ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF COMPRESSED AIR CAR

A SEMINAR REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FUIIFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF

BECHELOR OF TECHNOLOGYIN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BY

PUSHPENDRA SINGH RAJPOOT

ROLL NO. - 1316440077

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

MR. ARVIND KUMAR

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PRANVEER SINGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR

SEPTEMBER 2015

CERTI FI CATE

Certified that Pushpendra Singh Rajpoot (Roll Number 1316440077) has carried out the

seminar work presented in this seminar entitled “Compressed Air Car” from Pranveer

Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, affiliated by A.I.C.T.E and Uttar Pradesh

Technical University, Lucknow under my supervision. The seminar work embodies results of

original work, and studies are carried out by the student himself and the contents of the work

do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else

from this or any other University/Institution.

Mr. Arvind KumarDate: Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering P.S.I.T. Kanpur

ABSTRACT

As the world is hard pressed with the energy and fuel crises, compounded by pollution of all kinds, any technologies that bring out the solutions to this problem is considered as a bounty. In one of such new technologies, is the development of a new car called as compressed air car which does not require any of the known fuels like diesel, petrol, CNG, LPG, hydrogen etc. this works using only compressed air. This replaces all types of to-date known fuels and also permanently solves the problems of pollution as its exhaust is clean and cool measured practically as low as 5ºC. A proto type, a horizontal, single cylinder low speed engine was modified to run on compressed air. Since this engine runs only on high pressure compressed air, the exhaust of which is undoubtedly only air, making it a zero pollution engine. No heat is generated because there is no combustion of fuel, hence this car needs no cooling system and it result in reduced cost, weight, volume and vibration. Early cost analysis shows that it's very cost effective and the operational cost is ten times less than that of petrol or diesel. Experimental analysis were carried out on this modified car to find out its performance characteristics like brake power, mechanical efficiency, overall efficiency, air to Air ratio, volumetric efficiency, cost analysis etc. Though the efficiencies were low as the frictional forces were high for the proto designed engine, however the concept can be applied on a professionally designed engine to improve the car performance.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Arvind Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, for providing me kind guidance, continuous encouragement, extend help and support during my thesis work.

I would also like to offer thanks to Dr. A. K. Saxena, Director, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, for allowing me to do this work.

I would also like to offer thanks to Dr. S. L. Shukla, Director Academics, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, for allowing me to do this work.

I am also thankful to all the faculty members of Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, for providing me various kind of support and help directly or indirectly, during my present work.

Finally, I am extending my thanks to my parents for their blessings, strong support, encouragement and love that helped me to complete this work.

Mr. Pushpendra Singh Rajpoot Date: Roll No. 131644007

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT PAGE (3)

LIST OF TABLE PAGE

LIST OF FIGURE PAGE

CHAPTER -1

1. Introduction to air compressed car

A Compressed Air Car is a car that can run on compressed air alone without the use of conventional fuels used in present day automobiles. The car is powered by an air engine. The air engine is an emission-free piston engine using compressed air. The engines are similar to steam engines as they use the expansion of externally supplied pressurized gas to perform work against a piston. For practical application to transportation, several technical problems must be first addressed:As the pressurized air expands, it is cooled, which limits the efficiency. This cooling reduces the amount of energy that can be recovered by expansion, so practical engines apply ambient heat to increase the expansion available.Conversely, the compression of the air by pumps (to pressurize the tanks) will heat the air. If the heat is not recovered it represents a further loss of energy and so reduces efficiency.Storage of air at high pressure requires strong containers, which if not made of exotic materials will be heavy, reducing vehicle efficiency, while exotic materials (such as carbon fiber composites) tend to be expensive.Energy recovery in a vehicle during braking by compressing air also generates heat, which must be conserved for efficiency.It should be noted that the air engine is not truly emission-free, since the power to compress the air initially usually involves emissions at the point of generation.This most recent development using pressurized air as fuel in an engine was invented by Guy Nègre, a French engineer. In 1991 the inventor Guy Nègre started up Meteor Development International (MDI), Luxembourg and invented a dual-energy engine running on compressed air. From this moment on he managed to create a compressed air only-engine, and improved his design to make it more powerful. In the 15 years he's been working on this engine, considerable progress has been made: the engine is now claimed to be competitive with modern ICEs. It is probably still not as powerful as an ICE (although depending on which model of air engine vs. model ICE). Proponents claim that this is of littleImportance since the car can simply be made lighter, or the tanks be put on a higher pressure (psi-level), pushing the engine to above a comparable ICE- engine.

2. Engine Design

It uses the expansion of compressed air to drive the pistons in a modified piston engine. Efficiency of operation is gained through the use of environmental heat at normal temperature to warm the otherwise cold expanded air from the storage tank. This non-adiabatic expansion has the potential to greatly increase the efficiency of the machine. The only exhaust gas is cold air (−15 °C), which may also be used for air conditioning in a car. The source for air is a pressurized glass or carbon-fiber tank holding air at around 3,000 lbf/in² (20 MPA). Air is delivered to the engine via a rather conventional injection system. Unique crank design within the engine increases the time during which the air charge is warmed from ambient sources and a two stage process allows improved heat transfer rates. The Armando Regusci's version of the air engine has several advantages over the original Guy Nègre's one. In the initial Guy Nègre's air engine, one piston compresses air from the atmosphere, holding it on a small container that feeds the high pressure air tanks with a small amount of air. Then that portion of the air is sent to the second piston where it works. During compression for heating it up, there is a loss of energy\ due to the fact that it cannot receive energy from the atmosphere as the atmosphere is less warm than it. Also, it has to expand as it has the crank. The Guy Nègre's air engine works with constant torque, and the only way to change the torque to the wheels is to use a pulley transmission of constant variation, losing efficiency. In the Regusci's version, the transmission system is direct to the wheel, and has variable torque from zero to the maximum with all the efficiency. When vehicle is stopped, Guy Nègre's engine has to be on and working, losing energy, while the Regusci's version has not. In July 2004, Guy Nègre abandoned his original design, and showed later a new design where he stated to have it invented back in year 2001, but his new design is identical to the Armando Regusci's air engine which was patented back in 1989 (Uruguay) with the patent number 22976, and back in 1990 (Argentina). In those same patents, it is mentioned the use of electrical motors to compress air in the tanks.

3. Uses of air engine

The engine is used to power an urban car with room for five passengers and a projected range of about 100 to 200 miles (160 to 320 km), depending on traffic conditions. The main advantages are: no roadside emissions, low cost technology, engine uses food oil for lubrication (just about 1 liter, changes only every 30,000 miles (50,000 km)) and integrated air conditioning. Range could be quickly tripled, since there are already carbon fiber tanks which have passed safety standards holding gas at 10,000 lbf/in² (70MPa). The tanks may be refilled in about three minutes at a service station, or in a few hours at home plugging the car into the electric grid via an on-board compressor.

The Basic Principle of Air Compressed Engine

The CAT’s 34 Engine is a 4-cylinder engine which will be used in cars in serial production.

Fig 1.CAT’s 34 Engine

This engine was developed between the end of 2001 and the beginning of 2002. It uses an innovative system to control the movement of the 2nd generation pistons and one single crankshaft. The pistons work in two stages: one motor stage and one intermediate stage of compression/expansion. Fig 2.

Fig 2. Detailed view of the compressed air engine

The engine has 4 two-stage pistons, i.e. 8 compression and/or expansion chambers. They have two functions: to compress ambient air and refill the storage tanks; and to make successive expansions (reheating air with ambient thermal energy) thereby approaching isothermal expansion.

Its steering-wheel is equipped with a 5kW electric Moto-alternator. This motor is simultaneously: the motor to compress air, the starting motor, the alternator for recharging the battery an electric moderator/brake, a temporary power supply (e.g. for parking)

Fig 3. 3D view of the engine interior

No clutch is necessary. The engine is idle when the car is stationary and the vehicle is started by the magnetic plate which re-engages the compressed air. Parking maneuvers are powered by the electric motor.

Fig 4. The engine which will be fitted in the air compressed cars in serial production.

Articulated con-rod

The MDI con-rod system allows the piston to be held at Top Dead Centre for 70% of the cycle. This way, enough time is given to create the pressure in the cylinder. The torque is also better so the force exerted on the crankshaft is less substantial than in a classic system.

Fig 5. Articulated con-rod

Gear box

Gear changes are automatic, powered by an electronic system developed by MDI. A computer which controls the speed of the car is effectively continuously changing gears. The latest of many previous versions, this gearbox achieves the objective of seamless changes and minimal energy consumption.

Moto-alternator

The Moto alternator connects the engine to the gearbox. It has many functions:It supports the CAT´s motor to allow the tanks to be refilled.As an alternator it produces brake power.It starts the vehicle and provides extra power when necessary.

Distribution and valves

To ensure smooth running and to optimize energy efficiency, the engines use a simple electromagnetic distribution system which controls the flow of air into the engine. This system runs on very little energy and alters neither the valve phase nor its rise.

Fig 6. Distribution valve

The Air car's technical details

a) Compressed air tanks

The compressed air tank is a glass or carbon-fiber tank. These tanks hold 90 cubic meters of air compressed to 300 bars. This system is not dangerous in case of an accident as there is no risk of operation.Because these are the same tanks used to carry the liquid gas used by buses for public transport. The tanks enjoy the same technology developed to contain natural gas. They are designed and officially approved to carry an explosive product: methane gas.In the case of a major accident, where the tanks are ruptured, they would not explode since they are not metal. Instead they would crack, as they are made of carbon fiber. An elongated crack would appear in the tank, without exploding, and the air would simply escape, producing a loud but harmless noise. Of course, since this technology is licensed to transport an inflammable and explosive gas (Natural gas), it is perfectly capable inoffensive and non-flammable air.The tanks in CATs vehicles are composed of an interior thermoplastic container which ensures it is airtight. This is held in a coiled and crossed carbon fiber shell. This technique is the result of many studies into factors such as: mechanical specifications, density of material, choice of fibers etc. The conditions of use are maximum effective pressure (300 bar) and the temperature of use: from –40°C to 60°C.The tanks are submitted to numerous tests to meet official approval, among which are:

. Airtight testing

. Pressure testing (1.5×300=405 b)

. Rupture testing (2.35×300=705 b)

. Cycles at ambient and extreme temperatures

. Fire-resistance testing

. Resistance to cuts

. Shock and fall testing

During rupture testing, the tank cracks, but does not break up, producing no splinters or fragments. In the event of a cracked tank, it is most likely to occur within the cylinder itself.

Fig 7.Special machines making the tubular shell

The tanks used in the CAT´s vehicles should last for a period of fifteen years, to be tested every five years and are subject to wear and tear according to conditions of use. The tanks weigh 35 - 40 kg for 100 liters of air at 300 bars. In the Mini Cat´s the tanks weigh 70 - 80 kg. For extra security, a protective plate is fixed underneath the vehicle´s chassis and in addition limits access to the circuit of high pressure air. There is also an extraction system to deal with water produced by condensation.

b) Brake power recovery

The MDI vehicles will be equipped with a range of modern systems. For example, one mechanism stops the engine when the car is stationary (at traffic lights, junctions etc.). Another interesting feature is the pneumatic system which recovers about 13% of the power used.

C) The body

The MDI car body is built with fiber and injected foam, as are most of the cars on the market today. This technology has two main advantages: cost and weight. Nowadays the use of sheet steel for car bodies is only because of cost - it is cheaper to serially produce sheet steel bodies than fiber ones. However, fiber is safer (it doesn´t cut like steel), is easier to repair (it is glued), doesn´t rust etc. MDI is currently looking into using hemp fiber to replaceFiber-glass, and natural varnishes, to produce 100% non-contaminating bodywork.

d) The Air Filter

The MDI engine works with both air taken from the atmosphere and air pre-compressed in tanks. Air is compressed by the on-board compressor or at service stations equipped with a high-pressure compressor. Before compression, the air must be filtered to get rid of any impurities that could damage the engine. Carbon filters are used to eliminate dirt, dust, humidity and other particles which, unfortunately, are found in the air in our cities.This represents a true revolution in automobiles - it is the first time that a car has produced minus pollution, i.e. it eliminates and reduces existing pollution rather than emitting dirt and harmful gases. The exhaust pipe on the MDI cars produces clean air, which is cold on exit (between -15º and 0º) and is harmless to human life. With this system the air that comes out of the car is cleaner than the air that went in.

e) The Chassis

Based on its experience in aeronautics, MDI has put together highly-resistant, yet light, chassis, aluminum rods glued together. Using rods enables to build a more shock-resistant chassis than regular chassis. Additionally, the rods are glued in the same way as aircraft, allowing quick assembly and a more secure join than with welding. This system helps to reduce manufacture time.

f) Electrical system

Guy Nègre, inventor of the MDI Air Car, acquired the patent for an interesting invention for installing electrics in a vehicle. Using a radio transmission system, each electrical component receives signals with a microcontroller. Thus only one cable is needed for the whole car. So, instead of wiring each component (headlights, dashboard lights, lights inside the car, etc.), one cable connects all electrical parts in the car. The most obvious advantages are the ease of installation and repair and the removal of the approximately 22 kg of wires no longer necessary. What’s more, the entire system becomes an anti-theft alarm as soon as the keyIs removed from the car.

Figure 8. Air compressed car

CHAPTER-2LITERATURE SURVAY AND SCOPE OF WORK

Behavior of compressed air Compressed air is clean, safe, simple and efficient. There are no dangerous exhaust fumes of or other harmful by products when compressed air is used as a utility. It is a non-combustible, non-polluting utility.

When air at atmospheric pressure is mechanically compressed by a compressor, the transformation of air at 1 bar (atmospheric pressure) into air at higher pressure (up to 414 bar) is determined by the laws of thermodynamics.

They state that an increase in pressure equals a rise in heat and compressing air creates a proportional increase in heat. Boyle's law explains that if a volume of a gas (air) halves during compression, then the pressure is doubled. Charles' law states that the volume of a gas changes in direct proportion to the temperature [2]. These laws explain that pressure, volume and temperature are proportional; change one variable and one or two of the others will also change, according to this equation:

(P1 V1 ) / T1 = (P2 V2 )/T2

Compressed air is normally used in pressure ranges from 1 bar to 414 bar (14 to 6004 PSI) at various flow rates from as little as 0.1 m (3.5 CFM - cubic feet per minute) and up. The laws of physics dictate that uncontained gases will fill any given space.

The easiest way to see this in action is to inflate a balloon. The elastic skin of the balloon holds the air tightly inside, but the moment you use a pin to create a hole in the balloon's surface, the air expands outward with so much energy that the balloon explodes.

Compressing a gas into a small space is a way to store energy. When the gas expands again, that energy is released to do work. That's the basic principle behind what makes an air cargo [3]. The first air cars will have air compressors built into them. After a brisk drive, you'll be able to take the car home, put it into the garage and plug in the compressor.

The compressor will use air from around the car to refill the compressed air tank. Unfortunately, this is a rather slow method of refueling and will probably take up to two hours for a complete refill. If the idea of an air car catches on, air refueling stations will become available at ordinary gas stations, where the tank can be refilled much more rapidly with air that's already been compressed. Filling your tank at the pump will probably take about three minutes.

The first air cars will almost certainly use the Compressed Air Engine (CAE) developed by the French company, Motor Development International (MDI). Air cars using this engine will have tanks that will probably hold about 3,200 cubic feet (90.6 kiloliters) of compressed air.

The vehicle's accelerator operates a valve on its tank that allows air to be released into a pipe and then into the engine, where the pressure of the air's expansion will push against the pistons and turn the crankshaft.

This will produce enough power for speeds of about 35 miles (56 kilometers) per hour. When the air car surpasses that speed, a motor will kick in to operate the in-car air compressor so it can compress more air on the fly and provide extra power to the engine. The air is also heated as it hits the engine, increasing its volume to allow the car to move faster.

The concept of compressed air technology has been taken from various journal papers and studying the various aspects of compressed air technology. The basic concept of compressed air car was taken from the below journal paper.

Today fossil fuels are widely used as a source of energy in various different fields like power plants, internal & external combustion engines, as heat source in manufacturing industries, etc. But its stock is very limited and due to this tremendous use, fossil fuels are depleting at faster rate.

So, in this world of energy crisis, it is inevitable to develop alternative technologies to use renewable energy sources, so that fossil fuels can be conserved. One of the major fields in which fossil fuels are used is Internal Combustion Engine. An alternative of IC Engine is “Air Powered Engine”.

It is an engine which will use compressed air to run the engine. It is cheap as it uses air as fuel, which is available abundantly in atmosphere Here air is compressed using compressor which in turn uses electricity, to run, which is cheaper and widely used.

This adds value to its economic benefits. Also, as discussed earlier, as no combustion takes place which results in smooth working of the engine with minimum wear and tear, this will require less maintenance.

So these are some of its economic benefits. One more interesting thing is that the exhaust temperature of this engine will be slightly less than the atmospheric temperature. Terms related to performance and testing of the engine.

The various aspects related to the performance characteristics of the engine is taken from this journal. Some of them are;

1. Swept Volume Of The Engine.

2. Torque Calculations.

3. Power Calculations

4. Efficiency of Engine.

5. Exhaust Air Temperature

This work of our project will explores performance of CAE (Compressed Air Engine) on the 4-S single cylinder 100cc engine. As per our knowledge and percentage of success on work of CAE can be used in commercial bike, bicycle with a few modifications. That will help to minimize the pollutions level and dependency upon conventional source of energy and also be economical and become a new alternative for automotive purpose. Following future scopes are possible of this project work.

• The same study can be investigated with new light weight design of piston because of no combustion mean no thermal expect is considering in the design of piston, cylinder and other parts.• The same study is carried out with other gases having more compressibility and more energy density.• Engine is completely design for the compressed air which omits the convectional parts like catalytic convertor, spark plug, engine fins, carburetor etc.• Development is more consent on the storage devices. • In future same development is carried out with dual energy.

CHAPETR-3 AIR COMPRESSED CAR

Compressed Air Powered Car utilizes the power of compressed air to operate the engine. In normal 4-stroke engine the engine working is carried out in four cycles i.e., suction, compression, power and exhaust. In our engine we have converted the four working cycles into two working cycle. This has been obtained by modifying the cam-gear arrangement. Cam gears having same size and same number of teeth are used. Thus the two strokes obtained are power and exhaust. The compressed air drives the engine crankshaft and hence the wheel motion is obtained.

Our environment must be protected against various contaminations produced by vehicle driven on I.C. engine which produces some of the most adverse environmental effects. These emissions, which are above all caused by road traffic damage the flora and fauna and deteriorate human health. For example Nitrogen Oxide (NOX) after oxidation forming nitric acid, contributes to the acid rain which has caused severe forest damage in the past decades. Compressed air powered car are zero emission vehicles. This is so because air is used as fuel and exhaust is also in the form of air. Hence, these vehicles does not release any CO, NOX, hydrocarbons, soot etc. and hence do not damage the environment. Thus compressed air powered car can prove to be the environment friendly vehicle of 21st century.

3.1 OBJECTIVE OF AIR COMPRESSED CAR

Today fossil fuels are widely used as a source of energy in various different fields like internal & external combustion engines, as heat source in manufacturing industries, etc. But its stock is very limited and due to this tremendous use, fossil fuels are depleting at faster rate. So, in this world of energy crisis, it is inevitable to develop alternative technologies to use renewable energy sources, so that fossil fuels can be conserved. One of the major fields in which fossil fuels are used is Internal Combustion Engine. An alternative of IC Engine is “Compressed Air Powered Engine”.

It is an engine which uses compressed air to run the engine. It is cheap as it uses air as fuel, which is available abundantly in atmosphere. There are several technical benefits of using this engine, like as no combustion takes place inside the cylinder, working temperature of engine is very close to ambient temperature. This helps in reducing wear and tear of the engine components. Also there is no possibility of knocking. This in turn results in smooth working of engine. One more technical benefit is that there will not be any need for installing cooling

system or complex fuel injection systems. This makes the design simpler. Thus compressed air powered car has the capacity to satisfy present demand and can prove to be the future vehicles.

3.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The line diagram of the car is as shown in the figure below. In compressed air powered car, the working of engine is carried out in two cycles. This has been achieved by the modifying the 4-stroke engine. The compressed air is fed to the engine through the receiver tank. The pressure regulator valve regulates the pressure of air which is to be fed to the engine.

Figure 9. Working principle of air compressed car

The compressed air is fed to the engine from the compressor tank through the pressure regulator valve. The pressure gauge is employed to indicate the pressure in the line. Initially the piston is at the top dead center position.

The compressed air is fed through the inlet valve at a high pressure. Due to this high pressure the air forces the piston to move downward from top dead center position to bottom dead center position. Just before the piston reaches to BDC the exhaust valve opens. Due to inertia the piston starts moving towards TDC & forces the retained gas to move outwards through exhaust valve. In this way the cycle continues the output generated at the crankshaft. This output is transferred to the rear axle through chain sprocket mechanism.

3.3 Advantages of compressed air CAR

In comparison to petrol or diesel powered vehicles “compressed air car” have following advantages:

• Air, on its own, is non-flammable, abundant, economical, transportable, and storable and, most importantly, nonpolluting.

• Compressed air technology reduces the cost of vehicle production by about 20%, because there is no need to build a cooling system, fuel tank, spark plugs or silencers.

• High torque for minimum volume.

• The mechanical design of the engine is simple and robust.

• Low manufacture and maintenance costs as well as easy maintenance.

• Lighter vehicles would mean less abuse on roads, thus, resulting in longer lasting roads.

• The price of fueling air powered vehicles will be significantly cheaper than current fuels.

• When the air is being compressed at reasonable speeds, it heats up. The heat given off during compression could be reclaimed for space heating or water heating, or used in a starling engine.

• Transportation of the fuel would not be required due to drawing power off the electrical grid. This presents significant cost benefits. Pollution created during fuel transportation would be eliminated. Compressed-air vehicles are comparable in many ways even to electric vehicles and their potential advantages over electric vehicles include:

• Compressed-air car are unconstrained by the degradation problems associated with current battery systems.

• Much like electrical vehicles, air powered car would ultimately be powered through the electrical grid which makes it easier to focus on reducing pollution from one source, as opposed to the millions of vehicles on the road.

• Compressed-air tanks can be disposed of or recycled with less pollution than batteries.

• The tank may be able to be refilled more often and in less time than batteries can be recharged, with refueling rates comparable to liquid fuels.

• The tanks used in a compressed air motor have a longer lifespan in comparison with batteries, which, after a while suffer from a reduction in performance

CHAPTER-4 CONCLUSION

In this project a preliminary investigation is carried out to run a vehicle on compressed air. From the observation it can be concluded that compressed air power car can prove to the future vehicles. This is a revolutionary engine design which is ecofriendly, pollution free, but also very economical. This redresses both the problems of fuel crises and pollution. These are zero emission vehicle. To sum it up, they are non-expensive cars that do not pollute and are easy to get around in cities.

The cost running the car on electricity need to be considered. At the same time the well to wheels efficiency of these vehicles need to be improved. The performance can be improved by increasing inlet pressure, reducing the vehicle weight etc. However excessive research is needed to completely prove the technology for both its commercial and technical viability.

REFERENCE

[1] Haisheng Chen et al. “Air fuelled zero emission road transportation: A comparative study”, Applied Energy 88 (2011), 24 June 2010, pp: 337–342 .

[2] Amir Fazeli et al. “A novel compression strategy for air hybrid engines” Applied Energy 88 (2011) ,8 March 2011, pp: 2955–2966 .

[3] Ulf Bossel “Thermodynamic Analysis of Compressed Air Vehicle Propulsion” European Fuel Cell Forum, Morgenacherstrasse 2F CH-5452 Oberrohrdorf /Switzerland, April 2, 2009.

[4] J.Gary Wood et al. “Design of a low pressure air Engine for third world use” 17th Annual Intersociety Energy Conversion Los Angeles, California August, 1982.

[5] HE Wei et al. “Performance study on three-stage Power system of compressed air vehicle based on single-screw expander” science china, technological Sciences, August 2010, pp: 2299–2303 .

[6] Thipse S S. Compressed air car. Tech Monitor, 2008, 1(2): 33–37.

[7] Bossel U. Thermodynamic analysis of compressed air Vehicle propulsion. European Fuel Cell Forum ; 2009. <http://www.efcf.com/e/reports/E14.pdf>

[8] Hugh Currin “Air Engine Design for Machining Class” April 11, 2007.

[9] MDIEnterprisesS.A(http://www.mdi.lu/eng/affichee ng.php?page=minicats).Mdi.lu Retrieved 2010-12-12.

[10] mistry manish k, “study and development of compressed air engine single cylinder a review study” vol-3.january-march 2012/271-274.

[11] anirudh addala& srinivasu gangada,”fabrication and testing of compressed air car viswanadha institute of technology and management”.vol-13, 2013.

APPENDIX 1

LIST OF FIGURE

DISCRIPTION PAGE NO.

Figure no. 1 8

Figure no. 2 9

Figure no. 3 10

Figure no. 4 10

Figure no. 5 11

Figure no. 6 12

Figure no. 7 13

Figure no. 8 15

Figure no. 9 20

LIST OF SYMBOLS

P1 = Primary pressure of air

V1 = Primary volume of air

T1 = Primary temperature of air

P2 = Secondary pressure of air

V2 = Secondary volume of air

T2 = Secondary temperature of air