ENERGY SOURCES AND ITS CONSERVATION

Submitted by:-Soubam Indrakumar Singh

Dept. of Environmental Science

Panjab University, Chandigarh

March 20, 2015

ENERGY SECURITY

23November 2014

Scientists in Energy

James Joule

First Law of

Thermodynamics

Sadi Carnot

Second Law of

Thermodynamics

Carnot Cycle

Thomas Edison

Light Bulb, etc.

Alexander

Graham Bell

Telephone

March 20, 2015

Scientists in Energy

Albert Einstein

E=mc²

Enrico Fermi

First Nuclear

Reactor

William Shockley

Transistor

Bill Gates

Computers

March 20, 2015

Topics

1. Energy Sources and Uses 2. Fossil Fuels3. Nuclear Power4. Solar Energy5. Fuel Cells6. Biomass7. Energy From the Earth’s Forces8. Energy Conservation9.Alternative Energy for Future?

March 20, 2015

PART 1: ENERGY SOURCES AND USES

• Work is the application of force through a distance.

• Energy is the capacity to do work.• Power is the rate of flow of energy, or the rate at

which work is done.– A small calorie is the metric measure of energy necessary to heat

1 gram of water 1oC, whereas a British Thermal Unit (BTU) is the energy needed to heat 1 pound of water 1oF

– A joule is the amount of work done by a force needed to accelerate 1 kilogram 1 meter per second per second. Another definition for joule is the force of an electrical current of 1 amp/second through a resistance of 1 ohm.

23 November 2014

Measurements

March 20, 2015

Worldwide Commercial Energy Production

March 20, 2015

SOURCES OF ENERGY

• 1. NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

• 2. RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

March 20, 2015

NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

• Sources which have accumulated in nature over a very long time and cannot be replaced very quickly.

• The non renewable sources of energy include coal, petroleum and natural gas.

• They are also called convectional sources of energy.• Since it takes millions of years for these resources to develop inside the

earth, they are getting exhausted fast.• If we continue using the fossil fuels at the present rate, we will exhaust

them within 50‐100 years.• The need for us to develop better and safe sources of energy is perhaps

the greatest now.

March 20, 2015

RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

Sources of energy which can be used again and again are not exhaustible.

•The examples are sun, water, wind and biomass.

•Such sources of energy are freely available and are free of cost.

•They don't pollute the environment.

•We should prefer the renewable sources of energy because:

1.They are available in plenty.

2.They are available free of cost.

3.They don't pollute air

4.They are not exhaustible.

•Means and ways to harness the renewable sources of energy more efficiently have to be developed

March 20, 2015

How We Use Energy• What are the commercial uses of energy?

– Industry uses 38%;

– Residential and commercial buildings use 36%; and,

– Transportation uses 26%.

• Half of all energy in primary fuels is lost during conversion to more useful forms while being shipped or during use.– Nearly two-thirds of energy in coal being burned to generate

electricity is lost during thermal conversion in the power plant. Another 10% is lost during transmission and stepping down to household voltages.

• Natural gas is the most efficient fuel.– Only 10% of its energy content is lost during shipping and

processing. Ordinary gas-burning furnaces are about 75% efficient. High-economy furnaces can be 95% efficient.

March 20, 2015

Energy Use Trends

• A general trend is for higher energy use to correlate with a higher standard of living

• In an average year, each person in the U.S. and Canada consumes more than 300 times the amount of energy consumed by a person in one of the poorest countries of the world; however,

• Several European countries have higher living standards than the U.S., yet they use about half as much energy.

March 20, 2015

Per Capita Energy Use & GDP

ELECTRICAL ENERGY STATUS IN INDIA

March 20, 2015

ENERGY RESOURCE AVAILABILITY IN INDIA

March 20, 2015

Source Capital cost (crores/MW)

Emissions (t CO2‐eq/Mwh)

Reserves Longevity

Coal 4‐5 1.1 10 5820 MT 70 years

Oil 2.5 0.62 1200 MT ~ 10 years

Gas 3.5 0.47 1.5 TCM ~ 20 years

Hydro 6‐ 20 (Site and size dependant)

0 148.7 GW NA

Nuclear 8‐13 0 70,000 tonnes of Uranium~ 200 tonnes of Pu

40 years with Uranium

Source : BP statistical review report, NHPC,NTPC

INDIA'S ENERGY ASPIRATIONS

• Annual GDP growth projection : 8 – 9%• Elasticity of electricity : GDP ~ 0.95• Net electricity generation required in 2020 : 1850 billion units

– per capita electricity consumption in 2020 : ~ 1200 kWh– Still, well below world average of 2800 kWh

• India has announced intent to reduce CO2 intensity: GDP by 20‐25% from 2005 levels by 2020

• Multiple objectives for Indian energy policy – Access for all– Reliability– Low cost– Low carbon– Energy Security

March 20, 2015

INDIA’S PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION :

A SNAPSHOT

March 20, 2015Source : BP statistical review of world energy, 2011; CSTEP

In 2010 alone, India’s primary energy consumption grew by 9.2%

ELECTRIC POWER• Current Capacity : 173,855 MW (utility)

– 5th largest in the world

• Low per capita electricity consumption– India 717 kWh– US 14,000 kWh– China 2500 kWh– World 2800 kWh

• Peak shortage ~ 15%• 800,000 MW in 2030 – 40

– ~ 25,000 MW per year

• Environmental concerns – India 3rd largest emitter of CO2 behind China and US– 38% of emissions from power sector

• Energy security concerns– 67% power from coal‐based thermal plants ‐ need to depend on imports– Prototype breeder reactors to exploit thorium reserves

March 20, 2015

SOURCE: CEAMarch 20, 2015

March 20, 2015

ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS : GHG EMISSIONS IN INDIA (2007)

March 20, 2015

ENERGY SECURITY CONCERNS

March 20, 2015

Source : Telegraph, FT

PROJECTED FUEL MIX IN 2020 • Required capacity in 2020 assuming 8% growth = 387,280 MW in BAU

scenario

March 20, 2015 Source : Interim report, Planning commission 2011

• How do we grow to ~ 2,000 billion kWh by 2020

• How do we get 3,00 billion kWh of low-carbon power?

• What fuel options & technologies? • Wind• Nuclear,• Solar• Hydro • Bio-fuels• Carbon Sequestration• Hydrogen & fuel cells• Hybrid cars

• Investments, research, policies?

HOW TO GROW AND BE SUSTAINABLE?

March 20, 2015

NUCLEAR POWER

• Installed Capacity 4780 MW• Generation ~ 23 Billion kWh

(2.5 % of total)

• Domestic Uranium reserves ~ 61,000 Tons– Poor quality ore (0.01% - 0.05% Uranium)

• Large Thorium deposits– But, Thorium is fertile and has to be converted to fissile U233 in a reactor

• Phase Nuclear Program– Phase I Build Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors using domestic Uranium– Phase II Reprocess spent fuel from Phase I to get Plutonium for Breeder Reactors– Phase III Use U233 (obtained from Thorium) and use it with Plutonium

• Domestic Uranium reserves can sustain 10,000 MW PHWR for 40 years– Low capacity factors due to Uranium mining constraints

March 20, 2015

SOLAR POWER

• JNNSM launched in 2010 targets 22,000 MW by 2022– Phase 1 ( until March 2013)

• Target of 1300 MW : 800 MW PV and 500 MW CSP • 25 years of guaranteed feed in tariff

– Off-grid PV• Target of 2000 MW by 2022• Rural applications where grid is unviable or unreachable

– Challenges• High nominal cost of generation : ~ Rs 15 per kWh• Water scarcity issues for CSP• Requirement of skilled personnel

March 20, 2015

WIND POWER • Power proportional to V 3

• Cost of generation reasonable: ~ Rs 3 per kWh

– Economics sensitive to wind speeds

• World total installed 194,000 MW

• India: – Potential: 50,000 MW based on hub

height of 50 m and 2% land usage– Recent studies offer reassessed potential

at 80m 6-7% land usage• Onshore - 676, 000 MW• Offshore - 214,000 MW

– Intermittent; grid stability is a concern

March 20, 2015

China 44, 733 MW

US 40,180 MW

Germany 27,215 MW

Spain 20,676 MW

India 13,000 MW

India - 5th in wind capacity

INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAM

Type Operating Projections (2020)

Projections (2030)

Heavy Water Reactors

4,460 MW 10,000 MW 10,000 MW

Light Water Reactors

320 MW 9,300 MW 22,000 MW

Fast Breeder Reactors

- 1,500 MW 1,500 MW

Total 4780 MW 20,800 MW 33,500 MW

March 20, 2015

Nuclear capacity presently under construction : 5300 MW

ELECTRICITY GENERATION COSTS : COMPARISON

March 20, 2015 Source : LBNL, CERC , CSTEP & NPCIL

POTENTIAL R&D DOMAINS

• New and affordable materials for photovoltaic• Clean coal technologies; carbon capture and sequestration• Low-speed wind power• Cellulosic ethanol• Efficient and affordable hybrids, electric vehicles• Energy storage – efficient batteries and condensers• Demand side management of power• Trained human resource

March 20, 2015

PART 2: FOSSIL FUELS

• Fossil fuels are organic chemicals created by living organisms that were buried in sediments millions of years ago and transformed to energy-rich compounds.

• Because fossil fuels take so long to form, they are essentially nonrenewable resources.

March 20, 2015

Coal Oil Natural Gas

Oil

Coal

Natural Gas

March 20, 2015

Coal Extraction and Use• Mining is dangerous to humans

and the environment• Coal burning releases large

amounts of air pollution, and is the largest single source of acid rain in many areas.

• Economic damages are billions of rupees

• Billions of tons of coal are burned the world over for electric power generation. As a result, multiple pollutants are released such as:– Sodium Dioxide (18 million

metric tons)– Nitrogen Oxides ( over 5

million metric tons)– Particulates (over 4 million

metric tons)– Hydrocarbons (over 600,000

metric tons)– Carbon Dioxide (over 1

trillion metric tons)March 20, 2015

Oil Extraction and Use

• The countries of the Middle East control two-thirds of all proven-in-place oil reserves. Saudi Arabia has the most.

• The U.S. has already used up about 40% of its original recoverable petroleum resource.

• Oil combustion creates substantial air pollution.• Drilling causes soil and water pollution.• Often oil contains a high sulfur level. Sulfur is corrosive, thus the

sulfur is stripped out before oil is shipped to market.• Oil is primarily used for transportation providing > 90% of

transportation energy.• Resources and proven reserves for the year 2000 are 650 billion

barrels (bbl). 800 bbl remain to be discovered or are currently not recoverable.

March 20, 2015

Natural Gas Consumption

• Proven world reserves and resources of natural gas equal 3,200 trillion cubic feet. This equals a 60 year supply at present usage rates.

• Natural gas produces only half as much CO2 as an equivalent amount of coal.

• Problems: difficult to ship across oceans, to store in large quantities, and much waste from flaring off.

March 20, 2015

•World’s third largest commercial fuel (23% of global energy used).

•Produces half as much CO2 as equivalent amount of coal.

•Most rapidly growing used energy source.

PART 3: NUCLEAR POWER

• President Dwight Eisenhower, 1953, “Atoms for Peace” speech.– Eisenhower predicted that nuclear-powered electrical generators would

provide power “too cheap to meter.”– Between 1970-1974, American utilities ordered 140 new reactors, but

100 were subsequently canceled.

• Nuclear power now produces only 7% of the U.S. energy supply.

• Construction costs and safety concerns have made nuclear power much less attractive than was originally expected. – Electricity from nuclear power plants was about half the price of coal

in 1970, but twice as much in 1990.

March 20, 2015

How Do Nuclear Reactors Work

• The common fuel for nuclear reactors is U235 that occurs naturally (0.7%) as a radioactive isotope of uranium.

• U235 is enriched to 3% concentration as it is processed into cylindrical pellets (1.5 cm long). The pellets are stacked in hollow metal rods (4 m long).

• 100 rods are bundled together into a fuel assembly. Thousands of these fuel assemblies are bundled in the reactor core.

• When struck by neutrons, radioactive uranium atoms undergo nuclear fission, releasing energy and more neutrons . This result triggers a nuclear chain reaction.

• This reaction is moderated in a power plant by neutron-absorbing solution (Moderator).

• Control Rods composed of neutron-absorbing material are inserted into spaces between fuel assemblies to control reaction rate.

• Water or other coolant is circulated between the fuel rods to remove excess heat.

March 20, 2015

Nuclear fission occurs in the core of a nuclear reactor

March 20, 2015

Kinds of Reactors

• 70% of nuclear power plants are pressurized water reactors (PWRs). Water is circulated through the core to absorb heat from fuel rods. The heated water is then pumped to a steam generator where it heats a secondary loop. Steam from the secondary loop drives a high-speed turbine making electricity.

• Both reactor vessel and steam generator are housed in a special containment building. This prevents radiation from escaping and provides extra security in case of accidents. Under normal operations, a PWR releases little radioactivity.

March 20, 2015

Reactor Design

March 20, 2015

Radioactive Waste Management

• Production of 1,000 tons of uranium fuel typically generates 100,000 tons of tailings and 3.5 million liters of liquid waste.– Now approximately 200 million tons of radioactive waste exists in

piles around mines and processing plants in the U.S.• About 100,000 tons of low-level waste (clothing) and about 15,000

tons of high-level (spent-fuel) waste in the US.– For past 20 years, spent fuel assemblies have been stored in deep

water-filled pools at the power plants. (designed to be temporary).

– Many internal pools are now filled, and a number plants are storing nuclear waste in metal dry casks outside.

• A big problem associated with nuclear power is the disposal of wastes produced during mining, fuel production, and reactor operation.– U.S. Department of Energy announced plans to build a high-level

waste repository near Yucca Mountain Nevada in 1987.– Cost is $10-35 billion, and earliest opening date is 2010.– This allows the government to monitor & retrieve stored uranium.

March 20, 2015

PART 4: SOLAR ENERGY

• Photosynthesis• Passive solar heat is using

absorptive structures with no moving parts to gather and hold heat. Greenhouse design

• Active solar heat is when a system pumps a heat-absorbing medium through a collector, rather than passively collecting heat in a stationary object. Water heating consumes 15% of US domestic energy budget.

March 20, 2015

Mean solar energy striking the upper atmosphere is 1,330 watts per square meter. The amount reaching the earth’s surface is 10,000 times > all commercial energy used annually. Until recently, this energy source has been too diffuse and low intensity to capitalize for electricity production.

High-Temperature Solar Energy

March 20, 2015

•Parabolic mirrors (left) are curved reflective surfaces that collect light and focus it onto a concentrated point. It involves two techniques:•Long curved mirrors focus on a central tube containing a heat-absorbing fluid.

–Small mirrors arranged in concentric rings around a tall central tower track the sun and focus light on a heat absorber on top of the tower where molten salt is heated to drive a steam-turbine electric generator.

Photovoltaic Solar Energy

• During the past 25 years, efficiency of energy capture by photovoltaic cells has increased from less than 1% of incident light to more than 10% in field conditions, and 75% in laboratory conditions.– Invention of amorphous silicon collectors has allowed

production of lightweight, cheaper cells.

• Photovoltaic cells capture solar energy and convert it directly to electrical current by separating electrons from parent atoms and accelerating them across a one-way electrostatic barrier.– Bell Laboratories - 1954

• 1958 - $2,000 / watt• 1970 - $100 / watt• 2002 - $5 / watt

March 20, 2015

Photovoltaic energy -solar energy converteddirectly to electricalcurrent

March 20, 2015

Transporting & Storing Electrical Energy

• Electrical energy storage is difficult and expensive.– Lead-acid batteries are

heavy and have low energy density.

• Typical lead-acid battery sufficient to store electricity for an average home would cost $5,000 and weigh 3-4 tons.

– Pumped-Hydro Storage

– Flywheels

March 20, 2015

PART 5: FUEL CELLS

• Fuel cells use ongoing electrochemical reactions to produce electrical current

• Fuel cells provide direct-current electricity as long as supplied with hydrogen and oxygen.

• Hydrogen is supplied as pure gas, or a reformer can be used to strip hydrogen from other fuels.

• Fuel cells run on pure oxygen and hydrogen produce only drinkable water and radiant heat.

• Reformer releases some pollutants, but far below conventional fuel levels.

• Fuel cell efficiency is 40-45%.• Positive electrode (cathode) and negative

electrode (anode) separated by electrolyte which allows charged atoms to pass, but is impermeable to electrons. Electrons pass through external circuit, and generate electrical current.

March 20, 2015

PART 6: BIOMASS

March 20, 2015

Fuel wood Crisis

• Currently, about half of worldwide annual wood harvest is used as fuel.– Eighty-five percent of fuelwood is harvested in developing countries.

• By 2025, worldwide demand for fuelwood is expected to be twice current harvest rates while supplies will have remained relatively static.

• About 40% of world population depends on firewood and charcoal as their primary energy source.– Of these, three-quarters do not have an adequate supply.

• Problem intensifies as less developed countries continue to grow.– For urban dwellers, the opportunity to scavenge wood is generally

nonexistent.

March 20, 2015

Fuel wood Crisis in Less-Developed Countries

• About 40% of the world’s population depends on firewood and charcoal as their primary energy source.

• Supplies diminishing• Half of all wood

harvested worldwide is used as fuel.

March 20, 2015

Using Dung as Fuel

• Where other fuel is in short supply, people often dry and burn animal dung.

• When burned in open fires, 90% of potential heat and most of the nutrients are lost.

• Using dung as fuel deprives fields of nutrients and reduces crop production.

• When cow dung is burned in open fires, 90% of the potential heat and most of the nutrients are lost.

March 20, 2015

Using Methane As a Fuel

March 20, 2015

Alcohol from Biomass

• Ethanol (grain alcohol) production could be a solution to grain surpluses but thermodynamic considerations question it being practical on a sustainable basis.

• Gasohol (a mixture of gasoline and alcohol) reduces CO emissions when burned in cars.

• Ethanol raises octane ratings, and helps reduce carbon monoxide emissions in automobile exhaust.

• Methanol (wood alcohol)• Both methanol and ethanol make good fuel for fuel cells.

March 20, 2015

PART 7: ENERGY FROM EARTH'S FORCES

• Water power produces 25% of the world’s electricity and it is clean, renewable energy.

• Dams cause social and ecological damage.

March 20, 2015

WindGeothermalTidalWaveHydropower

• Hydropower– By 1925, falling water generated 40% of world’s electric power.

• Hydroelectric production capacity has grown 15-fold, but fossil fuel use has risen so rapidly that now hydroelectric only supplies one-quarter of electrical generation.

• Total world hydropower potential estimated about 3 million MW.– Currently use about 10% of potential supply.

• Energy derived from hydropower in 1994 was equivalent to 500 million tons of oil. Much of recent hydropower development is in very large dams.

• Drawbacks to dams include:– Human Displacement– Ecosystem Destruction– Wildlife Losses– Large-Scale Flooding Due to Dam Failures– Sedimentation– Herbicide Contamination– Evaporative Losses– Nutrient Flow Retardation

March 20, 2015

Wind Energy

• Wind power - advantages and disadvantages• Wind farms - potential exists in Great Plains, along seacoasts and Eastern

Washington

March 20, 2015

This energy source involves the use of high-pressure, high-temperature steam fields that exist below the earth’s surface.

March 20, 2015

Geothermal Energy

Tidal & Wave Energy

March 20, 2015

•Ocean tides and waves contain enormous amounts of energy that can be harnessed.

–Tidal Station - Tide flows through turbines, creating electricity. It requires a high tide/low-tide differential of several meters.–Main worries are saltwater flooding behind the dam and heavy siltation.–Stormy coasts with strongest waves are often far from major population centers.

Conservation of Energy

March 20, 2015

PART 8: ENERGY CONSERVATION

March 20, 2015

Hybrid gas-electric automobile

ENERGY CONSERVATION– Most potential energy in fuel is lost as waste heat.– In response to 1970’s oil prices, average US automobile gas-mileage

increased from 13 mpg in 1975 to 28.8 mpg in 1988. Falling fuel prices of the 1980’s, however, discouraged further conservation.

March 20, 2015

Energy Conversion Efficiencies•Energy Efficiency is a measure of energy produced compared to energy consumed.

–Household energy losses can be reduced by one-half to three-fourths by using better insulation, glass, protective covers, and general sealing procedures.

– Energy gains can be made by orienting homes to gain passive solar energy in the winter.

March 20, 2015

Definition

Conservation of energy refers to efforts made to reduce energy

consumption and to increase efficiency of energy use.

March 20, 2015

Conservation of Energy

March 20, 2015

P.E K.E. P.E. K.E. … Is energy lost?No! Energy is converted!

� Conserve Electricity

� Conserve Natural Gas

� Conserve Water

So On ………...

What does conserve energy mean?What does conserve energy mean?

March 20, 2015

Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation

Consider safety first

� Saving energy is important, but avoid measures that have negative impacts on people and communities

� All existing and potential health and safety issues should be evaluated prior to implementing any conservation measures

Safety First!Safety First!

March 20, 2015

Law of Conservation of Energy

• Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. • The total energy in a “closed” system is always

the same.• The energy may be in different forms, but the

amount will be equal.

March 20, 2015

Conservation of Energy

• Thermal Energy produced by friction is not useful energy-Why?

• It IS NOT used to do work.

March 20, 2015

March 20, 2015

“Zero energy” new homes

March 20, 2015

Household Energy Use for Entertainment Electronics

0 200 400 600

Plasma HDTV

DVD/VCR

HD set top box

Analog CRT

DVD/VCR

Digital cable set top box

Annual Energy Use (kWh)

Primary TV

Secondary TV

Combined energy use~ 1200 kWh per year

March 20, 2015

Additional Advantages of Energy Conservation (Moralizing)

• Less need to secure oil overseas with attendant military and civilian casualties while costing hundreds of billions of dollars

• Fewer power plants and liquid natural gas ports are needed

• Less air pollution• Less drilling for oil in Alaska and near national parks• Less global warming and attendant environmental

destruction

March 20, 2015

Some conservation strategies

• Understand the problem (audits)• Size equipment and structures appropriately• Share resources• Maintain equipment and facilities• Increase production• Pick good sites• Use efficient architecture• Adopt efficient technologies• Insulate

March 20, 2015

Efficiency in Architecture

• Passive Solar• Day lighting• Natural Ventilation• Evaporative Cooling

March 20, 2015

Some efficient technologies

• Lighting– HID– Fluorescent– LED

• Heat Recovery• Efficient Equipment

– Refrigeration– Hybrid Vehicles

• Automated Controls– Lighting– Heating– Cooling

March 20, 2015

Lighting

• Compact Fluorescents or Long Fluorescents using plasma discharges use only 1/3 of the energy and heat of incandescent lights, which derive their light from heating filaments hot enough to emit visible light.

• If every home changed their five most used lights, they would save $60 per year in costs.

• This would also be equal to 21 power plants.• The fluorescents also last up to 10 times as long.• Replacing one bulb means 1,000 pounds less CO2

emitted over the compact fluorescent’s lifetime.• Traffic signal LEDs use 90% less energy and last 10 years

rather than 2 years.

March 20, 2015

Part 9:An Alternative Energy for Future?

March 20, 2015

DEMAND-SIDE MEASURES : SMART GRIDS • Indian Institute of Science & CSTEP

– “Smart grid” test bed in IISc campus– Consortium of technology provider companies

• Ministry of Power (under R-APDRP)

March 20, 2015

BIO FUEL POTENTIAL

• India’s total land area 328 million hectares (mha)– Cultivated 142 mha– Cultivable wasteland 30 mha– Rice 40 mha– Wheat 26 mha

• Hazardous to divert agricultural area for bio-fuels.

• If entire wasteland used for growing bio-fuels, – Produce about 30 million tons of bio-oil – 10% of oil demand by 2031.

• Advisable to cultivate on such a large area?

March 20, 2015

ETHANOL OPPORTUNITIES

• Increase yield of sugarcane using drip irrigation & fertigation– Present average yield ~ 80 tons per ha– Using drip irrigation & fertigation 150 tons per ha

• Sweet sorghum:– Less water intensive than sugarcane– Two crops a year

• Cellulosic ethanol from agro-forest residues such as bagasse, rice husk, wood chips, crop residues. – Technology needs to be developed

March 20, 2015

WHAT CAN 1 HECTARE DO?

March 20, 2015

Bio-Fuels indirectly use solar energy

Why not do it directly?

Solar

Option 1Sugarcane

Option 2Corn Ethanol

Option 3Jatropha

Option 4Sweet Sorghum

Option 5Solar

Sugarcane:80 tons

No SugarCane juice used to make ethanol.

Ethanol:6000 Liter per hectare

Corn Yield:7500 Kg per hectare

Ethanol: 0.37 Liter per kg

2800 Liter per hectare

2000 to 3000 Trees per hectare

Seed yield: 1 to 2 Kg per tree

Oil Yield: 1 to 1.5 Ton per hectare

Stalk yield: 35 – 50 tons per hectare

Juice Extraction45 – 50%

Ethanol: 2500 to 3500 Liters per hectare

Average daily radiation:5- 6 kWh/m2250 days of sunshine

50% area covered by PV panels

10% Efficiency of solar cells

LAND REQUIRED(HA/1000 MW)

March 20, 2015

Source : NPCIL & CSTEP

•Distributional Surcharges–Small charge levied on all utility customers to help finance research and development.

•Renewable Portfolio–Mandate minimum percentage of energy from renewable sources.

•Green Pricing–Allow utilities to profit from conservation programs and charge premium prices for energy from renewable sources.

Promoting Renewable Energy

March 20, 2015

CONCLUSION

• Since energy resources are limited, we must use the available energy with utmost care and not waste it.

• •Judicious and economical use can help in overcoming the energy crisis.

• The wise and economic use of energy resources is called conservation of energy.

• We should use more of renewable sources of energy as they are available in plenty and they don’t pollute the environment. Energy conservation has saved the need for many power plants and fuel imports.

• It has also avoided CO2 and environmental pollution.• Regulations on efficiency work, but voluntary efforts lag far

behind.• In this new era of global warming and high energy costs and

energy shortages, the public must be informed and politicians sought who are sensitive to these issues.

March 20, 2015

Contd. CONCLUSION

• Energy is transformed… not destroyed!!• Even the energy converted in your body follows the law of

conservation of energy.• Chemical potential energy is transferred to kinetic energy

that allows your body to move!!• A person uses about:

– 55 Calories while sleeping for 1 hour– 210 Calories while walking for 1 hour– 850 Calories while running for 1 hour

March 20, 2015

BIBLIOGRAPHY:-

• LBNL, CERC , CSTEP & NPCIL

• Interim report, Planning commission 2011

• Telegraph, FT

• CEA

• BP statistical review report, NHPC,NTPC

• Energy conservation slides

• McGraw-hill

March 20, 2015

T H A N K Y O U

March 20, 2015