Date post: | 09-Jun-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | vuongtuong |
View: | 222 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Energy storage, Thermal energy storage (TES)
Ron ZevenhovenÅbo Akademi University
Thermal and Flow Engineering Laboratory / Värme- och strömningstekniktel. 3223 ; [email protected]
Advanced Process Thermodynamicscourse # 424520.0 (5 sp) v. 2017
ÅA 424520
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 2/44
4.1 Energy storage
Energy storage - motivationsSeveral reasons motivate the storage of energy, either as heat, cold, or electricity:
– Supplies of energy are in many cases intermittent: supply / demand mismatch
– Increased efficiency of energy use must be part of the future’s energy distribution and use methods
– Improved materials based on nanotechnology (for example) allow for more advanced energy-related applications
– Linked to renewable energy phase-in & fossil energyphase-out
• less emissions to the atmosphere and other environmental impactbut (!) not necessarily water-use-efficient.
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 3
Energy storage – options 1/2 To be distinguished: storage of energy as physical
exergy, and storage as chemical exergy (fuels, batteries)
This gives the following main options:1. Storing energy as chemical
exergy electricity in batteries (chemical potential) or using heat or power to produce fuel (e.g. H2, ethanol) or reduced oxides (Si, Zn), including ”solar fuels”
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 4
Picture: http://www.intechopen.com/books/application-of-solar-energy/fuel-production-using-concentrated-solar-energy
Energy storage – options 2/2 This gives the following main options:
2. Storing energy as physical exergy:• Potential energy storage (e.g. pumped hydropower)• Compression/expansion of gas (e.g. compressed air storage)• Thermal storage as sensible heat: specific heat × Δ temperature• Thermal storage as latent heat: heat of vaporisation, condensation
Important are, besides (of course) energy storage density(ESD), (J/kg or J/m3):– Reversibility (i.e. repeatability), speed of charge/discharge, and
stability (e.g. battery life, melt/solidify/melt/solidify ....... stability)– Size and weight– Complexity and of course costs (capex, opex)
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 5
ÅA 424520
ES supply or demand management
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 6
Source: SS13
ÅA 424520
Mechanical energy storage: hydro
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 7
Pictures: DR02
ÅA 424520
Mechanical energy storage: air
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 8
Pictures: DR02
ÅA 424520
Chemical energy: hydrogen, methane
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 9
Source: SS13
ÅA 424520
Chemical energy: hydrogen storage
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 10
Source: SS13
Investment costsgaseous storage
ÅA 424520
Chemical energy: ammonia
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 11
Source: SS13
ÅA 424520
Chemical energy: batteries
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 12
Source: SS13
ÅA 424520
Secondary batteries: comparison
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 13
Source: SS13
ÅA 424520
Na-S
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 14
Source: SS13
ÅA 424520
Li-air batteries
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 15
Source: SS13
Aqueous (fast) – but water is consumed:
Non-aqueous (as in Figure):
ÅA 424520
ES technologies and costs
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 16
Source: SS13
ÅA 424520
Thermal energy storage: water
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 17
Picture: DR02
~ 2200 kJ/kg
~ 4,2×ΔT kJ/kg
~ 330 kJ/kg
ÅA 424520
Nanomaterials for TES
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 18
TES applications:- Building heating / cooling
e.g. PCM materials- Electronics- Automotive, IC engine- Solar collectors
Source: DR02
ÅA 424520
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 19/44
4.2 Thermal energy storage: heat
ÅA 424520
General TES stages & types
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 20
Diurnal: hours – a daySeasonal: weeks - months
Source: DR02
ÅA 424520
Solar energy driven TES
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 21
Rock-bed/ solar TES
Solar storage tanks: (a) Direct link to collector;
(b) Sensible TES with heat exchanger; (c) Thomason’s technique with both
water and stone as storage media
Source: DR02
ÅA 424520
Thermal stratification TES
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 22
Types and configurations ofstorage tanksHX = heat exchangerHTF = heat transfer fluid
Source: DR02
ÅA 424520
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 23
Aquifer TES (ATES)
Heat pump + ATES
Source: DR02
ÅA 424520
Solar ponds
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 24
(see also course part 2b, and ÅA course New Energy Technologies)Source: DR02
ÅA 424520
Evacuated solar collector TES
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 25
(see also course part 2b, and ÅA course New Energy Technologies)Source: DR02
ÅA 424520
Phase change materials (PCMs)
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 26
Source: http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/jiqweb-pcm-0
TES materials, capacity, temperature
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 27
Source: SS13
TCM (or TCS) = thermochemical storage ; PCM = phase change material
ÅA 424520
Phase change materials (PCMs)
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 28
Source: DR02
ÅA 424520
PCMs physical properties 1/2
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 29
......continues on next pageSource: DR02
ÅA 424520
PCMs physical properties 2/2
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 30
Source: DR02
See also: Pielichosewka and Piliechwoski,Progr. Mat. Sci. 65 (2014) 67-123
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi University - Thermal and Flow Engineering Laboratory Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku FINLAND
31/22
MgCO3 (from large-scale CO2
mineralisation) and TES
See also PCT/US97/15577:
2
MgCO3 + xH2O MgCO3.xH2O + heat
ÅA 424520
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 32/44
4.3 Thermal energy storage for buildings & integration with heat pumps
(incl. R&D @ ÅA)
ÅA 424520
Solar TES with a heat pump
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 33
ÅA 424520
Water sorption on/with a salt
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 34
ÅA 424520
TE storage density with sorption
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 35
ÅA 424520
TE seasonal storage: open / closed
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 36
TES: hydrated magnesium carbonates
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 37
Source:EZ17a,b
@ ÅA
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 38
TES: hydrated magnesium carbonates
Source:EZ17b ”The process” = MgCO3 + xH2O = MgCO3·xH2O + heat
@ ÅA
ÅA 424520
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 39/44
4.4 Thermal energy storage: cold
(see also ÅA course 424519.0 Refrigeration / Kylteknik #8)
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 40/44
Cold thermal energy storage (CTES)
Night-time off-peak (cheaper) energycan be stored (batteries) for day-timepeak use for air conditioning
Cooling capacity can be stored as coldor frozen water, or other materials such as glycol and eutectic salt + water systems
Also special phase transitionmaterials (PCMs) were developed
Note also that with loweroutside (night-time) temperatures, cooling and freezing processes are more efficient!
Pic
ture
: http
://w
ww
.ene
syst
em.c
o.kr
/eng
lish2
/imag
es/o
ur_i
mg0
4.gi
f
PCMs: see http://www.teappcm.com/ (Accessed April 2017)
Chilled water vs. ice banks
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 41
Source: S?
Dependson ΔT
24.4.2017 Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku
42/44
Ice bank with plastic-filled balls
↑ An ice CTES system has 18x more capacity per kg than a water CTES system
Example of an ice TES system →atmosperic ice ball (single tank) system
Pictures: DR02
Partial storage vs. full storage
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 43
refrigerationdemand
Pictures: S?
24.4.2017Åbo Akademi Univ - Thermal and Flow Engineering Piispankatu 8, 20500 Turku 44/44
Sources A-KLL13: H H Al-Kayiem, S C Lin and A Lukmon. Review on Nanomaterials for
Thermal Energy Storage Technologies. Nanoscience & Nanotechnology - Asia, 2013, 3, 60-71
DR02: Dinçer, I, Rosen, M A, Thermal energy storage, Wiley & Sons (2002) DR10: ibid., 2nd edition (2010), available (for ÅA students) via
ALMA http://ezproxy.abo.fi/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/abo/Doc?id=10419102
ESA: Energy storage association http://energystorage.org/ EZ17a: Erlund, R., Zevenhoven, R. “Thermal storage of (solar) energy by
sorption of water in magnesium (hydro)carbonates” Int. J. of Thermodynamics – accepted / in press (2017)
EZ17b: Erlund, R., Zevenhoven, R. “Hydration of magnesium carbonate in a thermal energy storage process and its heating application design” ECOS’2017, July 2- 6, 2017, San Diego (CA) USA - paper 182
S??: Refrigeration technology, Siemens Building technologies (year?) section 7 https://www.downloads.siemens.com/download-center/Download.aspx?pos=download&fct=getasset&id1=8359
SS13: Stolten, D., Scherer, V. Transition to Renewable Energy Systems, Wiley-VCH (2013) Part V: Storage = Chapters 27-33