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Energy StorageSection 5: Microgrids
PowerPoint Notes
Macrogrids are the current, uni-direction electric grid that has evolved since the early 1900’s.
Electric power flows from central power plants, through high capacity transmission, then through distribution to customers to meet their demand.
In California, the operation of the bulk supply and transmission market is controlled by the California Independent System Operator (www.caiso.com).
Note that the electric transmission system is owned and maintained by utilities and some other entities.
The electric distribution systems are operated by the electric utilities .
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There isn’t an “official” definition for Micro grids.
This definition captures the primary characteristics of Microgrids.
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Energy StorageSection 5: Microgrids
PowerPoint Notes
Microgrids typically have one or more connections to the Macrogrid.
The interconnection between micro and macrogrids is call the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). The PCC is a point in the electrical system where multiple customers or multiple electrical loads may be connected. According to IEEE-519, this should be a point which is accessible to both the utility and the customer for direct measurement.
What is internal to the Microgrid will define it’s potential capability -
• Static loads
• Dynamic Loads
• Responsive Loads
• Renewable Electric Generation
• Non-renewable Electric Generation
• Energy Storage
– Electric
– Thermal
Microgrid costs, and/or benefits, may impact the utility’s Macrogrid and the customers within the Microgrid.
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† Considering only the islanding capabilities of microgrids
* Considering islanding capabilities and the benefits of coordinated (microgrid) controls
‡ The response here is truly “it depends”. E.g., if clean/green electricity is stored in a battery, then the loss of energy
to convert and reconvert back into electricity means that more energy has to be consumed.
Conversely, if battery storage helps stabilize intermittent renewables feeding the distribution grid, then the grid requires fewer nonrenewable fuel-fired central plants to generate power / VAR (Volt-Ampere Reactive) etc. for grid stabilization.
Notes
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Energy StorageSection 5: Microgrids
PowerPoint Notes
Microgrids offer a new way of configuring the delivery to electricity to customers.
There are other considerations when discussion microgrid implementation and deployment.
Size – Microgrids are not necessarily limited in size. Rather they are smaller, or “nested” within Macrogrids.
Ownership – Microgrids do not have to be owned by the utility.
Goals – Microgrids should be designed with a specific goal in mind because this effects how it is constructed and operated.
Risks – Microgrids can shift risk from utilities to microgrid operators and/or customers.
Efficiency – Microgrids can offer efficient and resilient power generation and distribution, avoiding T&D losses.
Security – Microgrids can provide security against large-scale grid failure or sabotage.
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Project Overview
• Microgrid project to be located in Town of New Paltz, NY.
• Receiving NYSERDA funding.
• In cooperation with Central Hudson Gas & Electric.
• Technical Team = Microgrid Institute, Hitachi, Green Energy Corp, TeMix.
The goal is to conduct an honest assessment using the available information and data in order to assess what is feasible and actionable.
This study will assess the community’s needs, available/required technologies, and opportunities to develop community partnerships.
At the end of the study, there should be a solid understanding of the project and the general timeline, costs, and structure.
Information will be required from community members to assess:
• The community’s needs;
• The community’s electric/thermal systems and equipment and demand energy resources (e.g. distributed generation, energy efficiency, smart grid);
• Opportunities to develop strong stakeholder partnerships.
Project Objectives• Ensure highly resilient energy supplies for facilities and services that
are critical to health, safety, and economic vitality.
• Increase the community’s energy efficiency and decrease its environmental footprint.
• Expand and optimize the use of local clean energy resources – most notably, solar and biomass.
• Modernize local grid infrastructure and establish a platform for development and operation of innovative and competitive energy assets and resources.
Notes:
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San Diego Zoo and SDG&E Collaborate on Solar-to-EV Project.The City of San Diego and Clean Tech San Diego partnered to complete the Solar-to-EV Project –
• A one-of-a-kind 90-kilowatt solar canopy in the parking lot shared by the San Diego Zoo and Balboa Park.
• Unveiled by Mayor Jerry Sanders Tuesday November 27th, the system uses a Princeton Power Systems DRI-100, an inverter specifically modified for SDG&E’s purpose of allowing fast charging of electric vehicles from renewable sources.
• The first of its kind in the country, the Solarto-EV Project allows electric vehicles to operate directly from renewable solar energy, and could prove to be the platform for future sustainable energy solutions.
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Budget: $8.0M DOE and $2.8M CEC plus matching funds from SDG&E and partners
Benefits• Integrate and leverage various generation and storage configurations.• Reduce the peak load of feeders and enhance system reliability.• Enable customers to become more active participants in managing their energy use.
Site Strengths•Distant and isolated load pocket entirely surrounded by a state park.•High concentration of solar generation – NEM (~ 1 MW) – Transmission (LGIA) 26 MW (2/13) – Distribution (WDAT) 6 MW (9/14) – Potential for reliability enhancements – Opportunity to balance supply and demand to be more self-sufficient
Distributed GenerationTwo 1.8 MW diesel generators
Substation Energy Storage (SES)2 units with 1.5MW/4.5MWh capacity
Community Energy Storage (CES)Energy storage that supports a small area, usually up to ~ 100kw.Installed: 3 units with ~ 75KW/150KWh capacity.
Goals• Enhance Emergency Readiness
• Increase Operational Flexibility
• Decrease Outage Response Times
• Increase Grid Resiliency
• Demonstrate New Microgrid Technologies
• Increase Microgrid Load Capacity
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So What Makes up the Microgrid at UC San Diego? It is an integrated system of energy sources and energy storage along with the sophisticated software that controls it.
Currently, power is produced from several key sources: a fuel cell, solar, and a cogeneration plant. All together, these power generation assets provide 35.1 megawatts of power, which equates to about 75 percent of the campus’ peak power demand. Any additional power needs are provided by San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E), the local utility.
Fuel Cell: The 2.8 megawatt fuel cell is the largest such cell on any college campus and provides about 8 percent of UC San Diego’s total energy needs. The fuel cell utilizes methane gas, turning it into electricity without combustion. Instead, there is a chemical reaction between hydrogen atoms and oxygen molecules, yielding water and electricity. The Point Loma Wastewater Treatment Plant provides the purified methane, which is then injected into an existing gas pipeline to supply the UC San Diego fuel cell as well as two fuel cells at City of San Diego sites.
Solar: Solar power comes from 2.3 megawatts of conventional flat panel photovoltaics (rooftop solar) and two sun-tracking, light-concentrating photovoltaic arrays.
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Cogeneration: The award-winning 30 megawatt natural-gas-fired combined heat and power system provides 85 percent of the campus’s annual electricity needs and saves $8 million a year in energy costs. The plant generates electricity to run lights and equipment and produces steam for heating, ventilation and air conditioning for the campus. At night, water chillers fill a 4million-gallon storage tank with cold water. The water is then used during the warmest time of day to cool campus buildings.
Energy StorageThe idea behind energy storage systems is to store the energy created by renewable resources – because the sun doesn’t always shine and the wind doesn’t always blow – so it can be used at other times when needed. The technology is considered key to enhancing grid reliability and is critical to a resilient, efficient, clean and cost-effective grid. “UC San Diego has one of the most diverse energy storage portfolios of any university in the world,” says Gary Matthews UCSD Vice Chancellor for Resource Management and Planning. “We are currently using or testing several different types of battery/chemical storage systems, an ultracapacitor-based system and a thermal energy storage system. We know that energy storage has the potential to transform the global energy landscape and we’re proud to be a part of that effort.”
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