engine 发动机 engineer

infect v. infection n. infectious adj.

scientific a. 科学的 science scientist n.

examine v. 检查 exam --- examination n.

conclude v. conclusion n.

analyse v. analysis n.

dead a. 死的 deadly a. 致命的 death n. die v. dying 垂死的

valuable a. valueless a. value n./v.

add v. 增加 addition n. in addition --- besides (that) / apart from / what’s more

certain adj. certainly adv. certainty n.

announce v. 宣布 announcement n.

instruct v 指示 . instructive a. instruction n.

construct v. 建设 constructive a. construction n.

contribute v. 贡献 contribution n.

creative a. 有创造力的 create v. creation n.

co-operative a. 合作的 operative a. operate v. operation n.

revolutionary a. 革命的 revolution n.

calculate v. 计算 calculator n. calculation n.

move v. 运动 movement n.

backward 向后地 forward upward downward northward southward eastward westward

brightness n. 明亮 bright a.

enthusiastic a. 热心的 enthusiasm n.

persuasive a. 有说服力的 persuade v.

logical a. 合逻辑的 logic n.

Warming Up

There are some great scientific achieve

ments that have changed the world. Can y

ou name some of them? What kind of role

do they play in the field of science ? Do th

ese achievements have anything in commo

n? Match the inventions with their invent

ors below before you answer all these ques

tions.

Alexander Bell electricity

Thomas Edison the First telephone

Laite Brothers the electric Lamp

Madame Curie black holes in Universe

Franklin Theory of Gravity

Steven Hawking the First Plane

Elbert Einstein Radium

Isaac Newton the Theory of Relativity

Quiz Questions (P1) 1. Archimedes, Ancient Greek (287- 212 BC), a mathematician. He found that if you put an object into water the water pushes the object up. It rises and partly floats. The force of the water pushing it up is the same as the weight of the object.

阿基米德 (Archimedes)

2. Charles Darwin, Britain (1808 -- 1882) The Origin of Species was published in 1859. It explained how plants and animals had changed over time to fit in with a changing environment. At the time it was published it was very controversial. Many people believed the Bible when it said that God made the first two people (Adam and Eve) and that all other people came from these two. Charles Darwin

Darwin's book showed that people had

developed from apes instead. So this

caused a lot of argument between

religious and scientific people. However

Darwin's idea became very influential

and is still accepted today.

3. Thomas Newcomen, British (1663--1729)

He improved the first steam pump built b

y Thomas Savery in 1698 and turned it in

to a steam engine for taking water out of

mines in 1712. James Watt improved it sti

ll further in the 1770s turning it into the fi

rst modern steam engine used on the rail

ways.

4. Gregor Mendel, Czech (1822- 1884) He

grew pea plants and developed ideas on

heredity( 遗传学 ) and inherited ( 继承 ,

承传 ) characteristics. He concentrated

( 集中精力 ) on cross-fertilizing ( 施肥 ) p

ea plants and analyzing the results. Betw

een1856-- 1863 he grew 28,000 pea plants.

Gregor Mendel

He examined seven kinds of seed and pla

nt characteristics and developed some la

ws of inheritance ( 承传的规则 ). The firs

t is that inheritance factors do not combi

ne but are passed to the next generation i

ntact ( 完整的 ). Second, he found that ea

ch partner gives half the inherited factor

s to the young.

Third, some of these factors show up i

n the offspring ( 子孙 ) (and so are do

minant 显性的 ). The other factors are

masked by the dominant ones (and so

are recessive 隐性的 ).

5. Marie Curie, Polish and French

(1867--1934) She was born in Poland and

came to study in France in 1891 and she

lived there for the rest of her life. In

1898 she discovered radium. She

received two Nobel prizes, one ( with

Pierre Curie ) for physics (1903) and one

for chemistry (1911). Marie Curie

She is the only person to have been so

honored. On the death of her husband

she took over his job at the Sorbonne in

Paris. Her work on radioactivity and

the discovery of radium meant that she

began a new scientific area of research.

She was the first woman to receive a

Nobel Prize and the first woman to

teach at the Sorbonne ( 索邦神学院 :

巴黎大学前身 ).

6. Thomas Edison, American (1847- 1931)

He was already an inventor of other

electrical devices ( phonograph 电唱机 ,

electric light bulb) when in 1882 he

designed a system for providing New

York with electricity from a central

power station. This was a tremendous

achievement, which had previously been

thought impossible.Thomas Edison

7. Leonardo da Vinci, Italian (1452- 1519) He was a famous artist whose skill for showing human skin tones made his paintings seem to come alive. He used to study dead people in order to make his paintings as accurate as possible.

Leonardo da Vinci

Some of his famous paintings include "The Adoration of the Magi" and the "The Last Supper". Later in his life he lived in France where he designed a submarine and a flying machine.

8. Sir Humphry Davy, British (1778- 182

9) He did research into different gases

and discovered the medicinal value of

nitrous( 麻醉 ) oxide( 氧化物 ) (or laug

hing gas) as an anaesthetic( 麻醉剂 ). I

n 1815 he developed a safety lamp for

miners.

Humphry Davy

keep miners safe: keep sb./sth. + adj./adv./p.p. 使……处于 , 保持某种状态，宾补可以是 n./adj./adv./ 分词 /介词短语等 .

9. Zhang Heng, Chinese (78- 139) He

invented the first seismograph( 测震 仪、地震仪 ) to indicate in the

direction of an earthquake. It was in

the shape of a cylinder( 圆筒形 ) with

eight dragonheads round the top,

each with a ball in its mouth.

张衡地动仪

Around the bottom were eight frogs

directly under a dragon's head.

When an earthquake occurred, a

ball fell out of the dragon's mouth,

making a noise.

10. Stephen Hawking, British (1942--) He

has worked in astronomy and studied

black holes in space. He has shown

that black holes do not only absorb

everything around them but, from

time to time, throw out matter as well.

Stephen Hawking

This may mark the beginning of

new galaxies. This is an advance on

the old theory which said that black

holes "eat” everything they come

across.

• know about 了解 know of 听说 be known as … 作为……而出名 a well-known doctor 著名的•think of a method 想出 think about 考虑•make up a questionThe boy made up a story.Make up for lost time.We made up the bed in the spare room for our guest.

•得出结论： draw a conclusion come to a conclusion reach a conclusion arrive a conclusionShe came to ____ conclusion that he had forgotten. A. a B. / C. the D. one

discover, invent, find, find out1.Gilbert ________ electricity and

Edison ________ the electric light bulb.

2.I ______ my pen in my desk.3.Tom had been cheating and was

__________ at last.

discoverinvent

found

found out

put sth. forward: 提出 ( 意见 ); 建议 put sb. forward: 推荐 ; 提名 put away: 把……收起来 ; 吃 / 喝掉 put down: 写下 ; 记下 ; 控制 ; 镇压 put in: 插嘴 ; 提出 ( 要求 ) put off: 延期 ; 推迟 put on: 演出 ; 穿上 ; 假装 put out: 熄灭 ; 扑灭；发表 ; 出版 put through: 接通某人 ( 电话 ); 打电话 put up: 举起 ; 搭起 ; 张贴 ; 推举 ; 接待

1.Li Hua put her name ______ for the 100 metres race.

2.Shall we put Mr. Willinton _______ as the candidate ( 候选人 ) for chairman of the committee?

3.Wait a minute, please. I have to put ________ a call to our Beijing office first.

4.They had to put the meeting ________ till the next day.

down

forward

through

off

5.The boy put the food ______ in the cupboard after he finished his dinner.6. The firemen soon put the fire _____ .7. He put _____ his coat and went out.8. Put ____ your hands if you can answer my questions.9. “But what about us?” He put ____ .

away

out

onup

in