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engels werkwoorden2

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    Reviewing Verb Tenses

    References 2001 by Ruth Luman

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    http://www.virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/lumanr2/English_25/unit_D.htm
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    The Present PerfectSomething in the past is connected to the present

    The present perfect is used to talk about an event that began in the past and

    continues up to the present. so far

    for two days

    since July

    this week

    He has lived in Paris for two years.

    (He began living in Paris two years ago and he still lives there.)Maggie has worked here since July.

    (She began working here in July and she still works here.)

    Have you seen Helena at work today?

    (It is still today.)

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    The Present PerfectSomething in the past is connected to the present

    The present perfect is also used to talk about an event that was completed in the

    past, but the specific time of the event is not important. You either do not know or do

    not say exactly when the event happened.

    I have seen that movie before.

    Have you ever been to New York.

    Yes, I have already been there four times. (compare: I went to NY last month.)

    (Specific dates and times are not mentioned.)

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    The Present Perfect

    When we use the Present perfect, there is a

    connection with now. The action in the past has aresult now.

    Wheres your key? I dont know Ive lost it. (= I dont have it now)

    He told me his name, but Ive forgotten it. (= I cant remember it now)

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    Present Perfect ContinuousThis tense is used to describe an action or situation in progress which began in the

    past and continuous into the present. The action happens over a period of time and

    may be finished or continuing (which we only know by the situation).

    The action can last over a period of time leading up to the

    present and could continue.

    She has been waiting here for an hour and he still hasnt arrived yet. (She is still waiting NOW)

    Our turnover has been growing steadily for years. (It will probably continue to grow)

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    Present Perfect Continuous

    We can use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about

    repeated actions up to now.

    Natasha has been playing the piano since she was four.

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    Present Perfect Continuous

    We can also use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about anaction which ends just before the present.

    I have been swimming. Thats why my hair is wet.

    I havent been feeling very well recently. This is the first day that Im feeling better.

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    Present Perfect Continuous

    This tense is also used to describe events that have been in

    progress recently and are rather temporary.

    She has been living in Taiwan for the last two months, but she plans to move soon.

    PLEASE NOTE: STATE VERBS CANNOT BE USED IN THE CONTINUOUS!!

    The islands economy has always depended on tourism.

    This company has existed for 50 years.8

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    The present perfect simple

    versus the present perfect continuous

    Often there is very little difference in meaningo I have been working / I have worked here for six months.

    The choice of tense often depends on where our attention is.We use the pps when our attention is on the present RESULT.o Weve worked on the report for three days. Im glad its finished.

    We use the ppc when our attention is on the ACTION INPROGRESS.o Weve been working on the report for three days and its still not finished.

    If we give details of HOW MUCH or HOW MANY, we do not usea continuous formo Ive written three reports this week.

    o Fiat has already sold 177,000 Fiat 500s.

    o Fiat has been selling cars for over a century.9

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    The Past PerfectThis tense describes completed events that took place in the

    past before another past event.

    When we arrived at Sues office, she had left.I had already eaten when my friend stopped by to visit.

    I thought we had already chosen the name for the new product!

    had left

    had eaten

    we arrived

    my friend stopped by

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    Past Perfect ContinuousThis tense is used to describe a situation that was IN PROGRESS

    up to a certain point in the past. It often emphasizes theDURATION OF TIME.

    She had been driving around the city for three hours before she finally found the right office.

    Emmas hand ached because she had been using the computer.

    Last month the ECB lowered interest rates because inflation had been falling for several years.

    PLEASE NOTE: STATE VERBS CANNOT BE USED IN THE CONTINUOUS!!

    Before the company was taken over by Samdo, it had existed for 70 years.

    had been driving

    she found the right office

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    The past perfect simple

    versus the past perfect continuous

    We use the past perfect continuous for an action over a period

    of time up to a point in the past. We are thinking of the

    ACTION GOING ON.

    o When I finally served the meal, I had been cooking for hours.

    We use the past perfect simple for a complete action. We are

    thinking of the RESULT.

    o I felt quite proud that I had cooked a meal for eight people.

    If we give details of HOW MUCH or HOW MANY, we do not usea continuous form

    o By 2008, turnover had increased to 950,000. (Compare: Before the company

    went bankrupt, their profits had been decreasing steadily for three consecutive

    years.)

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