PRESENTED BY
Engr. C. W. WAMUO FNSE, FNIM AT THE
NSE WARRI BRANCH
PRE-INTERVIEW SEMINAR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This paper is very largely curled from
Engr. (Prof) C. C. Okoros paper on professional ethics in engineering.
The additions are indeed minimal
THE ROLE OF AN ENGINEER IN SOCIETY IS TO SOLVE SOCIETAL PROBLEMS TECHNOLOGICALLY BY:
BUILDING THE NECESSARY INFRASTRUCTURE (ROADS,BRIDGES, etc),
CONTRIBUTING TOWARDS THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE COUNTRY
(ELECTRICAL &INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION) & CONNECTING THE WORLD
(TELECOMMUNICATIONS). ENGRS MAIN RESPONSIBILITIES INCLUDE TO
BUILD, FIX OR REBUILD OBJECTS. THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF ENGINEERS.
ENGRS ARE PROFESSIONALS WHO
HAVE DEVELOPED THE SKILLS & KNOWLEDGE NECESSARY FOR BUILDING STRUCTURES, MACHINES, SYSTEMS & OTHER TECHNOLOGICAL DEVICES.
ARE VERY IMPORTANT BECAUSE VIRTUALLY EVERY PART OF OUR LIVES INVOLVES SOME MACHINE, TECHNOLOGICAL DEVICES & SYSTEMS.
WORK TO ENSURE THAT THESE THINGS ARE SUSTAINED AND SAFE.
ARE CONSULTED IF ANY STRUCTURE ,SYSTEM OR DEVISE NEEDS TO BE BUILT.
ENGINEERS ABIDE BY A STRICT CODE OF ETHICS REQUIRING THAT THEY MAINTAIN PUBLIC WELL-BEING.
THE NATIONAL SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS (NSPE) EXPLAINS THAT THE WORK OF ENGINEERS DIRECTLY AFFECTS THE PUBLIC IN WAYS THAT IMPACT HEALTH, SAFETY AND WELLNESS.
IT IS FOR THIS REASON THAT ENGINEERS MUST HOLD THEMSELVES TO A STRICT CODE OF ETHICS THAT ACKNOWLEDGES THIS RESPONSIBILITY AND ENCOURAGES ATTENTION TO DETAIL & QUALITY OF WORK
THIS PAPER CONSIDERS THE ENGINEERING CAREER AND MEANING OF PROFESSIONALISM FOR ENGINEERS.
IT DISCUSSES VARIOUS ASPECTS OF ENGINEERING ETHICS ESPECIALLY CONFLICTING INTERESTS IN ENGINEERING PROJECTS.
THE CODE OF ETHICS DEVELOPED BY THE WORLD FEDERATION OF ENGINEERING ORGANIZATION IS PRESENTED AS INITIAL CONCEPTS ON ENGINEERING ETHICS.
A MODEL FOR DEVELOPING MATERIAL FOR ENGINEERING ETHICS IS ALSO DISCUSSED.
SOME LOCAL REPORTS ON ENGINEERING FAILURES FROM THE ETHICS COMMITTEE OF THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS ARE USED TO SUGGEST THE WAY FORWARD FOR ENGINEERING ETHICS IN NIGERIA.
TODAY ENGINEERS CAN LEVEL MOUNTAINS TO THE GROUND & TURN RIVERS FROM THEIR COURSES.
THE SKIES AND THE OCEANS ARE AVENUES FOR THE INNUMERABLE ACTIVITIES OF ENGINEERS.
VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS HAVE TURNED THE WORLD INTO A GLOBAL VILLAGE.
ELECTRIC ENERGY HAS CATALYZED CIVILIZATIONS AND MODERN LIVING IN ALL THEIR RAMIFICATIONS
NO MATTER THE AREA OF HUMAN CHALLENGE, THE ENGINEERS ARE THE AGENTS OF CHANGE THROUGH WELL THOUGHT OUT ENGINEERING PROJECTS.
NIGERIAN ENGINEERS HAVE CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN PUBLIC UTILITIES OR THE ORGANIZED PRIVATE SECTORS.
THE PUBLIC UTILITIES WOULD COVER GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHMENTS THAT OPERATE ENGINEERING SYSTEMS FOR PROVISION OF SOCIAL SERVICES TO THE POPULACE.
ESTABLISHMENTS AND PARASTATALS LIKE THE NNPC, DISCOS & GENCOS, NITEL, FEDERAL HOUSING AUTHORITY, AND PORTS AUTHORITY ARE SUPERVISED BY THE APPROPRIATE ENGINEERS.
ENGINEERS DEVELOP THEIR CAREERS IN THESE INDUSTRIES AND ESTABLISHMENTS.
THESE INCLUDE WATER SUPPLY AND ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SYSTEMS, THE FEDERAL MINISTRIES THAT SUPERVISE ENGINEERING SYSTEMS.
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION INCLUDE THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF WORKS AND HOUSING, MINISTRY OF MINES AND STEEL, MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES, MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT, MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES AND THE DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES.
THEY OFTEN IMPROVISE FOR SPARE PARTS, EMPLOY MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT AND SAVE COSTS.
THESE ARE LOCAL CHALLENGES AND HAVE TO BE ACHIEVED WITHIN THE LIMITS IMPOSED BY THE ETHICS OF THE PROFESSION.
IT IS GENERALLY AGREED THAT THERE ARE A NUMBER OF CHARACTERISTICS WHICH DISTINGUISH A PROFESSION FROM OTHER LESS FORMALLY CONSTITUTED TRADES AND OCCUPATIONS.
THE PROFESSIONAL DISCIPLINE HAS A COMMAND OF A SPECIALIZED BODY OF KNOWLEDGE NECESSARY FOR PLANNING, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF PHYSICAL STRUCTURES OR ENGINES/MACHINES.
THE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE IS TRANSMITTED THROUGH RECOGNIZED TRAINING AND REGULARLY UPDATED ON BEHALF OF THE PROFESSIONAL BODY TO ENSURE CERTIFIED STANDARDS OF PROFICIENCY.
A CODE OF ETHICS AND STANDARDS GOVERN THE PRACTICE OF THE PROFESSION AND ENSURE THE SATISFACTION AND SAFETY OF THE CLIENT IN PARTICULAR AND THE SOCIETY IN GENERAL.
A MONOPOLY IS USUALLY GRANTED TO A PROFESSIONAL BODY BY SOCIETY THROUGH LAWS TO ENSURE THAT ONLY REGISTERED MEMBERS CAN ENGAGE IN THE PRACTICE OF THE PROFESSION.
THE MEMBERS ARE COMMITTED TO CONSTANT EDUCATIONAL RENEWAL THROUGH A LIFELONG LEARNING OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
THE PROFESSIONAL BODY IS LEGALLY TO REGULATE ITSELF, DISCIPLINE ITS MEMBERS AND CONTROL THE PRACTICE OF THE PROFESSION.
VINCE LOMBARDI STATES THAT THE QUALITY OF PERSONS LIFE IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE PERSONS COMMITMENT TO EXCELLENCE REGARDLESS OF THE PERSONS CHOSEN FIELD OF ENDEAVOUR.
PROFESSIONALISM IS THEREFORE ABOUT COMMITMENT TO STANDARDS OF EXCELLENCE TO THE PERFORMANCE OF TASKS, WHICH REQUIRE SPECIALIZED SKILLS AND EXPERTISE.
A PROFESSIONAL IS THUS SOMEONE WHOSE BASIC SATISFACTION IS IN PERFORMING WELL TASKS FOR WHICH HE HAS BEEN TRAINED AND ALWAYS STRIVING TO ACHIEVE THE BEST STANDARD POSSIBLE IN ANY CIRCUMSTANCE.
TO BE A PROFESSIONAL IS THUS TO FLAUNT THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF THE SKILLS ONE PROFESSES TO COMMAND.
ENGNRS SHOULD BE CAREFUL IN GETTING INVOLVED IN TAKING DECISIONS WHICH MAY BE SEEN AS BIASED OR HAVING CONFLICTING INTEREST OR CONFLICT OF INTEREST.
AN ENGINEER HAS RESPONSIBILITY TO WRITE SPECIFICATIONS FOR A WATER PROJECT BUT OWNS THE COMPANY THAT MANUFACTURES AND SELLS THE SYSTEMS. THIS CONSTITUTES CONFLICT OF INTEREST.
AN ENGINEER WORKS FOR A LOCAL GOVERNMENT
AGENCY AND IN TANDEM WORKS FOR A
CONSULTING COMPANY THAT DEALS WITH THE
AGENCY. THERE MAY BE CONFLICTING INTEREST.
ENGINEERING DECISIONS THAT ARE TO THE
ADVANTAGE OF THE ENGINEERS TAKING THE
DECISION CONSTITUTES CONFLICTING INTEREST.
A COMPANY PAYS FOR ENGINEERS TO ATTEND A
SEMINAR ON THE USE OF ITS PRODUCTS. THIS MAY
BE COMPARED TO PERKS AND GIFTS GIVEN TO
PHYSICIANS BY DRUG COMPANIES.
AN ENGINEERS INTEREST MAY BE AT CONFLICT WITH THOSE OF HIS CLIENTS.
A CLIENT BELIEVES AN ENGINEERS DESIGN IS TOO COSTLY BUT THE ENGINEER FEARS THAT ANYTHING LESS MAY ENDANGER PUBLIC SAFETY
AN ENGINEER OWNS BOTH A CONTRACTING FIRM AND A CONSULTING FIRM AND SEEKS TO PROMOTE BOTH SERVICES FOR A CLIENT ON A PROJECT.
THE WORLD FEDERATION OF ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS (WFEO) COMMITTEE ON ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT RECOMMENDS THE FOLLOWING PRINCIPLES TO ALL PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS:
THE WFEO PROVIDES A CODE OF ETHICS FOR CONDUCT OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS IN AN HONORABLE MANNER SO AS TO UPHOLD THE VALUES OF TRUTH, HONESTY, TRUST-WORTHINESS AND TO SAFEGUARD HUMAN LIFE AS WELL AS THE ENVIRONMENT. TO ACHIEVE THESE TENETS PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS SHALL:
SOME PROFESSIONAL BODIES SUCH AS THE IEEE SOFTWARE ENGINEERING SOCIETY PRESENT A FORMAT THAT APPEARS TO ENCAPSULATE THE PRINCIPLES OF ENGINEERING PRACTICE AND DETAILS OF THE ENGINEERS OBLIGATIONS IN PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE.
A CODE OF PRACTICE SHOULD HELP TO DEFINE THOSE ACTIONS THAT ARE ETHICALLY IMPROPER FOR ENGINEERS TO BE INVOLVED IN.
THE CODE IS NOT SIMPLY FOR ADJUDICATING THE NATURE OF QUESTIONABLE ACTS.
IT IS A MEANS TO EDUCATE THE PUBLIC AND YOUNG PROFESSIONALS ABOUT THE ETHICAL OBLIGATIONS OF ENGINEERS
ENGINEERS SHALL COMMIT THEMSELVES TO MAKING THE ANALYSIS, DESIGN, SPECIFICATION, DEVELOPMENT, TESTING AND MAINTENANCE OF ENGINEERING SYSTEMS BENEFICIAL SO AS TO EARN RESPECT FOR THE PROFESSION.
THEY SHOULD BE COMMITTED TO THE HEALTH, SAFETY AND WELFARE OF THE PUBLIC BY ADHERING TO THE FOLLOWING PRINCIPLES:
PUBLIC:-ENGINEERS SHALL ACT CONSISTENTLY IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST
CLIENT AND EMPLOYER:- ENGINEERS SHOULD ALWAYS ACT IN A MANNER THAT IS IN THE BEST INTEREST OF THEIR CLIENT AND EMPLOYER AND CONSISTENT WITH PUBLIC INTEREST.
PRODUCT:- ENGINEERS SHOULD ENSURE THAT THEIR PRODUCTS,(OUTPUT, DESIGN, BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ETC) MEET THE HIGHEST PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS POSSIBLE.
JUDGEMENT:- ENGINEERS SHOULD MAINTAIN THE INTEGRITY OF THEIR PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT.
MANAGEMENT:- ENGINEERS IN LEADERSHIP OR MANAGEMENT POSITIONS SHALL SUBSCRIBE TO AND PROMOTE AN ETHICAL APPROACH TO ALL ASPECTS OF ENGRING PRACTICE.
PROFESSION:- ENGINEERS SHALL ADVANCE THE INTEGRITY AND REPUTATION OF THE PROFESSION CONSISTENT WITH THE PUBLIC INTEREST.
COLLEAGUE:- ENGINEERS SHOULD BE FAIR TO AND SUPPORTIVE OF THEIR COLLEAGUES.
SELF:- ENGINEERS SHALL BE COMMITTED TO LIFELONG LEARNING AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND SHALL PROMOTE AN ETHICAL APPROACH TO PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE.
EACH OF THE ABOVE PRINCIPLES AND AREAS OF INTEREST FOR A PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER ARE BROKEN DOWN TO ENSURE CLARITY OF THE ENGINEERS ETHICAL OBLIGATIONS.
THE ABOVE EIGHT PRINCIPLES ARE BROKEN DOWN FURTHER INTO EXPLANATORY NOTES.
ENGINEERS SHALL ACT CONSISTENTLY IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST BY
ACCEPTING FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR OWN WORK
ACTING AS MODERATORS OF THE INTEREST OF THE PUBLIC GOOD
ACCEPTING DESIGNS AND PROPOSALS ONLY IF THEY ARE SAFE, MEET SPECIFICATIONS AND DO NOT DIMINISH QUALITY OF LIFE OR HARM THE ENVIRONMENT.
DISCLOSING TO APPROPRIATE BODIES ANY POTENTIAL DANGER TO THE USER, PUBLIC OR THE ENVIRONMENT THAT MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH A PROPOSAL OR DESIGN.
COOPERATING IN EFFORTS TO ADDRESS SUCH MATTERS OF GRAVE PUBLIC CONCERN THAT MAY ARISE FROM HIS ENGINEERING PROPOSAL OR DESIGN.
AVOIDING DECEPTION IN THE PUBLIC STATEMENTS CONCERNING HIS PROPOSAL, METHODS AND TOOLS.
VOLUNTEERING PROFESSIONAL SKILLS AND CONTRIBUTING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION.
ENGINEERS SHOULD ALWAYS ACT IN A MANNER THAT IS IN THE BEST INTEREST OF THEIR EMPLOYERS AND CLIENTS, CONSISTENT WITH PUBLIC INTEREST. THEY SHOULD:
PROVIDE SERVICE ONLY IN THEIR AREA OF COMPETENCE AND BE HONEST IN ANY LIMITATIONS OF THEIR EXPERIENCE AND EDUCATION.
NOT KNOWINGLY USE DESIGNS THAT ARE OBTAINED ILLEGALLY OR UNETHICALLY.
USE THE PROPERTY OF HIS CLIENT OR EMPLOYER IN AUTHORIZED MANNER OR WITH THEIR CONSENT
MAINTAIN CONFIDENTIALITY OF ANY INFORMATION GAINED IN THE PROFESSIONAL WORK WHERE SUCH IS IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST AND CONSISTENT WITH THE LAW
REPORT TO CLIENT OR EMPLOYER PROMPTLY, IF A PROJECT IS LIKELY TO FAIL, PROVE TOO EXPENSIVE, VIOLATE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW OR OTHERWISE BE PROBLEMATIC.
ACCEPT NO OUTSIDE WORK DETRIMENTAL TO THE WORK BEING PERFORMED FOR THE PRIMARY EMPLOYER
INFORM CLIENT OR EMPLOYER OR APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY WHEN A HIGHER ETHICAL CONCERN IS BEING COMPROMISED.
ENGRS SHALL ENSURE: THEIR FINAL OUTPUT MEET THE HIGHEST
PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS POSSIBLE THEY ACHIEVE HIGH QUALITY &
ACCEPTABLE COST IRRESPECTIVE OF TRADE-OFFS. SUCH TRADE-OFFS SHOULD BE CLEAR TO AND ACCEPTED BY CLIENT& EMPLOYER.
THEY IDENTIFY & ADDRESS ETHICAL, ECONOMICAL, LEGAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO THE PROJECTS.
THEY HAVE THE REQUISITE QUALIFICATIONS BY APPROPRIATE COMBINATION OF EDUCATION, TRAINING & EXPERIENCE FOR THE PROJECT THEY ACCEPT TO EXECUTE.
ENSURE THAT THEIR OUTPUT MEET THE HIGHEST PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS & NOT DEPART FROM SUCH STANDARDS UNLESS WHEN ETHICALLY OR TECHNICALLY JUSTIFIED.
UNDERSTAND CLEARLY SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE PROJECTS THEY UNDERTAKE
ENSURE REALISTIC ESTIMATES OF COSTS, SCHEDULING, QUALITY AND OUTCOMES ON ANY PROJECT ANY PROJECT UNCERTAINTY ASSESSMENT OF THESE ESTIMATES
ENGINEERS SHOULD ENSURE ADEQUATE DOCUMENTATION, INCLUDING PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND SOLUTIONS ADOPTED FOR ANY PROJECT EXECUTED
ENGINEERING PROJECTS MANAGERS AND LEADERS SHOULD ENSURE AND PROMOTE ETHICAL APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT AND EXECUTION OF ENGINEERING PROJECTS AND SHALL AS APPROPRIATE.
ENSURE GOOD MANAGEMENT AND EFFECTIVE PROCEDURES FOR PROMOTION OF QUALITY AND STANDARDS AND REDUCTION OF ASSOCIATED RISK.
ENSURE THAT INFORMATION ON STANDARD ARE AVAILABLE TO ENGINEERS ON A PROJECT
ASSIGN RESPONSIBILITY TO ENGINEERS AFTER CONSIDERING ADEQUACY OF APPROPRIATE EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE TEMPERED WITH POTENTIALS FOR FURTHER EDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE.
ENSURE REALISTIC QUANTITIES, BILLS OF SCHEDULING AND OUTCOMES ON THE PROJECT AND PROVIDE AN UNCERTAINTY ASSESSMENT OF THE ESTIMATES
PROVIDE FULL AND ACCURATE CONDITIONS OF SERVICE TO PROSPECTIVE ENGINEERS FOR EMPLOYMENT ON THE PROJECT.
OFFER FAIR AND JUST REMUNERATION TO EMPLOYEES ON THE PROJECT
PROVIDE FOR DUE PROCESS IN HEARING CHARGES OF VIOLATION OF AN EMPLOYERS POLICY OR OF THIS CODE
AVOID PUNISHING ANY ENGINEERS FOR EXPRESSING ETHICAL CONCERNS ON A PROJECT.
ENGINEERS SHOULD WORK TO ADVANCE THE INTEGRITY AND REPUTATION OF THE PROFESSION CONSISTENT WITH THE PUBLIC INTEREST. THEY SHOULD AS APPROPRIATE
PROMOTE PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE PROFESSION AND AN ENVIRONMENT THAT ENCOURAGES ETHICAL PRACTICE OF ENGINEERING.
ENGINEERS SHALL MAINTAIN INTEGRITY AND INTERDEPENDENCE IN THEIR PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT. THEY SHOULD AS APPROPRIATE
ONLY ENDORSE DOCUMENTS PREPARED UNDER THEIR SUPERVISION OR WITHIN THEIR AREA OF COMPETENCE AND WITH WHICH THEY ARE IN AGREEMENT
MAINTAIN PROFESSIONAL OBJECTIVITY WITH ENGINEERING DOCUMENTS THEY ARE ASKED TO EVALUATE.
REFUSE TO ENGAGE IN CORRUPT PRACTICES SUCH AS BRIBERY DOUBLE OR INFLATED BILLING OR OTHER IMPROPER FINANCIAL PRACTICES
REFUSE TO ENGAGE IN CORRUPT PRACTICES SUCH AS BRIBERY DOUBLE OR INFLATED BILLING OR OTHER IMPROPER FINANCIAL PRACTICES
DISCLOSE TO ALL PARTIES CONCERNED THOSE CONFLICTS OF INTERESTS THAT CANNOT BE AVOIDED IN THE PROJECT
RECOGNIZE THAT VIOLATION OF THE CODE PRACTICE IS INCONSISTENT WITH BEING IS A REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER
REFUSE TO PARTICIPATE IN ANY PROJECTS IN WHICH THEY, THEIR EMPLOYERS OR CLIENTS HAVE UNDISCLOSED CONFLICTS OF INTERESTS.
EXPRESS CONCERN TO PEOPLE INVOLVED WHEN SIGNIFICANT VIOLATIONS OF THE CODE ARE DETECTED UNLESS DOING THAT IS COUNTER PRODUCTIVE AND DANGEROUS.
REPORT VIOLATIONS OF THE CODE TO APPROPRIATE AUTHORITIES WHERE THIS IS CONSIDERED THE BEST OPTION.
ENGINEERING ETHICS IS BEGINNING TO TAKE ITS PLACE ALONGSIDE OTHER WELL ESTABLISHMENT PROFESSIONAL GROUPS SUCH AS MEDICAL, NURSING, BUSINESS AND LEGAL ETHICS. THESE PROFESSIONS HAVE WEBSITES ON THE CONDUCT / MISCONDUCT OF THEIR MEMBERS.
MOST ESTABLISHMENT HAVE UNWRITTEN CODES OF CONDUCT FOR THEIR STAFF WHILST OTHERS SPELL OUT WHAT SHOULD BE REGARDED AS MISCONDUCT
THE UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS SENIOR STAFF CONDITIONS OF SERVICE DEFINES MISCONDUCT AS GENERAL MISCONDUCT TO THE PREJUDICE OF THE GOOD NAME OF THE ESTABLISHMENT AND / OR OF DISCIPLINE AND THE PROPER ADMINISTRATION OF DRUNKENNESS IN THE COURSES OF DUTY, AND FALSE CLAIM AGAINST THE UNIVERSITY, INSUBORDINATION, DIVIDED LOYALTY (CONFLICT OF INTEREST) NEGLIGENCE, FALSIFICATION AND SUPPRESSION OF RECORDS (FACTS, PROFESSIONAL INFORMATION) AND CONVICTION FOR A CRIMINAL OFFENCE OTHER THAN TRAFFIC OFFENCE, ABSENCE FROM DUTY.
IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT ENGINEERS, IN THE FULFILLMENT OF THEIR
PROFESSIONAL DUTIES, SHALL HOLD PARAMOUNT THE SAFETY, HEALTH, AND WELFARE OF THE PUBLIC
A PRACTITIONER SHALL, REGARD THE PRACTITIONER'S DUTY TO PUBLIC WELFARE AS PARAMOUNT." [14]
CODES OF ENGINEERING ETHICS IDENTIFY A SPECIFIC PRECEDENCE WITH RESPECT TO THE ENGINEER'S CONSIDERATION FOR THE PUBLIC, CLIENTS, EMPLOYERS, AND THE PROFESSION.
MANY ENGINEERNG PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES HAVE PREPARED CODES OF ETHICS. SOME GO BACK TO THE EARLY DECADES OF THE 20TH CENTURY. THESE HAVE BEEN INCORPORATED TO A GREATER OR LESSER DEGREE INTO THE REGULATORY LAWS OF SEVERAL JURISDICTIONS.
WHILE THESE STATEMENTS OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES SERVED AS A GUIDE, ENGNRS STILL REQUIRE SOUND JUDGMENT TO INTERPRET HOW THE CODE WOULD APPLY TO SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES.
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