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ENERGY STORAGEFOR THE MODERN GRID
IMRE GYUK, PROGRAM MANAGERENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH, DOE
APS 3 - 2 - 08
Energy Storage provides Energy
when it is needed
just as Transmission provides Energy
where it is needed
Scales of Power
10000
1
10
100
1000
10k10 100 1k 100k
Cu
rren
t (A
)
Voltage (V)
Consumer Products
Aerospace
Military
Traction
Ships
UtilityHybrid Electric
VehiclesUtility
DRIVERS FOR THE MODERN GRID:
DIGITIZATION OF SOCIETY:
INCREASED POWER QUALITY
ECOLOGICAL CONCERN:
DISPATCHABLE RENEWABLES
GROWTH IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION:
INCREASED ASSET UTILIZATION
ENERGY STORAGE OFFERS A SOLUTION!
PQ,
Digital
Reliability
DER Support for
Load Following
Peak Shaving
to Avoid
Demand Charges
Voltage Support,
Transients
Smoothing
of Renewables,
Frequ. Reg.
Micro Grids
Dispatchability
Of Renewables
Mitigation of Transm. Congest.
Spinning Reserve
LOAD
GRID
POWER ENERGYSeconds minutes – hours diurnal
ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS
Momentary Interruptions(<5min) are More Costly than Sustained Interruptions
Momentary Interruptions
67%
Sustained Interruptions
33%
U.S. Total: $79 Billion
$52.3 Billion
$26.3 Billion
Joe Eto LBL
Outage Costs for U.S. Industry estimated at$79 Billion Annually in a recent study by Joe Eto, LBL
Total U.S. Cost of Electricity $250 Billion Annually
Nine Nines of Reliability cannot be provided by
Generation---
Only Energy Storagecan provide
seamless Continuity of Power Supply
Ni-Cd Battery for Outage Support
World’s most Powerful Battery 40 MW in Fairbanks, Alaska!
In 2006: responded to 82 eventspreventing 311,000 member outages
Flywheels for Grid Frequency Regulation
Current method to balance constantly shifting load fluctuation is to vary the frequency and periodically adjust generation in response to an ISO signal. Flywheel storage could respond instantaneously!
A Beacon Flywheel being assembled
Containerized 7 Flywheel System
CEC / DOE PROJECT:
Beacon Power 100 kW Flywheel System for Grid Frequency Regulation
Design for a 20MW Facility with100kW flywheels funded by DOE
Flywheels represent an 80% reduction in CO2 emission over present methods
In addition, Flywheels are twice as effective as Fossil Generation
100 MW of storage could eliminate 90% of Frequency Variationin California
Substantial Penetration of
Intermittent Renewable Generation
such as Wind, Wave or Solar
will considerably increase
Voltage (Frequency) Fluctuations ...
which in turn requires
increased Frequency Regulation
and needs extra Fossil Generation
or else Energy Storage
The BPA / DOE Wind Project:
To Smooth out Fluctuations from a 48 MW Wind Farm on the BPA Grid
Measured Wind VoltageJuly 14-Aug.14, 06
3-phase coupling transformer
Grid
PCC 69 kV34.5 kV
ETO-Based ConverterSupercaps
Condon, OR Wind Farm Weak grid Pronounced PQ issues 10 MVA Statcom BPA, DOE, TVA, EPRI Prototype for smoothing major contributions from Wind and Wave Energy
48MW Wind Farm
Wind Integration
GENERATION: 2 x 225 kW Energy Bridge Ultracaps 950 kW Wind Turbine (Average!) 800 kW + 350kW Backup Diesel 250 kW Natural Gas Backup Generator 244 kW Hydroelectric Generator
LOAD: 320 kW Critical Load 930 kW Non-critical Load
450 kW Maxwell EC-Capacitorsto provide Wind Smoothing and Backup Power for the Palmdale, CA Water Treatment Plant CEC / DOE PROJECT
The Palmdale, CA Treatment Plant
ULTRACAPS FOR A 1.25 MW MICRO-GRID:
Energy Storage will allow increased Asset Utilization for Generation and Transmission thereby reducing the Number of Polluting Peaker Plants
40
60
80
100
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Number of Hours
Lo
ad
(G
W)
95% Load Level
Peak load 25% higher than 95% load level
MISO Load Duration Curve
FLOW BATTERIES:
Power and Energy are separated.Power Depends on the Conversion CellEnergy Depends on the Stored Electrolyte
Vanadium Redox
Zinc-Bromine
CASTLE ROCK, UTAH VRB TANK INSTALLATION
Provides Peak PowerWithout Distrib. Upgrade500kW / 2MWhVanadium Redox BatteryBy VRB Power SystemsExpandable to 1MW
SODIUM-SULFUR (NAS) BATTERY
Schematic Diagram of NaS Cell
6 MW / 8hrs NGK Sodium-SulfurBatteries for Load Management and Backup at a Japanese Resort Town
Three 600-HP compressors + 1 MW NaS battery
NYSERDA / DOE PROJECT:For 1,800HP Natural Gas Compressor in a Long Island NG Refueling Station for 220 Busses
Relieves LIPA Peak Load,Eliminates Night Shift at Plant
Partnership with NYPA
Costshares from NY ISO, TVA, EPRI, Southern, First Energy, ComEd, PSE&G, APPA, LIPA, Hydro Quebec, San Diego G&E
1MW NaS Batteryto Store Off Peak Power
AEP / DOE PROJECT
Generic Design funded by DOE
S&C Power Conditioning System developed with DOE Funding (R&D 100)
Commissioned June 26, 2006
1.2 MW / 6hr NaS Batteryfor Substation Support:
First Commercial Application in US. Provides Backup during Peak Load Defers Upgrade by 5 to 6 Years Reduces Transformer Heat up Potential Arbitrage Benefits 10K/month
Charleston, WV Appalachian Power Substation
Such Mandates can only be reached
if Renewables are smoothed
and made dispatchable
by Energy Storage
Storage can also increase total
Throughput of Renewable Energy
by improving Asset Utilization
on Transmisssion Lines
Diesel / Wind / Battery Hybrid at King Island, Tasmania
1500 kW Diesel2450 kW Wind 200 kW / 4 hrs VRB Batteries
Batteries will: Smooth short term WindFirm CapacityLoad Shift to optimize Diesel
Operation Schematic
Experience shows that running
Diesel Generators at constant Power Output
Saves some 20% in Fuel,
Decreases Pollution,
and Increases Lifetime of the Generator
Rokkasho Windfarm in Northern Japan
Japan Target:
3,000 MW Wind by 2010
Rokkasho:
51 MW Wind
34 MW / 7 hr NaS Storage
Night Day
ChargeWindCompens. Power
Discharge
24 Hour Advance Planning dependingon Wind and Load Forecast
Expected Completion Date: April 2008
Fossil Fuel Generation produces Greenhouse Gases
In addition, Coal-fired Generation has adverse Health Impacts
Ontario Medical Association estimated such Health effects at $10 Billion
annually for Ontario’s 3,000 MW of Coal
Glacial Drift
Devonian Carbonates
Maquoketa Shale
Galena
Decorah-Platteville
St. Peter (Storage Zone)Prairie Du
Chein
Jordan
Eau Clair Sand & ShaleMt. Simon Sandstone
Glacial Drift
Devonian Carbonates
Maquoketa Shale
Galena
Decorah-Platteville
St. Peter (Storage Zone)Prairie Du
Chein
Jordan
Eau Clair Sand & ShaleMt. Simon Sandstone
COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE: A DOE/ Iowa Muni Project
Inexpensive Off-Peak Power is used to Compress Air for Storage in Aquifers. On-Peak, Compressed Air is used as Input for Gas Turbine Compressor, increasing Efficiency
200 MW Aquifer Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) with 75 MW of Wind and off-peak Power planned byIowa Associated Municipal Utilities
US:
Congressional Interest: FY07 Energy Bill has separate Storage Section with substantial Funding DOE Office of Science Initiative on Basic Storage Research DOE Solar, Vehicle Program have Storage programs Programs at CEC, NYSERDA, BPA continue with new solicitations Interest among Utilities such as AEP, PG&E, SoCalEdison, NRECA Interest among Investment Community Global Cimate and Energy Project at Stanford, $3M solicitation
International:
Australia: Storage Initiative with 6 Projects Canada: National Resource Canada preparing Initiative Saudi Arabia: New Research Center at Dhahran. Storage one of 5 initiatives Basque Rebublic: New renewables Research Center with Wave Energy and Storage as top priority
Energy Storage can:
Provide Power Quality and Digital Reliability,
Provide Voltage and Frequency Regulation to smoothe Renewables
Allow better Asset Utilization of Generation and Transmission
Provide Spinning Reserve and Energy Management
to make Renewables Dispatchable
Cost, Cost, Cost! Reliability Lifetime Efficiency Environmental Acceptability Safety Compactness
Requirements for Storage Technologies
in Utility Applications
Develop Batteries and Supercapacitors with Double the Energy Density, Double the Lifetime, and Improved Safety
Basic Research Needs for Storage – DOE Office of Science
Energy = ½ C V2
Research new Tailored Electrolytes with higher Voltage
Research nano-structured Electrodes with better penetration
Develop Ultra- high speed Flywheels with energy densities 5x Li-Ion
Materials with high tensile Strength and high tensile modulus such as Carbon-nanotubes fused in Glass or Silica allow use of speeds up to and beyond 1M RPM !
Transmission
& Distribution
Distribution
Substation
Commercial
Industrial
Gensets , FC, LM
Gensets , Solar, Fuel Cells (FC),
Load Management (LM)
Residential
Transmission
Substation
IGCC - FC Hybrid, Biomass,
Solar, Nuclear, Direct Carbon FC
Bulk Generation
Gensets , Solar, FC, LM
Transmission
& Distribution
Distribution
Substation
Commercial
Industrial
Gensets , FC, LM
Gensets , Solar, Fuel Cells (FC),
Load Management (LM)
Residential
Transmission
Substation
Bulk Generation
Gensets , Solar, FC, LM
Wind
Nourai, AEP
Distributed Storage, Distributed Generation, and Distributed Intelligence will be essential for the
Grid of the Future
IN CONCLUSION:
• Energy Storage can be an effective Tool for Utilities as well as Customers
• Storage Technology is developing more Options for more potential Applications
• The Importance of Storage to the Gridis becoming increasingly Accepted
Energy Storage
is a Disruptive Technologywhose Adoption will induce a
Paradigm Shiftin the Entire Utility Industry
!!!
RESOURCES
http://www.sandia.gov/ess/
EPRI/DOE Energy Storage Handbook
ESA Annual Meeting (Anaheim, May, ’08)
DOE Prog. Rev. (DC, Sep. ‘08)