ENGLISH COMMUNICATION

ENGLISH COMMUNICATIONPARTS OF SPEECHPart of speechFunctionExample wordsExample sentencesVerbaction or state(to) be, have, do, like, work, sing, can, mustSiti is a student.

Ali writes good story.Nounthing or personpen, dog, work, music, town, London, teacher, JohnThis is mydog. He lives in my house. We live inLondon.Adjectivedescribes a nouna/an, the, 2, some, good, big, red, well, interestingI havetwodogs. My dogs arebig. I likebigdogs.Adverbdescribes a verb, adjective or adverbquickly, silently, well, badly, very, reallyMy dog eatsquickly. When he is veryhungry, he eatsreally quickly.Pronounreplaces a nounI, you, he, she, someTara is Indian.Sheis beautiful.Part of speechFunctionExample wordsExample sentencesPrepositionlinks a noun to another wordto, at, after, on, butWe wenttoschoolonMonday.Conjunctionjoins clauses or sentences or wordsand, but, whenI like dogsandI like cats. I like catsanddogs. I like dogsbutI don't like cats.Interjectionshort exclamation, sometimes inserted into a sentenceoh!, ouch!, hi!, wellOuch! That hurts!Hi! How are you?Well, I don't know.Words with More than One Job

Many words in English can have more than one job, or be more than one part of speech. In fact, if you look in a good dictionary you will see that the word "but" has six jobs to do:verb, noun, adverb, pronoun, preposition and conjunction!

wordpart of speechexampleworknounMyworkis easy.verbIworkin London.butconjunctionJohn camebutMary didn't come.prepositionEveryone camebutMary.welladjectiveAre youwell?adverbShe speakswell.interjectionWell! That's expensive!afternoonnounWe ate in theafternoon.noun acting as adjectiveWe hadafternoontea.Verb (What is a Verb?)Verbs have different formsEnglish verbs have many different forms. For example, we can add s, -ed, or ing to most verbs. You MUST use the correct form, according to :Present or past timeSingular or pluralWhether a question is being askedThe verb following another verb Past Tenses and Present TensesThis is a very important difference in English. When we speak or write, we must always think : are we talking about the past or not?If we are talking about the past, we use a past tense verbWe played badminton yesterday. (played : past tense form)We often play badminton. (play : present tense form) Regular and irregular verbsMost verbs are regular. They all have the same kind of past tense, ending ed . But a few verbs have different past tenses without -ed , for example drink (past tense drank). Sometimes the past tense is the same as the present tense (e.g cut, past tense cut). The are only about 100 of these irregular (=not regular) verbs, and unfortunately most of them are very common.There is no easy rule about irregular verbs. You must learn them all by heart.

The name of the verb the basic formThe Simple PastSimple past verbs consist of one word onlyFor normal regular verbs, add ed to the basic form. (In this tense, we do not use s after he, she, etc)Irregular verbs have special simple past forms :e.g the past of speak is spokeNote : was and were are the simple past of is and are.When do we use the simple past?The simple past is the normal tense for past actions. Use simple past verbs if you want to talk about a finished action or situation, and have no reason to use one of the other special past tenses.Remember that we do not use the simple past for things which are generally true (in both past and present) . For this, use the simple present.14Choose the correct form simple present or simple pastIt had been hot that day until the rain had fallen. Maria (1.walks/walked)___into her cool new house and (2.slumps/slumped)___into a large chair. She (3.kicks/kicked)___off her shoes and (4.drops/dropped)__her head into her hands. Then she (5.hears/heard)__a cough. There (6.is/was) __someone in the house! (7.Is/was)__there someone there? she asked. (8.Show/Showed)__yourself, whoever you (are/were)___. Her only answer (10.is/was)__dead silence.Decide which parts of speech are the underline words

You have to believe inyourselfif you ever expect to be successful at something.

Weleftfor the mountain just before six in the morning.

We first wenttothe store to buy a few things.

We had abreakfastat a caf near the rail station.

My friend wasn't strong enough to lift hisheavyrucksack.

6. I helped him carryit.

7. The weather wasverycold.

8. My friend said, "Oh! What a cold weather!"

9. We didn't spend the nightthere.

10. We got back home late at nightbutwe didn't go to sleep immediately. We were very hungry.NOUNSCountableUncountableThings we may count

dog, cat, animal, man, personbottle, box, litrecoin, note, dollarcup, plate, forktable, chair, suitcase, bag

Things we cannot count

music, art, love, happinessadvice, information, newsfurniture, luggagerice, sugar, butter, waterelectricity, gas, powermoney, currency

Countable Nouns

Singular or plural My cat is playing. My cats are playing.

can use the indefinite articlea/an A cat is an animal. She is a student.

When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word likea/the/my/thiswith it: I wantanorange. (notI want orange.) Where ismybottle? (notWhere is bottle?)

When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone: I like oranges. Bottles can break.

Uncountable Nouns

We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example: Thisnewsisvery important. Your luggagelooksheavy.

We do not usually use the indefinite articlea/anwith uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can saya something of: a piece ofnews a bottle ofwater a grain ofrice

We can usesomeandanywith uncountable nouns: I've gotsomemoney. Have you gotanyrice?

We can usea littleandmuchwith uncountable nouns: I've gota littlemoney. I haven't gotmuchrice.

CountableUncountabledollarmoneysongmusicsuitcaseluggagetablefurniturebatteryelectricitybottlewinereportinformationtipadvicejourneytraveljobworkviewsceneryPlurals for Countable Nouns1. For most countable nouns add an s a) cake cakes (b) lamp lamps2.Nouns ending in ch, sh, s, ss, or x, add es.a) crutch crutches (b) dish dishes3. For most nouns ending in with a o, add s to form the plural.autos, condos, kilos, memos, photos.The following words have es instead :Heroes, tomatoes, potatoesSome words can take both s and es.Mangos mangoes, mosquitos mosquitoes, volcanos - volcanoes Sometimes a word ends with a y. Boy boys Baby babiesPlural for baby is babies as the y changed to an i. But this did not happen in the word boy/boysIf the letter before the last y is a, e, o, u just add s. In the word boy, the last letter before y is o, so we add s. With other y words (e.g baby), change y to i and add es.Some other words end with the letter f or fe . In most of these words, the f changes to a v in the plural form.Calf calvesChief chiefs Some nouns have a special ending, or change their sound and spelling when they are in the plural.Phenomenon phenomenaMedium mediaStratum strataStimulus stimuliSome nouns do not change their form at all in the pluralAircraftDeerMooseGrapefruitspecies

Fish and Fruit

Plural for fish?Fishes just referring to different kinds of fish. Flesh of fish is always fish, never fishes!Fruit or fruits?Depends on the meaning, if you are referring to the types of fruit, or a lot of it, you can either add an s or leave it out. If you put a number in front of the word, you have to add an s.Think before you use it. . ARTICLES A/AN/THEThere are two articles : The definite article : a or anThe indefinite article : theA / AnThe article a is used before countable nouns beginning with consonant sounds, b, c, d, f , etc. Or in which the beginning h is sounded : house , hatchetThe article an is used before countable nouns beginning with the vowel sounds of a, e, i, o, u, when this u does not have sound.An umbrella, a universityIf a word begins with a silent h. it is considered as beginning with o : An honest, an hourIf there are descriptive words before the nouns, then the article is placed before the descriptive words and follows the first letter of the first descriptive wordA big umbrella, an ugly picture,An extraordinary clever childWhen to use A/AnA/An are used in a sentence to mean :General reference to a single countable noun (one);AnySpecies or kind.

ExampleMeaningI bought a can of Coke

Please get me a drinkZappel is a drink, not an animal.

General reference to a single countable noun

Any drink will doA kind of/ a species of28Using a / an in expressionsSometimes we use a or an in expressions that refer to more than one thing.A few, a number of, a large number of, a little, a lot of, a great many, an enormous amount ofWithout a or an these expressions have a different meaning.ExampleMeaningA few people cameFew people came

A large/small number cameLarge numbers cameSome did comeLess than the expected number came.Many/some/few came.Big crowds came.THE Using THE with nouns.The article the can be used before any noun, If there is an adjective before the noun, the comes before the adjective. We use the with nouns :1. when referring to specific things or people :The colour of chalk, the end end of her thesis, the table over there by the door, the people of Sarawak

2 . Referring to previously mentioned things :There is a mistake in your calculation. The mistake isnt serious3. Before objects which there is only one:The Great Wall of China, the Monalisa, the Eiffel Tower4. before top posts or positionsThe Prime Minister, the President, 5. before comparatives:He is the taller of the twoWhich is the better answer?6. Before superlativesThe best, the tallest, the most difficult7. before ordinalsThe first child, the second day, the third person 8 . In certain expressions of time 9. when referring to public places and amenities (when the listener/reader is aware of which one we are referring to 10. to turn adjectives into nouns when referring to categories of people 11. After many of, none of, some of, and similar phrases ending in of 12. With a singular noun, referring to an entire group13, Brand/Company and business names 14. Transportation 15. Magazines16. Names of radio, or TV Stations 17. Names of buildings and places in Malay18. Languages 19. Games20. When initials are pronounced as a word21 When referring to initials of businessesPronounsPersonal Pronouns

Personal pronouns have the following characteristics:1. three persons (points of view) 1st person - the one(s) speaking (I,me ,my, mine, we us, our ,ours)2nd person - the one(s) spoken to (you, your, yours)3rd person - the one(s) spoken about (he, him,his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, their, theirs)

2. three gendersfeminine (she her hers) masculine (he him his) neuter (it its they them their theirs)

3. two numbers singular (I me my mine you your yours he him his she her hers it its)plural (we us our ours you your yours they them their theirs)

4. three cases subjective (I you he she it we they)possessive (my mine your yours his her hers our ours their theirs)objective (me you him her it us them)