Energy Storage Applications

For the Electric Grid

IMRE GYUK, PROGRAM MANAGER ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH, DOE

GE 10 - 23 - 08

Energy Storage provides Energy

when it is needed

just as Transmission provides Energy

where it is needed

Storage links

Variable Load

with

Variable Generation

Domains of Power

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Consumer Products

Aerospace

Military

Traction

Ships

UtilityHybrid Electric Vehicles

Utility

DRIVERS FOR THE MODERN GRID:

DIGITIZATION OF SOCIETY:INCREASED POWER QUALITY

ECOLOGICAL CONCERN:DISPATCHABLE RENEWABLES

GROWTH IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION:INCREASED ASSET UTILIZATION

***SECURITY

STORAGE CONTRIBUTES TO SOLUTION!

A. Nourai

Storage Technologies and Regimes of Application

POWER QUALITY,

VOLTAGE and FREQUENCY

REGULATION

Ni-Cd Battery for Voltage Support

Golden Valley Co-opWorld’s most Powerful Battery 40 MW in Fairbanks, Alaska!

In 2006: responded to 82 eventspreventing 311,000 member outages

U.S. Industry Loss from Outages: $79 Billion

Short Outages: $52 Billion

Grid Frequency Regulationwith Fast Storage:

Current method to balance constantly shifting load fluctuation is to vary the frequency and periodically adjust generation in response to an ISO signal. Fast storage could respond instantaneously!

A flywheel being assembled Containerized 7 Flywheel System

CEC / DOE PROJECT:

Beacon Power 100 kW Flywheel System for Grid Frequency Regulation

Design for a 20MW Facility with100kW flywheels funded by DOE

Flywheels represent a 70-80% reduction in CO2 emission over present methods

(Fioravanti, KEMA, 2007)

Regulation by fast storage may be twice as effective than gas turbines and 20 times more effective than steam turbines.(Y. Makarov, PNNL, 1908)

New Developments:

AES tests 2 x 1MW / 15minAltairnano Lithium-Titanate batteriesfor regulation services.To be deployed in PJM.

Integration of new 100kW BeaconFlywheel to be tested on SCE grid in CA in conjunction with Intelligent Agent Technology

1MW / 15 min Flywheel System readyfor installation at New York site

Regulation can best be effected by fast storage – Flywheel or Battery

Another, supplemental, option is demand reduction,

either by large industrial customers

or by smartgrid enabled household appliances

After widespread introduction of PHEVs

Incidental charging could also contribute

FERC Order No. 890, issued in 2007 is intended to promote greater competition in electricity markets, strengthen the

reliability of the grid, and allow so-called “non-generation” resources to participate in regulation markets on a non-

discriminatory basis.

What is needed:

Permanent market rules that will allow fast storage technologies to provide regulation services based on terms

and conditions comparable to those under which other market participants operate.

A faster Area Control Signal that allows storage system to utilize their instantaneous response – possibly

two ACE signals

PEAK SHAVING

ENERGY MANAGEMENT

UPGRADE DEFERRAL

Energy Storage will allow increased Asset Utilization for Generation and Transmission thereby reducing the Number of Polluting Peaker Plants

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95% Load Level

Peak load 25% higher than 95% load level

MISO Load Duration Curve

FLOW BATTERIES:

Power and Energy are separated.Power Depends on the Conversion Cell Energy Depends on the Stored Electrolyte

Vanadium Redox

Zinc-Bromine

CASTLE ROCK, UTAH VRB TANK INSTALLATION

Peaking Without Upgrade 209 mile feeder500kW / 2MWhVanadium Redox BatteryBy VRB Power Systems5 years unmanned Service

AEP / DOE PROJECT

Generic Design funded by DOE

S&C Power Conditioning System developed with DOE Funding (R&D 100)

Commissioned June 26, 2006

1.2 MW / 6hr NaS Batteryfor Substation Support:

First Commercial Application in US.Provides Backup during Peak LoadDeferred Upgrade for 3 YearsReduces Transformer Heat upPotential Arbitrage Benefits 10K/month

Charleston, WV Appalachian Power Substation

Three 600-HP compressors + 1 MW NaS battery

NYSERDA / DOE PROJECT:For 1,800HP Natural Gas Compressor in a Long Island NG Refueling Station for 220 Busses

Relieves LIPA Peak Load,Eliminates Night Shift at Plant

Partnership with NYPA

Costshares from NY ISO, TVA,EPRI, Southern, First Energy,ComEd, PSE&G, APPA, LIPA,Hydro Quebec, San Diego G&E

1MW NaS Batteryto Store Off Peak Power

Several similar projects coming up:

AEP: 3 projects @ 2MW each (NaS)

PG&E: 6 MW (NaS)

Duke: 1 MW (ZnBr, Premium Power)

Delhi Co-op (NY): 500 kW (Axion, Zebra)........

RENEWABLES DISPATCH

SMOOTHING, RAMPING,

and PEAK SHIFTING

Aggressive Renewable Standards:

CA – 20% by 2010NV – 20% by 2015NY - 24% by 2013

Kyoto Protocol!!!

Such Mandates imply Backup by

Standby Fossil Fuel Generation

or

Sizable Energy Storage Deployment

to achieve Grid Stability

A little Semantics:

Are Renewables

intermittent, variable, or flexible ?

Is Smoothing and Ramping Backup

required for Renewables

or necessary for grid stability?

Wind fluctuates fast! Condon,Oregon Wind Voltage, 5 minute samples

July 14-Aug.14

Variable Renewable Generation will increase the Need for Regulation

20% Renewables expected in CA by 2012

47 - 138% Increase in Regulation expected

(Hawkins, CA-ISO, 2007)

An Urban Legend:

Random Fluctuations fromgeographically diverse sources

do not cancel out.

Instead:

R = sqrt ( (R12 + R2

2 )/2)

Noise + Noise = more Noise

It doesn’t matter whether Fluctuations come from Load or

Generation

they still need Regulation!and that can be provided

most efficiently by Storage.

Wind will ramp up or down very fast!(BPA Data)

In Texas on Feb. 26, 2008 Wind Power dropped 1200MW in 10 Minutes.The Disturbance was registered

throughout the U.S. and as far as Manitoba!

Blackouts were avoided by massive Load shedding by industrial customers.

The Wind doesn’t blow when you need it!

Texas wind is anti-correlated too.

Padre Cocha, Peru

Load: 300 kWh/day Peak: 42 kWGenerator: 100 kWPV: 30 kW peakL/A Gel Battery System: 384 kWh

Battery SOC and Generator Power vs. Time of DayRAPS - Community Power System

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Generator PowerLoad kWBattery SOC

Diesel / Wind / Battery Hybridat King Island, Tasmania

1500 kW Diesel2450 kW Wind200 kW / 4 hrs

VRB Batteries

Batteries will: Smooth short term WindFirm CapacityLoad Shift to optimize Diesel

Operation Schematic

Experience shows that running

Diesel Generators at constant Power Output

Saves some 20% in Fuel,

Decreases Pollution,

and Increases Lifetime of the Generator

NYSERDA / DOE ProjectCUNY La Guardia Campus,

100kW PV + 150kW / 2hr StorageAxion Lead / Carbon Battery

Intended to provide 250kW Peakingas Part of NYCity 8 MW Solar Target

Kickoff Oct. 2, 2008

Rokkasho Windfarm in Northern Japan

Japan Target:

3,000 MW Wind by 2010

Rokkasho:

51 MW Wind

34 MW / 7 hr NaS Storage

Night Day

ChargeWindCompens. Power

Discharge

24 Hour Advance Planning dependingon Wind and Load Forecast

Compressed Air Energy Storage CAES

Inexpensive Off-Peak Power is used to Compress Air for Storage in Aquifers, Salt Domes or Caverns.

On-Peak, Compressed Air is used as Input for Gas Turbine Compressor,

increasing Efficiency

EXISTING CAES PLANTS:

Huntdorf, Germany (290 MW)

McIntosh, Alabama. (110 MW)

Glacial Drift

Devonian Carbonates

Maquoketa Shale

Galena

Decorah-Platteville

St. Peter (Storage Zone)

Prairie Du Chein

Jordan

Eau Clair Sand & Shale

Mt. Simon Sandstone

Glacial Drift

Devonian Carbonates

Maquoketa Shale

Galena

Decorah-Platteville

St. Peter (Storage Zone)

Prairie Du Chein

Jordan

Eau Clair Sand & Shale

Mt. Simon Sandstone

COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE: A DOE/ Iowa Muni Project

268 MW Aquifer Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) using off- peak Power. 2000 MW of Wind at play in Iowa.Planned by Iowa Associated Municipal Utilities.

Several other CAES projects are under consideration by EPRI and others (PSEG, NYSEG)

Energy Storage can:

Provide Power Quality and Digital Reliability,

Provide Voltage and Frequency Regulation and smooth Renewable Contributions

Allow better Asset Utilizationof Generation and Transmission

Provide Spinning Reserve and Energy Management

to Accommodate Renewables Resources

Transmission& Distribution

DistributionSubstation

Commercial

Industrial

Gensets , FC, LM

Gensets , Solar, Fuel Cells (FC), Load Management (LM)

Residential

TransmissionSubstation

IGCC - FC Hybrid, Biomass, Solar, Nuclear, Direct Carbon FC

Bulk Generation

Gensets , Solar, FC, LM

Transmission& Distribution

DistributionSubstation

Commercial

Industrial

Gensets , FC, LM

Gensets , Solar, Fuel Cells (FC), Load Management (LM)

Residential

TransmissionSubstation

Bulk Generation

Gensets , Solar, FC, LM

Wind

Nourai, AEP

Distributed Storage, Distributed Generation, and Distributed Intelligence will be essential for the

Grid of the Future

Energy Storage is a Disruptive Technology

whose Adoption will induce a Paradigm Shift

in the Entire Utility Industry !!!

RESOURCES

http://www.sandia.gov/ess/

http://www.electricitystorage.org/

EPRI/DOE Energy Storage Handbook

ESA (DC, May ‘09), EESAT (Seattle,Oct. 09)