EngineeringScience of applying scientific, knowledge,

in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials

and processes

To think about, design, build and test something

Engineering Perspectives

When designing something we must look at it from 6 different perspectives.• The Physical perspective• The Technical perspective• The Economic perspective• The Industrial perspective• The Human perspective

• The Environmental perspective

Engineering Perspectives

The Physical perspectiveThe physical perspective must take into account the natural

elements. Wind, Water, Earth. Can the object you are designing stand up to these elements

The Technical perspectiveThe technical perspective takes into account the factors that

affect the operation of the object. Ex: Battery life, speed, power etc

Engineering Perspectives

The Economic perspectiveThe Economic perspective looks into the costs of creating,

selling, and maintaining this product.

The Industrial perspectiveThis perspective takes into account the where and how the object will be produced. The designer must consider skilled

labour, factory size and equipment, and completion deadlines

Engineering Perspectives

The Human perspectiveThis perspective takes into account who will use the product, will

they like it? Will they be able to maintain it? Aesthetics(looks), safety and comfort are all considered

The Environmental perspective This is where the designer considers the effect of the object on

the environment, both during production(Pollution/waste), and after purchase(Pollution/Recyclability).

Engineering MaterialsOnce the designer has taken all the above mentioned perspective into account they must look into the various

materials they can use to create their object.This must be done before they build(put the various materials

together)

Raw Materials or Materials?

What is the difference

Engineering MaterialsWhen engineers look at materials they divide them into

categories depending on their use.When building a structure the materials are divided into:

• Connection materials: things you use to link (join) together other materials

• Extension materials: things you use to extend the height, width and depth of the building you make.

A materials advantages and disadvantages help designer decide which type of material something is.

Ex: light and strong = extension material, soft & sticky =connective material

Define a problem(is it scientific

or technological?)

Choose a scenario(for investigation

or design process?)

Carry outthe procedure

Conductthe experiment

or collect the data

Buildthe prototype

Analyze the resultsTest

the prototype

Reviewthe procedure or suggest

improvements

In order to explain how mechanical objects function we need some tools

• We need to make a sketch and then add as much labeling as we think is necessary to help others understand what we are trying to show with our diagram.

• We need to use common symbols for movement and simple mechanisms.

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Symbols used to depict MOTION Symbols used to depict FORCE.

Translation in one direction.(Rectilinear)

Force which has tendency has to stretch the bodies or

to draw them (tension)Translation

in both directions.(Alternating)

Force which has tendency has to tighten the bodies or

to push them (Compression)

Rotation in one direction(Circular)

Force which tends to turn or twist the bodies.

(Torsion)Rotation in both directions

(Oscillatory)Force which tends to cut or

shear the bodies (Shearing)

Spiral (helical, both rectilinear and

circular)

Force which tends to bend or distort the bodies

(Flexion)

Screw or Bolt Nut Nut and Bolt Complete Link(2 surfaces)

Free in rotation and fixed in translation

Free in rotation and translation

Complete linkNo movement possible

Free in translation and fixed in rotation

Cylindrical articulation cantilever

Compression Spring Gear Wheel or Pulley

Cylindrical articulation with cover

Tension Spring Gear(Side View)

Pulley(Side View)

Ball Joint Angular Spring Rack

After the Sketch

A Design Plan contains: 1. Simplified lines 2. A different colour for each element

illustrated 3. The names of the parts 4. The symbols for the movements 5. The forces in place6. Any guidance and links, (if needed)

The next step is to produce a Design Plan

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Technical Diagram for a C-Clamp Design Plan for a C-Clamp

Original material created by Emmanuel Fournier

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A Design Plan contains: •Simplified lines •A different colour for each element illustrated •The names of the parts •The symbols for the movements •The forces in place•Any guidance and links, (if needed)

A technical Drawing contains enough details for the object to be built. It will include information such as:

1. The pieces making up the object1. Materials used2. Shape of components3. Name of components

2. Role of the components1. Links between parts2. Guidance between parts