52
Engi
ne te
chno
logy
and
airc
raft
emis
sion
sEn
gine
tech
nolo
gyan
d ai
rcra
ft em
issi
ons
2
Out
line
Out
line
•In
trodu
ctio
n•
Gen
erat
ing
thru
st•
Ene
rgy
cons
ider
atio
ns•
Req
uire
men
ts•
Atm
osph
ere
•En
gine
cyc
le•
Eng
ine
type
s•
Com
bust
ion
& E
mis
sion
s•
Eng
ine
perfo
rman
ce m
odel
s
GP
7000
Intr
oduc
tion
Intr
oduc
tion
Why
dow
ene
eden
gine
s?W
hydo
we
need
engi
nes?
•C
hang
ing
the
kine
ticen
ergy
of a
n ai
rcra
ft–
Spe
ed•
Cha
ngin
gth
e po
tent
ial e
nerg
yof
an
airc
raft
–A
ltitu
de•
Ove
rcom
edr
ag–
Non
-con
serv
ativ
efo
rces
Wha
tis
drag
real
ly?
Wha
tis
drag
real
ly?
•Le
avin
gen
ergy
behi
nd–
Mov
ing
air
–H
ot a
ir an
d ex
haus
tgas
es
Vort
ex–
indu
ced
drag
Vort
ex–
indu
ced
drag
Form
dra
g an
d lif
t ind
uced
drag
Form
dra
g an
d lif
t ind
uced
drag
AsAR
eARC
C
CC
C
LD
DD
D
i
i
2
20
22
2121
vA
CL
vA
CD
LD
Dra
g vs
spe
edD
rag
vs s
peed
Gen
erat
ing
Thru
stG
ener
atin
gTh
rust
Forc
e re
quire
dC
ause
sre
actio
nTh
e re
actio
nfo
rce
acce
lera
tes
the
reac
tion
mas
s
Acc
eler
atin
ga
body
:A
fter a
ccel
erat
ion:
Acc
eler
atin
ga
body
:A
fter a
ccel
erat
ion:
Mm
FF
21
21v
MmE
Ene
rgy
in b
oth
bodi
es
Jum
ping
stra
ight
upJu
mpi
ngst
raig
htup
•A
ccel
erat
ion
rela
tive
to E
arth
•E
arth
mas
sso
me
6×10
24kg
•Ju
mpe
r mas
s, s
ay85
kg
•m
/M a
bout
0•
=> A
ll en
ergy
in ju
mpe
r!
22
211
21v
vMm
E
Som
eot
herr
eact
ion
mas
ses
Som
eot
herr
eact
ion
mas
ses
•M
oon
7 x
1022
kg
•B
oat s
ome
100
kg a
nd u
pTh
ink
abou
twha
thap
pens
whe
nyo
u m
ove
rela
tive
to a
boa
t!•
Roc
kets
: 50
–95
% o
f ini
tial m
ass
•A
ircra
ft:re
actio
nm
ass
is a
irD
ensi
ty0,
05 –
1,5
kg/m
3
Ener
gyC
onsi
dera
tions
Ener
gyC
onsi
dera
tions
Ener
gyef
ficie
ncy
Ener
gyef
ficie
ncy
•P
ropu
lsiv
eef
ficie
ncy
–v
velo
city
•C
ycle
effic
ienc
y–
Lim
ited
by:
•te
mpe
ratu
redi
ffere
nces
•ov
eral
l pre
ssur
era
tio
•To
tal e
ffici
ency
–F
thru
st–
Q h
eatin
gva
lue
of fu
el
vcp
1
2
pc
H
CH
cTT
T
QmFv f
Req
uire
men
tsR
equi
rem
ents
Ope
ratio
nalr
equi
rem
ents
on e
ngin
esO
pera
tiona
lreq
uire
men
tson
eng
ines
•S
uffic
ient
relia
bilit
y•
Suf
ficie
ntth
rust
at a
ll pa
rts o
f ope
ratio
nalc
ycle
•O
pera
tiona
lcyc
le–
Taxi
–Ta
keO
ff–
Clim
b–
Cru
ise
–D
esce
nt–
App
roac
h–
Land
ing
–Ta
xi
Add
ition
alre
quire
men
tsA
dditi
onal
requ
irem
ents
•P
rodu
cing
elec
trica
lpow
er•
Pro
duci
ngco
mpr
esse
dai
r (bl
eed)
•P
rodu
cing
hydr
aulic
pow
er
Atm
osph
ere
Atm
osph
ere
(Wal
sh &
Fle
tche
r,200
4)
Prop
elle
rs a
re a
lso
win
gsPr
opel
lers
are
als
ow
ings
•Ti
pvo
rtice
soc
casi
onal
lyco
nden
sate
air
Prop
ulsi
onen
velo
pes
Prop
ulsi
onen
velo
pes
Engi
ne C
ycle
Engi
ne C
ycle
His
tory
:Je
t eng
ine
deve
lope
din
193
0’s
His
tory
:Je
t eng
ine
deve
lope
din
193
0’s
Fran
k W
hittl
eH
ans
von
Oha
in
Engi
ne fu
nctio
nEn
gine
func
tion
•En
gine
cyc
le–
Com
pres
sion
–C
ombu
stio
n–
Exp
ansi
on a
nd e
nerg
yco
llect
ion/
use
•O
vera
ll pr
essu
rera
tio, O
PR
, typ
ical
ly15
–32
–P
ress
ure
ratio
–O
vera
ll pr
essu
rera
tio
Engi
ne c
ycle
Engi
ne c
ycle
Engi
ne T
ypes
Engi
ne T
ypes
Jet e
ngin
ety
pes
Jet e
ngin
ety
pes
•Tu
rboj
et•
Turb
ofan
–B
y pa
ss ra
tio•
Turb
opro
p•
Turb
osha
ft
Turb
ojet
with
radi
al c
ompr
esso
rTu
rboj
et w
ith ra
dial
com
pres
sor
Turb
ojet
Turb
ojet
Turb
ofan
engi
nepr
inci
ple
Turb
ofan
engi
nepr
inci
ple
Turb
ofan
Turb
ofan
Turb
opro
pTu
rbop
rop
Ove
rall
Pres
sure
Rat
ioex
ampl
esO
vera
ll Pr
essu
reR
atio
exam
ples
Som
eje
t eng
ine
man
ufac
ture
rsSo
me
jet e
ngin
em
anuf
actu
rers
•R
olls
Roy
ce•
Gen
eral
Ele
ctric
•P
ratt
& W
hittn
ey•
MTU
•Sn
ecm
a•
Ivch
enko
Pro
gres
s
Com
bust
ion
& E
mis
sion
sC
ombu
stio
n&
Em
issi
ons
Com
bust
ion
Com
bust
ion
Fuel
C nH
m(+
S)
CO2
+ H
2O +
N2
+ O
2+
NO
x+
UH
C +
CO
+ C
soot
+ S
Ox
Air
N2
+ O
2
Emis
sion
sEm
issi
ons
•C
O2
Car
bon
diox
ide
•N
Ox
Nitr
ogen
oxi
des
•H
CH
ydro
carb
ons,
unb
urnt
fuel
•C
OC
arbo
nm
onox
ide
•S
Sul
phur
(FS
C, F
uels
ulph
urco
nten
t)•
O3
Ozo
ne•
H2O
wat
er•
Par
ticle
s
Avi
atio
n C
O2
Emis
sion
sA
viat
ion
CO
2Em
issi
ons
Emis
sion
inde
xEm
issi
on in
dex
•IC
AO
Dat
abas
e•
Man
ufac
ture
rdat
aFu
el fl
ow a
nd e
mis
sion
indi
ces
for t
he
PW
126A
as
a fu
nctio
n of
pow
er
setti
ng (P
rel),
and
the
corre
spon
ding
IC
AO
app
licat
ion
times
.
Take
Off
Clim
b O
utA
ppro
ach
”Idl
e”Fl
ight
Idle
Gro
und
Idle
P rel
10.
810.
30.
070.
038
0.01
5
Pow
er [h
p]26
6221
4579
918
610
140
FF [k
g/s]
0.16
070.
137
0.07
660.
047 9
0.02
770.
0222
EIH
C0
00
00
0
EIC
O2.
22
3.5
8.4
24.5
36.4
Dat
a fro
m th
e m
anuf
actu
rer
EIN
OX
18.9
16.3
107.
14.
64.
1
(Pra
tt &
Whi
tney
).Ti
me
[min
]0.
72.
24
26
New
Eng
ine
Type
sN
ew E
ngin
e Ty
pes
AC
AR
E 20
20A
CA
RE
2020
50%
redu
ctio
n of
CO
2
•50
% re
duct
ion
of C
O2
per
pass
enge
r and
kilo
met
er•
80%
redu
ctio
n of
NO
x•
50%
redu
ctio
n of
noi
se
AC
AR
E:
Adv
isor
y C
ounc
il fo
r Aer
onau
tics
Res
earc
h in
Eur
ope
(Airb
us G
MF
2007
)
Engi
ne T
echn
olog
y Le
vel
Engi
ne T
echn
olog
y Le
vel
(Bra
sseu
r et
al .
1998
)
New
Eng
ine
Con
figur
atio
nsN
ew E
ngin
e C
onfig
urat
ions
(NEW
AC, E
U P
roje
ct)
Inte
rcoo
led
recu
pera
tive
core
In
terc
oole
d co
re c
onfig
urat
ion
(NEW
AC, E
U P
roje
ct)
(Gün
ter W
ilfer
t,20
07)
New
Eng
ine
Con
figur
atio
nsN
ew E
ngin
e C
onfig
urat
ions
(NEW
AC, E
U P
roje
ct)
Flow
con
trolle
d co
re
Act
ive
core
con
figur
atio
n
(NEW
AC, E
U P
roje
ct)
Engi
ne P
erfo
rman
ce M
odel
sEn
gine
Per
form
ance
Mod
els
Engi
ne P
erfo
rman
ce M
odel
sEn
gine
Per
form
ance
Mod
els
•G
as tu
rbin
e en
gine
per
form
ance
mod
els
have
evo
lved
to a
wid
e ra
nge
of a
pplic
atio
ns, p
rovi
ding
sup
port
from
the
early
sta
ges
of
prel
imin
ary
desi
gn th
roug
h to
in-s
ervi
ce s
uppo
rt.
•E
ngin
e m
odel
s of
var
ious
fide
lity
leve
ls a
re u
sed
for d
esig
n an
dve
rific
atio
n of
an
engi
ne, s
uppo
rt its
dev
elop
men
t and
val
idat
ion,
w
hile
they
pla
y an
impo
rtant
role
in p
ost-c
ertif
icat
ion
and
in-s
ervi
ce
supp
ort.
Engi
ne P
erfo
rman
ce M
odel
s So
ftwar
e Pa
ckag
esEn
gine
Per
form
ance
Mod
els
Softw
are
Pack
ages
•A
num
ber o
f sof
twar
e pa
ckag
es w
ith a
use
r frie
ndly
inte
rface
are
offe
red
toda
y (N
LR’s
GS
P, L
TT/N
TUA
TE
AC
HE
S, P
RO
OS
IS,
Gas
Turb
).
•Th
ese
pack
ages
are
usi
ng 0
-D m
odel
ing
tech
niqu
es in
whi
ch th
e pe
rform
ance
of e
ngin
e co
mpo
nent
s (c
ompr
esso
r, tu
rbin
e,
com
bust
or) i
s pr
edic
ted
from
cor
resp
ondi
ng p
erfo
rman
ce m
aps.
•Th
e em
issi
ons
are
pred
icte
d by
met
hods
of d
iffer
ent f
idel
ity. A
mul
ti re
acto
r mod
el is
use
d in
GS
P, w
hile
in T
EA
CH
ES
and
Gas
Turb
the
emis
sion
s ar
e pr
edic
ted
by s
emi-e
mpi
rical
cor
rela
tions
.
GSP
Exa
mpl
eG
SP E
xam
ple
TEA
CH
ES E
xam
ple
TEA
CH
ES E
xam
ple
PRO
OSI
S Ex
ampl
ePR
OO
SIS
Exam
ple
Gas
Turb
Exam
ple
Gas
Turb
Exam
ple
Ref
eren
ces
Ref
eren
ces
•AC
ARE,
Adv
isor
y Co
unci
l for
Aer
onau
tics
Res
earc
h in
Eur
ope,
Str
ateg
ic R
esea
rch
Age
ndas
1 &
2 (
2002
, 20
04)
•Ai
rbus
, G
MF
-G
loba
l Mar
ket
Fore
cast
200
7 –
2026
, Fl
ying
by
natu
re, 2
007
•Br
asse
ur,G
. P.
, Co
x, R
. A.
, Hau
glus
tain
e, D
., Is
akse
n, I
., Le
lieve
ld, J.
, Li
ster
, D
. H.,
Saus
en, R
., Sc
hum
ann,
, U
., W
ahne
r, A
. &
Wie
sen,
P.:
Eu
rope
an S
cien
tifi
c A
sses
smen
t of
th
e A
tmos
pher
ic E
ffec
ts o
f A
ircr
aft
Emis
sion
s, A
tmos
pher
ic
Envi
ronm
ent
Vol.
32, N
o. 1
3, p
p. 2
329-
2418
, 199
8•
Gün
ter
Wilf
ert,
Joe
rgSi
eber
, An
drew
Rol
t, N
ick
Bake
r, A
rmel
Tou
yera
s , Sa
lvat
ore
Cola
ntuo
ni, ‘
New
En
viro
nm
enta
l Fr
ien
dly
Aer
o En
gin
e C
ore
Con
cept
s’, IS
ABE
2007
•G
SP, G
as T
urbi
ne S
imul
atio
n Pr
ogra
m, w
ww
.gsp
team
.com
•G
asTu
rb, G
as T
urbi
ne S
oftw
are,
ww
w.g
astu
rb.d
e•
PRO
OSI
S: P
Rop
ulsi
onO
bjec
t O
rient
ed S
Imul
atio
nSo
ftw
are,
ww
w.p
roos
is.c
om•
TEAC
HES
, Tur
bine
Adv
ance
Cal
cula
tion
Soft
war
e, w
ww
.ltt.
ntua
.gr
•W
alsh
P.,
Flet
cher
P.,
2004
, ‘G
as T
urbi
ne P
erfo
rman
ce’,
Blac
kwel
l Pub
lishi
ng
