Dr Reihana MohideenSenior Research Fellow, EEE University of MelbourneMelbourne Energy Institute ‘Energy, Community and

the Region’ Program Lead

Energy Technology Innovation in South AsiaImplications for Gender Equality and Social Inclusion

The transition

Source: Asian Development Bank, Barefoot College India and open source

A. Study Process and Structure

B. Frameworks and Approaches

(i) Technology and Gender Equality & Social Inclusion (GESI) pathways

q Energy/electricity access and use is valuable not in itself, but for what it enables women and men “to do or achieve” -- (Moss and McGann, ‘capabilities’ approaches)

q The history of past energy transitions highlights the critical importance of end-use – consumers and demand -- and indicate that technology and the social settings co-evolve, depending on each other -- (Grubler, world energy systems studies)

q Renewable energy technologies as ‘disruptive technologies’ can transform how energy is produced, distributed and consumed. Distributed systems, such as mini-grids, can potentially provide solutions for inclusive energy access –(Evans & Mohideen, engineering studies)

q Energy services can improve women’s ‘economic’ empowerment (Kelkar, gender and development studies)

Australia

BangladeshBhutan

China

India

Indonesia

South KoreaMalaysia

Maldives

Nepal

Pakistan

Philippines

SingaporeSri Lanka

Timor Leste

Japan

y = 167824x-1.075

R² = 0.8082

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Mat

erna

l Mor

talit

y Ra

tios

Per capita energy consumption (kgoe/capita)

Maternal mortality ratios (MMR) and per capita energy consumption (kgoe/capita)

Author

0

20

40

60

2013 2014 2015

Pene

trat

ion

North America

Europe

Asia and the Pacific

Latin America

Middle East andAfrica

World

Smart meter penetration by Regions (%)

International Energy Agency, TCEP, 2016

(ii) Asia Energy Transition

Age structure of existing power capacity, 2014 (IEA, ETP 2016)

Age structure of existing power capacity

Projected Annual Stationary Energy Storage DeploymentsPower Capacity and Revenue by Market Segment

India: 2016–2025

IFC,World Bank Group, 2017

C. Renewable Energy Technology Audit

The audit to: 1. Identify the

technology types and systems being deployed

2. Understand the type of information being collected

3. Inform GESI integrated system design

4. The technology audit limited to Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, India

5. Based on government data

1. Technology and system types

Grid-connected - ground mounted solar PV, utility-scale or ‘solar parks’; Grid-connected- solar PV rooftop systems; Off-grid and decentralized solar power/home systems;

Biogas programs; Hybrid (solar, wind, diesel genset) mini grids; Wind power – utility scale and mini grid; Small hydro power systems; ‘Waste-to-energy’; Solar water

pumps; Refrigeration, Solar lanterns; ICS; DC minigrids ..

2. Type of information collected

• Technology and system types,• Installed capacity – targets, achievements and

cumulative capacity over the period of the program,• Off-grid systems -- Numbers of units installed,• Financial assistance for each technology type --BPL,

specific vulnerable groups based on ethnicity, caste, remoteness, religion, and female heads of households

Ministry of New & Renewable EnergyProgram/ Scheme wise Physical Progress in 2016-17 & cumulative up to the month of January, 2017

Sector

FY- 2016-17Cumulative Achievements

TargetAchievement (April 2016 - January 2017)

(as on 31.01.2017)

I. GRID-INTERACTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MW)Wind Power 4000 2094.14 28871.59Solar Power 12000 2472.39 9235.24Small Hydro Power 250 67.9 4341.85BioPower (Biomass & Gasification and Bagasse Cogeneration)

400 157 8182

Waste to Power 10 7.5 114.08Total 16660 4798.93 50744.76

• India

II. OFF-GRID/ CAPTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MWEQ)Waste to Energy 15 5.57 164.45Biomass(non-bagasse) Cogeneration 60 0 651.91

Biomass Gasifiers 2 0 18.34-Rural-Industrial 8 4.3 168.54Aero-Generators/Hybrid systems

1 0.38 2.97

SPV Systems 100 115.98 423.02Water mills/micro hydro

1 MW + 500 Water Mills

0.10 MW + 100 Water Mills 18.81

Total 187 126.33 1448.04

Government of Nepal, Alternative Energy Promotion Centre program dataTechnology uptake: Implications of targeted

incentives/subsidies

Solar PV home systems uptake

Domestic biogas plant uptake

Small hydropower plant beneficiaries

Social Inclusion: Technology uptake, ethnic composition

D. Gender integrated systems approach –‘socio-technical’ systems

Community Energy

(i) citizens running projects through communities, such as cooperatives or development trusts; (ii) a cooperative, democratic, or non corporate structure in which individuals participate actively in decision-making; (iii) tangible local benefits to people living or working close to projects; (iv) profits returning to the community or being reinvested in other community energy schemes. IRENA, 2016

Source: European Commission, JRC, Institute for Energy and Transport (2013)

The social dimension of Smart GridA prosumer approach

Smart grids bring in a

new paradigm of

active distribution that

can change the role of

the consumer, communities and

society, transforming

“passive” users into

“active” players – both

as producers and consumers

► prosumers

IEEE ‘smart grid’ Domains

Demand Side Management -- Some definitions

• DSM relates to interventions (top-down and bottom-up policies, programmes and actions) developed and performed by Behaviour Changers (e.g. government agencies, utilities, DSM implementers) that seek to influence the ways in which end users consume energy at home, at their workplace or whilst travelling.

• The changes sought by Behaviour Changers may include the quantity of energy consumed for a given service, patterns of energy consumption or the supply management and type of energy consumed.

• Gender equality considerations cut across all aspects of this.

International Energy Agency

Towards a whole-system approach to future energy

Transmission

HV Distribution

LV Distribution

Conventional Generation

MV Distribution

DG100 M W

DG10 M W

DG<1 M W

Active, responsive Dem

and and Demand side technologies

EVBuildings

heatcoolingtransport

fuels natural gas H2

CHP

water

Socio-Technical Systems

emissions

Pierluigi Mancarella, 2018

T4: Scalability

E3: Stress on ecosystem

S1: Air pollution

I1: Regulations

C1: Cost

S = S1*Ws1+ S2*Ws2 + S3*Ws3 + S4*Ws4 + S5 (Wst + Wsi)

T1: Reliability

S4 = S time saved + S income increased = St + Si

T5: O&M requirements

T3: Availability

T = T1*Wt1 + T2*Wt2 + T3*Wt3 + T4*Wt4 + T5*Wt5

C2: Economic value

C3: Subsidies & credit

E1: GHG emissions

E2: Land requirements

S5: GESI benefits

S2: Services

S3: Income, livelihoods

I3: GESI awareness

I2: Technical capacity

C = C1*Wc1 + C2*Wc2 + C3*Wc3

E = E1*We1 + E2*We2 + E3*We3

I = I1*Wi1 + I2*Wi2 + I3*Wi3

Final Index = T *Wt + C*Wc + E*We + S*Ws + I*Wi

T2: Resilience

S4: Skill levels

1. Technology2. Cost3.Environment4. Social5. Institution

GESI integrated

energy services model

Nerini, Francesco Fuso and others. 2016. A cost comparison of technology approaches for improving access to electricity services. Energy 95. p255-265

Rural electrification ‘threshold’ levels of access

Tier 0 Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 4 Tier 5

Tier Criteria -

Task lightingand

Phonecharging

Generallightingand

Fan (ifneeded

Tier 2and

any mediumpower

appliances

Tier 3and

any highpower

appliances

Tier 2and

any veryhigh powerappliances

Indicative listof appliances

Very lowpower

appliances

Low powerappliances

Mediumpower

appliances

Highpower

appliances

Very highpower

appliances

Lighting - Task LightingMulti-point

generallighting

Entertainment and

communication-

Phonecharging,

radio

Television,computer

Printer

Space cooling and

heating- Fan Air cooler

Airconditioner,space heater

Refrigeration -Refrigerator,

freezer

Mechanical loads

-

Foodprocessor,washingmachine,

water pumpProduct heating

- Iron, hair dryer Water heater

Cooking - Rice cookerToaster,

microwaveElectric cooking

Appli

ance

sTie

rsWorld Bank global tracking framework (GTF)

Tier 0 Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 4 Tier 5Annual consumption levels (Kwh) < 4.5 ≥ 4.5 ≥ 73 ≥ 365 ≥ 1250 ≥ 3000

T3 threshold levels to address GESI criteria

T3 = Food processing and water pumping – reduces women’s

labor time on housework; medium-size electrical

appliances – productive energy use for enterprise development

T3 = Minimum required to provide electricity coverage for

at least 50% of working hours T4 = Minimum capacity

required to cover ‘most of working hours’

T4 = More reliable, affordable, convenient and safe and less

likely to impact negatively on productive activities

Go Beyond the

Light Bulb

Micro Hydro

Biomass Gasification

Diesel Genset

Solar PV

Wind Turbines

PV-Wind Hybrid system,

Stand alone

Solar PV, Stand alone

Diesel Genset, Stand alone

World Bank Global Tracking Framework, Tiers 3-5

Biomasscollection

Diesel import

Electricityimport

Transmission&

Distribution with

Microgrid

Transmission & Distribution from the grid

Multi Criteria Analysis to identify and weight criteria

Gender-sensitive participatory consultation

Application of GESI

mainstreamed technology template

Various electrical

appliances

GESI integrated reference energy system

Reihana Mohideen, building on Nerini’s 2014 Reference Energy System for Timor-Leste.

ØBig technological and social challenges in energy system transition, but also big social opportunities (leap-frogging)

ØThere are opportunities to integrate GESI features and activities:o Financial assistance for RE programs and technology uptake targeting

BPL, vulnerable groups (‘scheduled casts and tribes’)o Employment programs for BPL and womeno Training programs for community-based organizationso Corporate Social Responsibility funds and programs for community

development

ØTechnology innovation is enabled by the policy and regulationo Who makes policy? What ‘principles’ inform frameworks?

ØThe collection of technology data needs to better reflect the transition from the old grid to the newo Designed a new template

Key Findings

ØDistributed generation can potentially provide energy access/rural electrification solutions driven by technology innovation

ØSmall/micro power producers and enterprises are emerging as the backbone of new energy industries

ØThe water-energy nexus has emerged as a critical infrastructure issueo solar PV water pumps to feeder separation

ØDesign of energy projects/power systems need to consider integrated (nexus) approaches, o e.g. energy, water, agricultural production Towards an integrated whole-systems approach…

ØThreshold levels of access to even begin to enable changes in gender relations

§ Need to rethink engineering modelling so as to incorporate socio-economic aspects

§ Towards development of comprehensive socio-technical operational and planning frameworks § Need for integrating social aspects into techno-

economic models

§ Integrate reliability and resilience in planning from a socio-techno-economic perspective

§ Prosumer-centric pursuing of the solution to the energy trilemma/quadlemma

Take-aways

E. Next phase -- pilot study, test case-- monitored over 3-5 years

Thank you!r.mohideen@unimelb.edu.au

Complete study available here https://energy.unimelb.edu.au/articles/energy-

technology-innovation-in-south-asia-implications-for-gender-equality-and-social-inclusion