ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
GRID SCALE ENERGY STORAGE | 25TH JUNE 2012
ITM POWER DESIGNS
AND MANUFACTURES
HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
FOR ENERGY STORAGE AND
CLEAN FUEL PRODUCTION
Contents
• Principles of Energy Storage
• Energy Storage Applications
• Energy Storage Technologies
• Mechanical Storage Systems
• Electrochemical Storage Systems
• Sector Export
• Business Case
ITM POWER DESIGNS
AND MANUFACTURES
HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
FOR ENERGY STORAGE AND
CLEAN FUEL PRODUCTION
ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
GRID SCALE ENERGY STORAGE | 25TH JUNE 2012
Energy is the largest global market
• Market being completely overhauled
• Complete energy supply-chain rethink
• Colossal global capital investment
BUSINESS PROPOSITION
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
PROBLEM | OPPORTUNITY
“Climate change is an opportunity. It isn't necessarily a burden. …
This way of thinking - of focusing on the costs and not the
opportunities has contributed to getting us bogged down.”
Joseph Stiglitz
Energy storage is the missing link
• Essential for energy sector decarbonisation
• Electrifying transport
• Electrifying heat
• Power | Transport | Heat
• Optimising energy systems
MISSING LINK
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
ENERGY STORAGE
SUPPLY | DEMAND DYNAMICALLY COUPLED
PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY STORAGE
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
Transmission Electricity User Fuel Generation Distribution
Supply Side Demand Side
Dynamic Coupling
Production matches consumption in sub-second timescale
• The system has no energy storage solution
• How can we use unpredictable generation?
DYNAMIC COUPLING IS UNDERMINED
PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY STORAGE
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
Wind
Transmission Electricity User Fuel Generation Distribution
Supply Side Demand Side
Shifting control from production to consumption
• Energy storage
• Demand side management
• Sector Export
DYNAMIC COUPLING IS UNDERMINED
PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY STORAGE
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
Wind
Transmission Electricity User Fuel Generation Distribution
Supply Side Demand Side
Distributed Energy Storage Bulk Energy Storage
Shifting control from production to consumption
• Energy storage
• Demand side management
• Sector Export
DYNAMIC COUPLING IS UNDERMINED
PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY STORAGE
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
Wind
Transmission Electricity User Fuel Generation Distribution
Supply Side Demand Side
Distributed Energy Storage Bulk Energy Storage DSM
Shifting control from production to consumption
• Energy storage
• Demand side management
• Sector Export
DYNAMIC COUPLING IS UNDERMINED
PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY STORAGE
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
Wind
Transmission Electricity User Fuel Generation Distribution
Supply Side Demand Side
Distributed Energy Storage Bulk Energy Storage DSM
Sector Export Fuel User
Shifting control from production to consumption
• Energy storage
• Demand side management
• Sector Export
SEGMENTED BY SIZE & STORAGE TIME
Technologies | Applications
• Commodity storage
• Renewable energy management
• Power Quality
• Customer Energy Management
SEGMENTATION BY STORAGE TIME | SIZE
STORAGE APPLICATIONS
SEGMENTED BY SIZE & STORAGE TIME
Technologies | Applications
• Supercapacitors
• Flywheels
• Batteries
• Flow cells
• Compressed Air
• Pumped hydro
• Hydrogen
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
SEGMENTATION BY STORAGE TIME | SIZE
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Mechanical Inertia
• 3000 rpm | 50Hz
• Power | Frequency shedding
• Max 4% swing 48Hz|52Hz
• Obligation average 50Hz in 1hour
MECHANICAL INERTIA
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Dinorwig Pumped Hydro Storage
• On-line in 1984
• 1890MW for 5hrs; 70% efficient
• Cost $310m ($164/kW, $33/kWhr)
• Frequency regulation services
• 8 sites were surveyed by CEGB
PUMPED HYDRO
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Dinorwig Pumped Hydro Storage
• On-line in 1984
• 1890MW for 5hrs; 70% efficient
• Cost $310m ($164/kW, $33/kWhr)
• Frequency regulation services
• 8 sites were surveyed by CEGB
PUMPED HYDRO
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Dinorwig Pumped Hydro Storage
• On-line in 1984
• 1890MW for 5hrs; 70% efficient
• Cost $310m ($164/kW, $33/kWhr)
• Frequency regulation services
• 8 sites were surveyed by CEGB
CAPACITY BY TECHNOLOGY | Q4 2011
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Compressed Air Energy Storage
• Relatively long-term storage (several hours or days)
• Two CAES facilities now operating, one in Germany and one in Alabama.
• McIntosh, Alabama operating since 1991
• Reduces fuel consumption by 25 percent.
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Compressed Air Wind Turbines
• Conceptual
• Cuts out the middle man!
• Direct coupling of wind and conventional generation
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE
BEACON ENERGY | FLYWHEELS
Flywheel Energy Storage
• Instantaneous response
• Frequency regulation services
• 20MW Beacon Power
• 100kW units
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE
BEACON ENERGY | FLYWHEELS
Flywheel Energy Storage
• Instantaneous response
• Frequency regulation services
• 20MW Beacon Power
• 100kW units
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Aerial view of Beacon Power’s 20MW flywheel energy storage plant in Stephentown, New
York, which began operating in January. The facility stores and returns energy on a
moment-to-moment basis to provide grid-stabilizing frequency regulation services.
REGONE PLOT | ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIES
ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Regone Plot: Supercapacitors | Batteries | Hydrogen
• Ultra and Super Caps
• Batteries
• Fuel Cells
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
BATTERIES
LEAD ACID | PIONEERS
Batteries: Mid Time Lapse (2hrs)
• Early trials using lead acid batteries
• Cannot separate power and energy
• EPRI cost target $1000 kW | $100 kWhr
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
BATTERIES
SODIUM SULPHUR
Na|S Batteries: Mid Time Lapse (2hrs)
• American Electric Power's grid in Charleston
• Batteries from NGK Insulators of Japan
• Three capable of discharging 6MW
• Operates at 300 to 350oC (Molten NaSx)
• Cost about $27 million
• Fire at NGK in Japan in 2011
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
BATTERIES
LITHIUM ION | EV BATTERIES
AES | A123
• A123 system uses spent EV batteries
• AES Energy Storage main contractor
• 12MW in Chile
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
A123 Systems batteries supply up to 12 megawatts of power at the Los Andes substation in Chile
BATTERIES
AES | A123 Laurel Mountain West Virginia
• 97.6MW wind farm
• 32MW | 64MWhrs Energy Storage
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
LITHIUM ION | EV BATTERIES
FLOW CELLS | REGENESYS
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Flow Cells | Separates Power From Energy
• Ideal for long term bulk storage
• Modular design
• Designed and built in UK
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Flow Cells | Separates Power From Energy
• Little Barford; 100MWhr (10MW x 10hr)
• Demonstrated the scalability of electrochemistry
• Valued by CSFB at £1bn
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
FLOW CELLS | REGENESYS
VRB | PRUDENT ENERGY
Vanadium Flow Cells
• Inventor: Prof Maria Skyllas-Kazacos
• VRB owned Regenesys and Sumitomo technologies
• VRB were bought out of administration by Prudent
• V2+|V3+ V5+|V4+
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
FLOW CELLS | VANADIUM
VRB | PRUDENT ENERGY
Vanadium Flow Cells
• Inventor: Prof Maria Skyllas-Kazacos
• VRB owned Regenesys and Sumitomo technologies
• Bought out of administration by Prudent
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
FLOW CELLS | VANADIUM
ZBB ENERGY CORP
Zinc Bromine | Flow Cells
• ZBB EnerStore battery is built in 50kWh modules
• Expandable to 500kWh in a singular enclosure
• 2MWh or more on a single point of connection
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
FLOW CELLS | ZINC BROMINE
HYDROGEN | ELECTROLYSER | FUEL CELL
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Hydrogen | Energy Storage
• Electrolysers produce H2 & O2 from power
• Fuel cells produce power from H2 & O2
• Combinations from energy storage systems
• Separates power from energy
• Power defined by Fuel Cell size
• Energy stored defined by tank size
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Power/H2O
Power/H2O
H2
Sto
rage
O2
Sto
rage
DYNAMIC COUPLING IS UNDERMINED
PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY STORAGE
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
Wind
Transmission Electricity User Fuel Generation Distribution
Supply Side Demand Side
Distributed Energy Storage Bulk Energy Storage DSM
Sector Export Fuel User
Shifting control from production to consumption
• Energy storage
• Demand side management
• Sector Export
Energy storage by DSM hydrogen production
• Modular, scalable and rapid response
• High conversion efficiency
• Ability to accommodate intermittent input
• Separates power from energy
ELECTROLYSIS
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
ELECTROLYSIS
FUEL CELL CARS
APPLICATION | ROLL OUT
FUEL CELL CARS: ROLL OUT DATES
2013
Hyundai ix35 FCEV
2014
Daimler F-Cell
2015
Honda Clarity
2015
Toyota FCV-R
2015
GM Opel HydroGen4
2015
Nissan X-TRAIL FCV
2015
VW HyMotion
2015
Ford Explorer FC SUV
2015
Audi A2H2
2015
Daihatsu FCHV Mini MPV
2015
Mazda 5 Premacy
2015
Renault Scenic ZEV H2
POWER TO GAS
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
POWER TO GAS ENERGY STORAGE
The TSB funded GridGas study
• Opportunity analysis
• Compliance of gas injection
• Rapid response electrolysis
• Gas mixing
• Location of stranded gas assets in the UK
• Potential in Scotland
• Website coming soon (www.gridgas.co.uk)
Compliance Stranded Grids Installation
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
SYNTHETIC METHANE
SNG SYSTEM
Utilising wind and CO2
• Counters wind curtailment
• Best with pure CO2
• Best with CHP
• Big in Germany
COSTS | ATTRACTIVENESS
$1000 kW | $100kWhr
• Adoption is rapid
• Costs are falling
• Analysis is moving target
• Hydrogen analysis out of date
COSTS | ATTRACTIVENESS
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
MARKETS | SIZE
IRR to 30% | Many $50bn
• Adoption follows RE
• 20% capacity threshold
MARKETS | SIZE
STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Energy is the largest global market
• Market being completely overhauled
• Complete energy supply-chain rethink
• Colossal global capital investment
BUSINESS PROPOSITION
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
PROBLEM | OPPORTUNITY
“Climate change is an opportunity. It isn't necessarily a burden. …
This way of thinking - of focusing on the costs and not the
opportunities has contributed to getting us bogged down.”
Joseph Stiglitz
Contents
• Principles of Energy Storage
• Energy Storage Applications
• Energy Storage Technologies
• Mechanical Storage Systems
• Electrochemical Storage Systems
• Sector Export
• Business Case
ITM POWER DESIGNS
AND MANUFACTURES
HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
FOR ENERGY STORAGE AND
CLEAN FUEL PRODUCTION
ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
GRID SCALE ENERGY STORAGE | 25TH JUNE 2012