar to the cost for new coal and natural gas installations- the fastest growing source of renewable energy todayWind TurbinesThe worlds largest turbine which is in operation as of 2011 has an output of 340MW (built by Siemens Power Generation).

Advantages of wind power- produces no greenhouse gas emissions represents a renewable source of energy, which decreases dependence on foreign fossil fuelsDisadvantages- may cover a large area of land- an increase of bird and wildlife mortality is observed closed to these windmills- noise pollution- uneven and unpredicted wind supply

- renewable energy from plants and animals Biomass- an organic plant material that can be burned directly as fuel or converted to gaseous or liquid biofuels through chemical processes such as distillation, pyrolysis, and esterifications a renewable energy source because we can always grow more trees and crops, and waste will always exist. - examples of biomass fuels are wood, crops, manure, and some garbage. when burned, the chemical energy in biomass is released as heat to produce steam for making electricity, or to provide heat to industries and homes

Harnessing energy from biomass by conversion technologies such as1. Thermal conversion2. Chemical conversion - transesterification3. Biochemical conversion- fermentation and composting- burning, combustion, or pyrolysis

wood waste or garbage can be burned to produce steam for making electricity, or to provide heat to industries and homesthe rapid oxidation of the feedstock producing energy. The energy is used to heat a boiler. High pressured steam is is produced to rotate a turbine which powers a generator. Combustion- Exothermic reaction: Organic material + O2 CO2 + H2O + heat

Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures without the participation of oxygen producing organic gases and oils.

Anaerobic digestion is a biological decomposition process where bacteria are used in controlled anaerobic conditions to break down biodegradable organic waste.The key by-product of anaerobic digestion is methane gas which is produced by the bacteria decomposing the organic waste and can be captured and utilised as a biogas.

- the presence of oxygen means than different bacteria are employedAerobic composting - similar to anaerobic digestion with the key difference being the presence of oxygen - aerobic composting produces gases which can be captured and utilised for energy- raw organic materials (such as crop residues, animal wastes, food garbage, some municipal wastes and some industrial wastes) enhance their suitability as fertilizers after composting.

Fermentation a biological process in which enzymes produced by microorganisms catalyze chemical reactions- these microorganisms digest sugars to produce the energy and chemicals they need for survival while giving off by-products such as carbon dioxide, organic acids, hydrogen, ethanol, and other products, which are then collected and utilized for energy production

Biofuels - include fuels derived from biomass conversion, as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels, and biogasesExamples:biomass wood, paper, sawdust, etcliquid fuels bioethanol derived from fermentation- biodiesel derived from transesterification of fatsbiogases- methane derived from anaerobic decomposition of biomass but pure ethanol (or bioethanol) can not be used for spark-ignition engines due to its low vapour pressure and high latent heat of vaporization which make cold start problematicE5G to E26G (5-26% ethanol, 95-74% gasoline)E85G (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline)E15D (15% ethanol, 85% diesel)E95D (95% ethanol, 5% water, with ignition improver)Bioethanol- the most widely used alternative automotive fuel in the world,- blends used to increase functionality of bioethanol worldwide, most bioethanol is produced from sugar cane, molasses and corn, but other starchy materials such as wheat, barley and rye are also suitable a feedstock of around 3 tons of grains is needed for the production of 1 ton of ethanol.

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to conventional or fossil diesel, which is used to ignite diesel enginesTransesterification - the process of converting a fatty acid to biodiesel *11% of worlds energy was biofuel in 1984*15% by the 1st decade of the 21st century

Non-renewable Energy Resources1. coal, petroleum, and natural gas2. Geothermal resources3. Nuclear powerCoal - Coal is a combustible, sedimentary, organic rock, which is composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.Coalification - geological process of forming materials of high carbon content from decayed organic materials followed by a gradual transformation into coal by action of moderate temperature (about 500 K) and high pressure in a geochemical stages.formed from decayed plants, pressed between fossilized by the combined effects of pressure and heat over millions of years. - around 100 years of coal remaining worldwide.

Coke carbonized coal - the carbon content is increased by changing the hydrocarbons to carbon and removing the moisture content of coal. - CnH2n+2 + O2 C + H2OPeat - the precursor of coal. It is formed by the action of bacteria on plant debris. Tar - a brown or black liquid of extremely high viscosity. - a by-product when coal is carbonized to make coke or gasified to make coal gas. - a mixtures of phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heterocyclic compounds, about 200 substances in all.

Types of Coal-The softest and the lowest in rank of the four types of coal. -Yellow to dark brown or rarely black. - Contains about 25%-35% carbon (on a dry, ash-free basis) and has a calorific value near 17 megajoules per kilogram (7,000 BTU per pound).1. Lignite-Intermediate in rank between lignite and bituminous coal. -Dark brown to black coal. -It contains 42%-52% carbon (on a dry, ash-free basis) and has calorific values ranging from about 19 to 26 megajoules per kilogram (about 8,200 to 11,200 BTU per pound). It is characterized by greater compaction than lignites as well as greater brightness and luster. 2. Subbituminous

-Most abundant form of coal.-Intermediate in rank between subbituminous coal and anthracite. -The carbon content of around 60%-80%.-Calorific values of 24 to 35 megajoules per kg (10,500-15,000 BTU per pound)3. Bituminous -The most highly metamorphosed and highest in rank of coal. -It contains fixed carbon of about 86%-98% on a dry, ash-free basis.-Has calorific values near 35 megajoules per kilogram-Anthracite is the least plentiful form of coal. 4. Anthracite

- The main component is the hydrocarbon familyEx: methane, CH4paraffins, aromatics, naphtenes, alkenes, dienes and alkynesPropane, C3H8Butane, C4H10Octane, C8H18Petroleum- a yellow-to-black liquid with a pungent odor made up of a mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic materials that are found beneath the surface of the earth. - a fossilized liquid- also called crude oil

Components of petroleum are separated in oil refineries

Combustion:C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) + heatThe by products of combustion are: sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitroxide. - NO2 and SO2 contribute to acid rain- CO2 is a greenhouse gasCoal and petroleum are used as a fuel to generate electricity by combustionIt is burned in a furnace to convert water to steam. The energy of the steam is used to to spin turbines which turn generators that create electricity. - Disadvantages of Coal and Petroleum as Power Sources: 2. Non-renewable source of energy CnH2n+2 CO2 + H2 O + heat

fuel of the futurefound deep underground, or extracted through driven wells. formed beneath the earths surface by the decomposition of organic matter85-90% methane, with varying amounts of ethane, propane, butane, and other hydrocarbon compounds. In its natural state, the gas is colorless, odorless, and lighter than air.

ExtractionNatural gas is formed along with oil fields and coal bedsIt can also be obtained from coal through coal gasification. Natural gas is often referred to as the cleanest alternative burning fossil fuel. It can be used in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).Natural Gas

Advantages Is more environment friendly than oil or coal. For same amount of heat, natural gas emit 30% less carbon dioxide than burning oil and 45% less carbon dioxide than burning coal. Due to clean burning process, doesnt produce ashes after energy release.Is cheap (less expensive than gasoline) therefore, very cost effective.Can be safely stored and burned.

Disadvantages Is highly volatile (highly flammable) and can be dangerous.Is colorless, odorless and tasteless.The most common cause of carbon monoxide deaths.Constructing and managing such pipelines cost a lot.nonrenewable energy resource. Its availability is finite. Critics also point that their extraction leaves out large craters within the earth.

one of the largest and most significant industrial endeavors in Philippine history. the project is spearheaded by the Philippine Department of Energy (DOE) developed and operated by Shell Philippines Exploration B.V. (SPEX)to extract natural gas and condensate from the sea floor. >>sub-sea facilities, a shallow water production platform, an underwater pipeline, a catenary-anchored leg mooring buoy, and an onshore processing gas plant.In 1989, a small gas reservoir called Camago was discovered.In 1992, SPEX discovered the Malampaya gas field, and was later found to be connected to the Camago structure.In 1998, former President Fidel V. Ramos signed the declaration of commerciality of the venture. In October 2001, the Malampaya Deep Water Gas-to-Power Project was inaugurated in a special ceremony at the onshore gas plant in Batangas.

The Malampaya Project: The Philippine Natural Gas Source

How to control the use of the natural resourcesHow to rehabilitate the area after operationsHow to provide a proper and formal mechanism for sustainable developmentMaintain health and safety of the environment and peopleEnvironmental Concerns

Nuclear reactions- reactions involving the nuclei of atoms- these reactions occur with a simultaneous release of heat and radiations- nuclear reactions maybe naturally occuring or inducedTypes of radiations

Types of Nuclear ReactionsNuclear fusion two or more small nuclei fuse together to form a bigger nucleus accompanied by a release of massive heat and radiation examples2. Nuclear fissiona nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus splits spontaneously or on impact with another particle, with the release of energyexamples

Nuclear power- an energy which is produced with the use of a controlled nuclear reaction

Nuclear power plant a thermal energy source in which heat is generated from nuclear reactorsas of Jan. 2013, there is a total of 439 nuclear power reactors world wide.

Advantages of Nuclear Power- Environmental friendly because no CO2 and other greenhouse gases produced- More economical more energy is produced from a lesser amount o fuel- price of fuel is competitive with other fuel sources- Fuel source (Uranium) is still very abundant and inexhaustibleDisadvantages- Fuel source is radioactiveUranium radiation may cause cancer- Fuel source is a heavy metalIngestion of uranium metal may cause kidney failure- Proper disposal of fuel wastes should be observed- Possibility of power plant meltdown- Security measures may be very expensive