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BONAR

AMERIC

AN UNIVERSITIES AT THE

COLUJ\1:BIAN EXPOSITION.

IV.

-

THE

Mc

GILL

, MoNTRE L-concl1tded.

E

next

points of

interest

appear in the Tes ting

Laboratories.

Testing Laborettories.- ese consist of two r

oo

ms

each 60 ft . by 32 ft ., with a basement cf the s

am

e

eize. Th e main appara tus in these labora tories

consists o f-

A 75-ton Emery machine, with a capacity for

tensile specimens up to 66 in. in length, for

co

m

pr e

ssive specimens up to 85 in.

in

l

engt

h,

and

for

torsional tests up to 60 in. between beaTings.

A 150-ton Wicksteed te sting machine, with a

capacity for tensile specimens of lengths up to 72

in

.,

for compressive pieces up to 48 in . in length by

10 in. square. By means of a special design

ar r

ange

ments are also made for the transverse testing of

beams up to 25 ft. in length by 10 in. width by

24

in. in depth.

NG I N E E R l N

G.

-.

r r

BRIDGES

1

8

1 2

For Description,

see

Page 236.)

l

...

I

AND

,

These testing machines are both worked fr om an

hydraul

ic

accumulator

co

nnected with Bla.ke and

Worthington pumps, either of which may be us

ed

.

Th

e piping is also so arranged

that

the Emery

machine may be wo

rked direct

from the pump ;

but

where extreme accuracy is required, tests are always

mad e with

the

accumulator, as every pulsation of

the

pump is registered on

the

testing machine.

Thus in th is labora tory

ther

e

are

remarkable illus

trations of the best types of English and American

testing machines.

Unwins hydraulic tester for torsional, transverse,

and te

nsile testing

ha

s been provided

with an

angle

measurer specially designed by Messrs. N

alder

Brothers, from ideas suggested by Professor Bovey,

by means of which t

he

angle of t orsion may be

measured within

the

one-thousandth of a d egree.

Th

e lab oratories are also

fi

t ted up with every

appliance for exact measurements, including

various kinds of extensometer, Boehmes hardness

apparatus, Whitworths one hundred thousandth

1 8 9 3.

.

tIL

machine, Sweets measuring machine,

and

a

very

co

mplete and liberal

co

llection of micro

meters made by Brown and Sharpe, N alder Brothers

of England, and ot her firms. He re are also

s

tandard

weights, and an Oertling

bulli

on b l ~ n c e

with

a capacity up to 125 lb. and

down to

the

hundredth

of a grain. Also a

Muir lathe and

a

shaping machine for preparing specimens, as well

as a lathe of more delicate construction for appa

ratus work. The whole of the pressure pipes

connected with the testing machines are on one

circuit, and are again

c9

nn ected with an Emery

standard

gauge,

with

a capaci

ty

of 125

lb.

per

square inc

h

and with a mer

cu

ry column up

to

5000 lb. Two reco

rdin

g guages

are

also attached

by

means of which

the

varying

pressure

is abso

lu tely recorded as the pressure is appli

ed

to the

test-piece.

The Buckton machine is also being

pr

ovided

with a self-registering apparatus similar to

that

used in

Professor

Martens

laboratory at

Chariot-

7/23/2019 Engineering Vol 56 1893-08-25

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E N G I N E E R I N G.

tenburg.

This lab

oratory, in fact,

has been

pro

vided as far as possible with everything for carrying

out

tests

in the

most

complete n1anner. In addition

to the above

apparatus,

an

impact

machine is being

constructed,

fitted

with

revolving

drum, tuning

fork, c., for r e c o r ~ i n g deflections after

repeated

impacts, and it is

expected

that

valuable

results

will

be obtained

from the

testing

of metals under

extreme

variations

of temperature.

nozzles, pipes, and all

kinds

of

hydraulic apparatus.

I t

is being supplied with a

set

of pumps designed

specially for

experiments and

research,

and adapted

to work up to a

pressure

of

about

1300 1 ~ . per

square inch, and at all speeds up to

the

highest

found practicable. The valves, in each case, are

being so arranged

that

both valves and studs may

be

ea

sily

taken

out

and others substituted, if

desired.

As good cement is

the

foundation of all engi

neering

works, so

a study and

knowledge of

this

material is

most essential

to

the

training

of an

engineer; accordingly, the faculty have

provided

a

Cement Testing Laborat

ory.

of the

illuminating power

and efficiency of lamps

by means of a standard apparatus, using the

Bunsen

disc; current is l

aid

and the electric o b ~

servations

are read by

means of

a

wattmeter.

4. The Electrical Workshop.-This is fitted up

for making

electrical

instruments of

all

kind

s ;

there

is

a

very

fine l

athe

by the

American

vVatch

To

ol Company, driven

by

a horse - power

Crocker-

Wheeler

motor ; this ]a he was selected

with a view to turning out fine work if neces

sary, and

has

already

done

good service in this

direction.

Hydraulic LaboratoTy.- This laboratory contains

a 28ft.

by

5 ft.

by

5 ft.

square tank,

perfectly

flush on the inside, and specially designe d for

investigations as

to the

action of

water under

low

pressures.

The tank is provided with specially designed

valves

and

guages, which do not interfere in

the

slightest

degree

with

the stream-line flow, and

by

means of which variations in pressure

in

different

horizontal sections, and under

different conditions

of flow,

can

be observed with the

greatest

possible

accuracy. f'he tank has also fixed to it a recording

hydraulic gauge, which has

been

designed to

mark

one, two, four, eight, or

twenty-four

revolutions

in

a s p ~ c i f i e d time.

The

tank discharges

into

a water-course

about

40 ft. long and 5 ft. wide.

This

course may be

divided up into one, two, or more compartments,

ea.ch compartme

nt

being carefully calibrated, so that

the

amount

of the discharge can be easily estimated.

At the

end of the course provision is made for

inserting

weirs of various forms

and

dimensions.

Over these

weirs the

water

flows

into

la rge

measuring

tanks,

which

have been

carefully cali

brated, and

each of which has a capacity of

about

250 cubic feet. The volume by weight of

water

in

each of these, or

in

all these tanks, may be

observed at a glance

by

means of a specially

designed indicator

on

the wall of the labora

tory.

Experimental

work

under high

pressure

up

to

150 lb. per

square inch

is

rendered

possible

by

a

connection with the high-level reservoir of this

city.

By

means

of a stand-pipe,

with

special fittings

for pipes, nozzles, valves, c., invest igations can

be

made

under any

pressure from 0 up

to

the

maximum.

Any

desired head may be kept per

fectly constant

by

means of a water-pressure regu

la t

or

designed for

this

laboratory.

Pipes

from

6 in. in diameter down wards can also be led from

this stand-pipe for a distance of about

600ft.,

so

that

experiments

on

the

frictional

resista

nce to

the

flow of water in pipes can be carried out under

varying pressures, and on a larger scale than ha'S

ever before been

attempted.

A special feature of

the

laboratory is what may

be called

an

hydraulic impact apparalus, designed

by Professor

Bovey, and made by Messrs. N

alder

Brothers,

of London.

With this apparatus

it is

possible to determine with a very great degree of

accuracy the force with which water impinges upon

surfaces of various forms and sizes as it issues from

orifices, nozzles, pipes,

c.

For

surface measuring

this lab

oratory has also

been

provided with a weir

depthing

machine

specia

lly

designed

by

Professor Bovey, and made

by

Messrs. Nalder Brothers.

The

laboratory ia

also

to

have a set of pumps specially designed for

experimental

work and research. These pumps

are

to be

adapted

to work

und

er all pressures up

to 120 lb. per square inch,

and

at all speeds up

to

the highest

found practicable,

with

valves of

the

best

kind

and

proportions.

The

set is to be

composed of

three

vertical single-acting plunger

pumps, each of 7 in. diameter

by

8 in. stroke,

and

driven

by

one shaft.

They are

to have two

interchangeable sets of valve chests, one being

fitted with positive movem

ent

valves, and th e

other

with small aut >matic valves. In each case

it

is to

be so

arranged

that

both the valves and their

seats can be easily taken out of

the

chests and

repla

ced

by

others. Th e power of

the

experimental

pump at different speeds,

and under

varying

pressure, will be automatically recorded

by

means

of

a transmission dynamometer specially made for

the laboratory by Messrs. Amsler Lafon, of Schaff

hausen.

The equipment

of the laboratory also includes

a Venturi w a t c r ~ m e t e r water-meters of other

kinds, gauges and gauge-testers, and, in fact, all the

apparatus

necessa

ry

for

the

scientific investigation

of the properties of water

and

water meters,

and

all kinds of hydraulic apparatus.

This lab

oratory is fitted also

with every

ap

pliance necessary for testing the efficiency of

Oeme nt Testing L aborato ry. This laboratory

is

completely equipped with

the

most perfect appli

ances for

cement and mortar

t

est

ing that could be

obtained. The best examples of testing machines

are here represented, and,

in

addition,

there

are

torsion machines and a hydraulic press specially

designed for compressive experiments. Arrange

ments are

n1ade

by

which

this press

may be con

nected with

the pressure

circuit

in the

main

laboratory, and thus the whole of

the

gauges will

act as

checks on each other.

5. The Dynamo-Room

contains

the

experimental

dyna1nos;

these have been

chosen

to represent the

best types in

general

use. They comprise a 25-

kilowatt Edison dynamo, two 12-kilowatt Edison

dynamos, coupled

by

belt for

illustrating

the elec

trical

method

of dynamo-testing

; they

are

also

used for charging

the accumulators,

the one being

driven

off the ligh ting

circuit as

a mo

tor, and

driving

the other as a dynamo at a

higher

voltage. Th ere is

a

12-kilowa.tt Mord ey alte

rnat

or, made expressly for

this

laboratory

by the Brush Company of London ;

the armatu re is fixed, and

the

coils may be rotated

about any

angle, thereby

enabling two

or

three

currents

of any

phase

difference

to

be obtained;

the

machine has a special commutator rendering

it

self

exciting. There are besides a 7 kilowatt Victoria

dynamo, a

6-kilowatt

Thomson-H ouston arc-light

dynamo; a 5-kilowatt Brush arc-light dynamo,

and

a 10-kilowatt

Thomson-H

ou

ston

incandescent

dynamo.

All these

are driven by a

Macintosh

and

Seymo

ur

engine

of 80 horse-power, each

dynamo being

driven

by a magnetic clutch pulley,

so arranged that by

making

and

breaking

a switch

the dynamo is started and stopped. There are

also several

types of transformers,

motors, arc

lamps, c., and a 7 kilowatt motor generator.

In

order to

eliminate personal error, as far as

possible, in the cement testing laboratory,

shafting

has been

introduced

for mechanical mixing

in

the

laboratory,

by

means of which the

cement

will not

be touched

by

the hand until it is placed in

the

moulds,

and

a

method

is now being worked

out

by which even

the

use of the h

and may

be dis

pensed

with

in

placing

the material in the

mould.

Thus

the whole of the work will

be

done mechani

cally,

and

personal error

entirely

eliminated.

Eighteen copper-lined cisterns have been provided

for the h.boratory,

in

which the

briquettes

may

be submerged for

any

number of years, if neces

sary.

Im portant tests have already

been

carried

out

in this laboratory relating

to

the strength of Cana

dian cements, and

an

original investigation by the

s

tudents

has

been

going

on as to

the effect of

mixing cements

by water

at

temperatures

varying

from normal temperature up to 150 deg.

Naturally,

great attention

would be

paid in

this

instituti

on to the coming science of

this

progressive

age, and

the

Electrical Laboratories are, as might

be expected, very complete.

l Il

ectricul Laboratories -

The

laboratories con

nected with the electrical engineering course con

sist of :

1.

The

Electrical L1boratory. -

Thi

s is located

immediately over the dynamo-room, and tests of

dynamos may be condu cted

in

it. Here are kept

the standard

instruments

employed for calibrating

the instruments in ordinary use. This laboratory

is fitted with

slate

slabs firmly let

in t

o the walls,

on

which the more delicate

instrum

ents

are

placed.

Current is supplied to all parts of the room for

experimental purpo

ses, both from the lighting

dynamos

direct

and also from the accumulators, so

that current up to a thousand amperes may be

obtained if necessary. The labora

to

ry is fitted

with a small work-bench for light work.

The in

st

ruments

in

this room comprise, amongst

others, a Thomson galvanometer,

two

Thomson

electric balances, four D'A

rs

onval galvanometers,

two Siemens dynamometers, two Thomson electro

static voltmeters,

eight

Weston ammeters,

and nine

Weston vo

ltmeters,

of various ranges ; an Ever

stee

d ohmmeter, two

sets

of resistance coils,

English Post Office pattern ;

an Ayrton

secohm

meter, several Na

lder

ammeters and voltmeters of

different ranges, two standard ohms, standard

cells, c.

2. The Magnetic Laboratory

is situated

at a

distance from the dynamo-room, and contains

magnetic

apparatus

us

ed in the lab

oratory course

on magnetism

and

in

tests

of dynamos. The

galvanometers are connected by wires with the

dynamo-room, so that observations can

be

made

which wo

uld

be difficult in the

neighb

o

urhood

of

the dynamos. The apparatus consists of a ballistic

galvanometer ; a magnetic curve-

tracer

- Ewing 's

in which the magnetic curves are

exhibited on

a

large scale for illustration to

the st

udents and for

investigation.

There are

also several pieces of

apparatus

made in the workshops, such as Hop

kins

on's yoke, traction

apparatus,

c., for illus

trating the

magnetic laws

in

every

variety

of way.

Current is laid

on

to

this lab

oratory from the

accumulators, so that a steady current

may

be

available for delicate tests.

3.

The

Photometer R oom.-Here

tests

are made

6.

The Lighting Station is

in

every

respect

typical

of the best li:nglish and

American

practice.

There

are

two dynamos-a 20-kilowatt Si

eme ns

and a 3

kilowatt Edison-Hopkinson; each is driven direct

by a Willans engine running at 450

rev

o

lutions per

minute

; these engines are each double-tandem

compound single-acting ;

the

stnooth running is

largely due to an e

lastic

cushion of compressed

air

that

acts as a buffer at the end of each

stroke ; as

the

engines are single-acting,

there

is

no knocking whatever, however loose the brasses

may be.

Each

engine and

dynamo, of 600 lig

hts

capacity,

takes

up a space of

about

8 ft.

by

4

ft.

6

in.

The switchboard was n1ade

in the

college work

shops.

Thom

son- Hou

sto

n d ouble-po

le

switches

are

u s ~ d , also

English

double- thr ow sw

itch

es

and

Weston instruments. The

lighting

system is the

three-wire,

but the

coupling up is so

arranged

that

one dynamo

can

run

half

the lights

on

the two

wire system; then,

when

the

load is increased, the

second dynamo

is

switched

in

series and the lights

run three-wire.

On_e v ~ l t m e t e r serves to give the voltage on all

the

c ~ r c u 1 ~ s

;

and o ~ e

a_

mmeter al

so is only r

eq

uired

for n1ne different cucu1ts; the current is measured

by the fall of potential method, and

the

different

leads

are

all

connected to

the

same instrument

by

means of a sliding switch.

A Neville sa.fety cut-out is used

in

charging the

u m u l a ~ r s ?

s_o that

when

t?e voltage falls too

low the cucu1t 1s broke

n,

but

IS remade

automatic

ally

when

the

voltage rises again.

7.

The

Accumulato

r-Room contains

Crompton

H ow.ell storage-cells, of a t o

tal

capacity of 800

ampere-hours.

Mathematical Lab01at01y

The course

in

mathe

matics (which includes kinematics and dynamics) is

conducted from the outset with special reference to

the ueeds of students

in

applied science. Much

time is given to practice

in

the use of mathematical

t a b l e ~ , pa.rti?ular

attenti

on being paid to the

solutwn

of

~ r t a n g e s ,

the_

racing

of curves, graphical

representatiOn ot functiOns, the reduction of ob

s e r v a : t i o ~

methods of approximation, sources and

r e l _ a ~ v 1mpo

rtanc

e of error s, c.

The lab

o

ratory

a ~ J O i n m g

the

l e ~ t u r e - r o is liber

n lly

supplied

w1th apparatus w1th which

the

student learns to

m

ake

mea

surements

of time,

ma

ss distance ac

celeration, and other quant

ities d e ~ l t with

the

lectures, as well as

to verify

the fundamental laws

of mechanics,

and

to investigate various mathemati

c ~ l

and

dynamical constants.

Sp

ec

ial

attention

is

d L r ~ c t e d

the

genera

l

principles underlyin

g

the

ordmary

Instruments of precision which

are

used in

physics, the simpler forms of these instruments

being put

into

the

hands

of the student at

an

early

7/23/2019 Engineering Vol 56 1893-08-25

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peri

od

in

hi

s course.

Th

e

experiments

are

in

almost all cases quantitative,

and

t

he

lea

rn

er is en

co

ur

aged

to attain the

g r e a . t possible

pr

ecisi

n

which

the natur

e of the

ex

penments and the ln

struments available ad

mit

of.

Among

the

more important articles in the l

abo

ra

tory may be ment ioned :

F or

the

measureme

nt

of tim e : Clock

with

seconds pendulum

and

el

ect

rical a

ttac

hm

en ts,

two water-clocks, chronographs, stop-watch.

F or

the

measurement of distan ce : Scales of

various kinds, screw micromete

rs,

ve

rnier

calipers ,

c3.thetometer, read ing microscopes.

F or

the

measurement of mass :

Six

chemical

balances with which masses

up

to 10 lb. can

be

de termined with

the

greatest possible accuracy,

also spring balances.

F or

ex

perime

uts

on r

ect

ilinear motion : Two

Atwood machines, Mo

rin

mac

hin

e,

in

c

lined

plane.

For

experiments on circular m

otion:

Whirling

tabl

e with various

attac

hments.

Miscellaneous : P e

ndulums

(simple a

nd

com

pound), appar

atus

of various

kinds

for

in

vestigat

ing

ha

rmonic motion, torsion balance with reading

tele

scope, gyroscope, M

ax

we

ll

's dynamical t op,

impact

a p p a

mechanical powers, &c.,

bar

o-

met

ers, thermometers, ai r

pum

ps , specific gravity

balances,

hydr

ometera, planimeters, calculating

machine, geometrical models,

fl

asks, grad

\lated

vessels, &

c.

Next to the

m

at

hematical

lab

o

rato

ry

comes

the

geodetic laboratory.

eodetic Labmatory. While th i

s labo

ra t

o

ry

is

prim

arily designed for

the

investi

gat

ion of appa

ratu

s used in geodetic and surveying operations, it

also affords the means of

pr

oducing standa

rd

s of

l

ength

and

of gradua ting circles.

The

labor

ato

ry

is double-walled, a

nd

the inn

er

wall, which is of brick, contains an

air

space.

In

the b ~ s e m e n t

there

is

an

air -chamber, from which

hot or cold a

ir

may

be

supplied to

the

work room

by

a system of pipes.

The air

circulation is main

tain

ed

by

a fan which is

driven by

an electro-motor

at any

required

speed.

'Vh

en

the

desired tem

perature is reached, all openings

are

closed, a

nd

a practically uniform t e

rn

perature held for

many

hour

s.

The

r u m e n eq

uipm

ent

consists of :

1.

A comparator,

for the

inv es

tigati

on of

standards

of l

engt

h

up

to

40

in. The standard

bar

is of steel.

2.

In

connection with

the

laboratory,

but

n

ot in

t

hi

s room, t

her

e is also a 50-f

t.

com

parator

and

uni

t of

length,

for

the

comparison of steel bands,

chains, &c.

3. A circular dividing engine, designed especially

with

a view t o

the

inv

es t

i

gati

on of existing circles.

The

gradu

ated

circle is 30 in.

in diamet

er.

Th

e

se

three

i

nstruments

were constructed

under

the

supervision of

Pr

ofessor W. A. R ogers.

4. A

linear di

vid ing engine which gives a

cr

oss

stroke

of 6 in .,

and

gr

aduates

up

to

42 in.

The

s

cr

ew,

nu

t,

an

d bearings of th is

instrument are

also

by Roger

s.

5. A portable Bessel's reversible pendulum, for

the determination of gravity.

6.

An

astronomical clock,

break

circuit chrono

meter,

and chr

onograph.

7.

Le

ve

l-tri

ers, end-measuring gauges,

an

d

minor

in

s

truments.

The

eq

uipm

ent

of geodetic

and

surveying

in

s

tr u

men

ts for

th e use of st

udents

consi

sts

of t

ran

s

it

s

and

transit theodolites of va

ri

o

us

fo

rms

, levels

of

the Dum

py,

Wy

e,

and

precision type, sexta

nts

for mar

in

e, sounding, and

land

wo

rk;

plane table

of English

and

American forms ; surveyors' and

pirometic compasses ;

current

m

ete

rs ;

an

alt

azimuth

for triangul

ation wo

rk

; a zenith

tele

scope

and

astronomical

tran

sits

; amongst

the latter

sh

ould be specia

lly

me

ntioned the

l

argest

in

s

tru

ment.

t is of

the

most rec

ent

desi

gn

of

the

Ru ss

ian

or

broken te

lescope

tripl

e

pattern,

is

adapted

for lat itude work a ze

nith

telescope ,

and

has a clear

apertu

re of 3 1n.

In

connection with th e fie

ld

astronomical

ou t

fit

there

is a

break

-cu

rr

ent

ch r

onometer,

and

a

chr

on

og

raph.

There are

also hand-levels, chains,

s teel bands, tapes,

bar

ometers, pedometers,

and

ot

her

usual

minor

i

nstrum

e

nts

requir

ed for t

he

work.

Th

is

de

scription may be fittingly clos

ed with

a

refe

ren

ce to

the mu

seum.

Mus

et

m. e

engineering museum occupie3

the

whole of

the

top floor, and embraces

an area

of

about

10,000 square feet.

The

most notable fea t

ur

e

E N G I N E E R I N

G.

in this

r

oo

m is a

sp

lendid

and uni

q

ue

co

ll

ection of

models,

known

as

th

e R eul

eaux

kinematic collec

tion. H ere alm

ost

eve

ry

conceivable form of

mechanical

movement

is

repr

esented,

and th

e ex

cellency of w

orkmanship and be

a

uty

of design

are

due especially to th e fact that Profess?r u l ~ a u x

so well known all over the world, h1mseli k1ndly

supervised

th

e formation of t

he

different sets.

Pr

ofessor R e

ul

eaux, of

th

e B e

rlin

P olytechnic, is

so well

kn ow

n bo

th

in

Eu r

ope

and Ameri

ca,

that

mor

e

than

a passing

ref

erence t o him need n

ot her

e

be mad e. H e ha.s devoted his life

to the

elabora

tion

of a new science, viz

., th

at of

applied kin

e

matics, or mechanism.

This

science was defin

ed by

the

great physicist, Amp ere,

and

put

in correct

place

as

one of the exact sciences

in

his " Essai sur

la Philosophie des Sciences," 1830.

Len pold, Monge, Carnot, Le.ng, Conolis,

and

Poncel

et spent

conside

ra

ble

thou

g

ht

.

on the

subj e

ct;

while Willis, of Cambridge, devoted a large t reatise,

bea

rin

g

the mark

of careful

and

ea

rn est

inve

stig

a

tion,

to the

classification of mechanisms.

Re

ul

eaux by hi

s epoch-making work,

"Kine

matic

s," re

volutionised the science a

nd introdu

ced

a sple

ndid orde

rliness where befo

re nothing

but

confusion

ha

d reigned. He was

the

first

t pro

du

ce new mechanisms

fr

om old ones by reference

to

t he

meth

od of

hi

s scientific

inquiry

alone ;

and

he

al

o

ne

was

enabled

by

mean

s

of

his new method

to furnish the

means of

produ

cing

any required

k

ind

of motion;

thus

ridding

the

subj

ect

of

the

cha.rge of

emp iri cism

and

enabling

it

to

deserve

the

name of

sc1

ence.

The

magnificent collection in this museum is the

em

b

odiment

of

Reu

l

ea

ux' new science ;

it

is

not

a

mere large collection of well-known mechanical

movements; it is the exemplificat ion of the evolu

tion of lower a

nd

higher mechanisms

fr

om

their

e

lement

s,

in

the

same way as chemical compounds

are

sh

ow

n

to

be

built

up

fr

om

their

cons

tituent

simple molecules.

Th

e collection

em

braces certain models which

have

never

befo

re

been made ; for example,

the

globoids-most

in

genio

us

in

con

s

truction

and of

great theoretical

value; an

d

the

cycloids, which

are t

ot

ally new. Aga

in

, the collection includes

models for s

in

o

id

and other m

ot

ions , th e

showing,

step by

ste

p,

a

ll the

prope

rtie

s of curvi

lin

ea

r movements ; models illus

trating parall

el

m

ot

ions

and

rectilinear motions. Also models

illust

rating

cyc

li

c rope transmission,

pendulum

movements, &c.

Besides th is kinematic collectio

n, there are

also

trus

ses of different types, illust

rating

the manner

in

which different loads

strai

n

the

several

m e m b ~ r s

of a truss. This method of illust ration was first

adop

te

d

in this

universi

ty

in

the

year

1879.

The

comparative magni

tudes

of t he stresses

are

est

i-

m

ate

d

by

means of

spring

scales

intr

oduced in

the

different members of

the

t

ru

ss.

Sect

ional models

of engines, locomotives, &c., showing

the

working

parts,

are

also to

be

fo

und

here,

togethe

r

with

a

co

ll

ect ion of cable specimens

fr

om leading manu

facturers in

Europe

and America.

An ecortomic collection is also be

in

g formed,

and

al ready embraces many mate rials of construction

and materi

als

emp

loyed

in

the

a

rt

s, of

great

value

and

in t

e

re

st.

Th

e museum

contai

ns a splendi d

collection of working

mining

models, illu

strating

the

diffe

rent

methods of mining,

both in

this

co

untry and in

Europe.

The student

is ta ught

in addition to theory

a

certain amount

of dexterity, a

nd this brin

gs

the

vi

sitor

to

the workshops.

Workshops.

The

worksho

ps

erected on the

Thomas Workman En dowment have a floor area of

more t han 25,000

squa

re feet.

The

practical

in

s

truction in th

e wo

rk

shop.

C

is solely designed

to

give

the student

some knowledge of

the nature

of

the

materials of construction,

to

f

am

iliari se

him with

the

mo

re

imp o

rtant

ha

nd and ma

c

hine

to

ols, and

to

give

him

some

manual

skill

in

the use of the same. For

th i

s purpose,

the

student, during

a speci

ed numb

er of

hour

s per

week, will work in t

he

shops under

th

e direct

superinte

nd

ence of the Professor of Mechanical

Engineering,

aided

by

skilled mechanics.

Th

e

cour

ses commence

with

g

raded

exercises

and

gradua

lly lead

up

to

the makin

g of

joint

s, mem

bers of s

tructures,

fr

ames, &c., finally conc

luding

in

the

ir

on-working depa

rtm

e

n t with

the manufac

ture

of t oo ls,

parts

of

h ~ n e s and, if

possible

with th e

building

of compl

ete

machines. '

The

eq

uipment includes the following :

In

the Carpenter, 'vVood-turning, a l d

Pattern-

-

making

Departments

: Ca

rpenters

'

and pattern

makers'

benches wood-

lathes,

a large

pattern

m

ake

r

's

l

athe c ~ c u l a r - s a w

benches,

jig and

b

and

saw s,

b u z z - p ~ n e r

wood-borer,

uni

ve

rsal

wood-

work

er,

&c. .

In the Machine Shop

:

Th

e

~ o s t 1 ~ p r o ~ e d

engine l

athes,

a 36-in.

moder

n uprtgh t dnll,

w ~ t h

compo

und

table,

uni

versal milling n1achine, w1th

vertical milling

attachm

e

nt, hand

lath

es,

planer,

universal g

rtnding

mac

hine, uni

vers

al cutter

ream er gri n

de

r, a 16-in.

pa t

e

nt

s

haper, VlCe-

ben ches, &c.

In

th e

Smith

Shop : F orges, vices,

hand-drill,

and a power

hamm

er.

In

t he

Found

ry : A cupola for melting iro

n,

brass furnace, moulders' benches, &c.

Th e machinery in t he shops is

driv

en by a 50

indic

ated

ho

rs

e-power compound e

ng

ine

and

a

10

indicated

horse-power high-speed engine.

BILBAO

HARBOUR WORKS

.

AMoNG

the most

interesting

civil

engineering

ex

hibits in the

French Section

of

the

Tr

anspo

rta

ti

on Building of

the

Columbian E x

po

sition, is that

of MM. Coiseau, Couvreux, and Allard, the well

known

Fren

ch co

nt r

actors, illust

ratin

g

the

plant

employed

in

the construction

of

the Bilbao

H a

rb

our

Works.

In

the

following

artic

le we

de

sc

rib

some

of

the methods

followed,

and

specia

lly

s

hown in

the

ex

hibit at

Chicago.

The town

of

Bi

lbao is the capital of t he Basque

Provinces,

and one

of the most

important trading

and industr

ial

centres

of

~ { > a i n . t

is

situated on

theNervion River,

about

kilometres (7.7 miles)

fr

om its mouth, which opens out in to

the

deep

and

narrow Gulf of Gasc

og

ne.

Up

till r

ecent years

t

her

e

has been

no

h

arbour

at

Bilba

o, t

he

s

hip

s

trading

there

having

to

be

of suffici

ently

small

draught to

allow

them to

ascend

the

shallow a

nd

winding

ri

ver,

t he

banks

of which

are

covered with

the nu m

e

rous

factories, foundries,

and

s

teel

works characteristic

of

the

district.

t wa

s in 1878 that

it

was first

pr

o

po

s

ed

to

impr

ove

the

access

to

the t own. At

that

date the trade

of

the port

was 1, 340,000 tons

per an num, which was

incr

eased to upwards of

2,000,000

tons in

1879,

and

is now 4

,5

00,000

tons

per an num

. Of

this

t

ot

al, 750,000 t

on

s r

ep

resent

imports and

750,000

ton

s

exp

o

rts.

As

in the

case of

other Spanish po

r ts, Bilbao is

under the di r

e

ct

control of a local

junta,

which,

however, is s

ubject

to a

genera

l supervision

by

the

State authori

ties. These lat

ter

at times cont

ribut

e

small amounts

to

the expenses of the works,

but

in

general

the

junta has to

provide

all the neces

sary funds. This it does by

appr

opriat ions

fr

om the

tonn

age dues.

Up ti l l1

878

the ri

ver wo

und

t

hrough its

valley

having a

lternat

e reaches of sha

ll

ow

and

d

eep

water,

the

shoals r

endering

it impossible

for boats draw

ing m

ore th an

10ft. to 12 ft. of

water to

ascend

it.

The mouth, protected

by quays, viz.,

one

bef

ore

Portug

alate and

the

other

opposite

Las

Arene:Ls

spaced

about

160 metres (525

ft.) apart,

was

obstr

ucted by a ba

r,

the

depth

over which did

n

ot

exceed 1 m

etre

at

low

wate

r s

prin

g tides.

The

sa

n

ds

fo

rming

this

bar

came

to

a very

slight

deg

ree

from

th

e

upper part

of t he

riv

er, b

ut mainly

from

the

shore

of

Las Arenas,

though a

li

t tl e also is

carried over

fr

om Algorta, which is

si

tu ate

d

on the

ri

ght -

hand sh

o

re

of

the

bay.

The sea currents

were

continu

ous

ly

transporting sand from the

Las

Arenas s

hore

in a direction fr om

east to

w

est

though the waves raised

by

the north-we

st e

rly

gales

and by

the

ebb tide

had a

cont

r

ary

tendency .

After

a careful

study

of

thes

e

peculiar

ities

and

a

st udy

of

o l ~ charts, Iy f

de

Churruca, the

engi

n

eer to the

JUnta, dec1ded that

the deposits

of

s

and

on

the bar

were

not

large, a

nd

that

they

arose

from the

erosion of

the right-hand beach

of the bay,

and

that

this

could

be checked by

s

uita ble mean

s.

Before

the commence1nent

of

the

works, the

chann

el cut by the

ri

ver thr

oua

h

the bar

was about_ 200

metres

wid e, t

he depth,

a_ready

t e d ~

be1ng 1 metre at low water s

pring

t1des.

The

dr1ft of

the sand

caused

this

chan nel

to

move

in

a wes

twardly direction

.

M.

de

Ohur

ruca

accordingly

determined

t

hat

it was

e c e ~ s a

to

fix

permanently the

wester

n

boundary

of

th

is

c

hannel, and

at th e

same

t ime

to ch

eck the drift

du

e to the

north

-west gales

by prol

o

nging

the

mo

le on

the left bank. He thus h

ope

d to

get

a

ch

annel

having at least 3

metres

depth of

water

at

low water spring t

id

es, and pose

ib

1y as much as 3

7/23/2019 Engineering Vol 56 1893-08-25

4/34

E

N

G I N E t R I N

G.

:

no

n o =

TXL

a

t I

c >

0 f?i?z

PLAN AND SECTION OF BILBAO

HARBOUR

WORKS.

N

I

- -

E

.,

B 1

4

J

0

'

'

metres when the regulat.ing works on the upper

reaches of the river were completed. It was de

cided

to

carry out

these recommendations, and

the

Portugalate mo

le

was accordingly constructed.

This mole is 800 metres (2625 ft.) long. and extends

up to a

depth

of metres (21f t. )beyond

the

extreme

edge of

the outerslope

of

the

bar.

I t

is

built

on a

curve of 3000 met1es (9850 ft.) radius, the concavity

being

turned

towards

the

channel.

The

base

?f

mole

is

a rubble

mound

formed of bloc ks we1ghing

1

ton as

a minimum.

Through

this,

for

570

metres

of the total length, screw pi les are sunk, on which

is fixed an iron platform, the upper surface of

which is 71

metres

above low water. Betw:een

these

piles, from the top of the mound to a he1ght

of 4.2 metres above low water, the mole is made up

of a concrete monolith, intended to guide

the

flow

and

ebb currents

in the

desired direction. For

a further distance of 30 metres the concrete is

carried up to

the

lower surface of the iron plat

form.

For the

remaining 200 met res this method of

construction could not be adopted, the sea being

too strong.

The

mound in this case

is

protected

by 30-ton concrete blocks. ts upper is

levelled off with a layer of concrete metre (19. 9 1n.)

thick on which rests the superstructure of

the

mole.' This is from 10 to 8

metres

wide at the

bottom.

t

is faced

with

blocks of

Portland

cement having 5.60 cubic ID:etres capacity. The

filling is of concrete moulded 1n place. On

the

sea

face

the

superstructure

is

carried

up

as a shelter

wa ll 3 metres hi h by 3 metres thick,

and

above

this again comes

5

a parapet 1

metre

high.

These works were finished

in

1890, and

the

FIG. 1.

GENERAL PL A f

OF

OUTER HARBOU

R.

. .

I :

I

FIG.

2. SECTION OF

BRE.A.KW

ATER.

river was also regulated and trained, cuts being

made through certain bends, and a good waterway

dredged through

the

various shoals. The result of

these operations has exceeded expectations, and

ships drawing

20ft.

to

22ft.

are able to enter

at

high tide, where formerly boats drawing only 12ft.

to 13ft. dare

not ri

sk

the entry. Th

e cost of

the

works

wa

s about 16,000,000 francs.

In

spite

of

the

fine results

thus

obtained,

the

entrance

to

the

river was always difficult during

the

presence of nor th-westerly gales, and ships

were often obliged to take refuge in other ports. t

was accordingly decided to con

st

ruct a deep-water

harbour in the

bay, capable of receiving

the lar

gest

ships.

s

shown in Fig. 1, the bay is well adapted

for a work of this kind. The depth of water is

great a

nd

regular,

the

10-metre line passing near

the

shores

and near the

mo

uth

of

the

riv er.

The

anchorage is also excellent, the bottom being sand.

The works are now

in

progress, and consist of two

breakwaters, one 1450

metres

(4760

ft.)

long, which

reaches

out

from

the

l

eft

shore of

the bay

at a

point about 2600 metres (1. 6 miles) from Portu-

galate. The other reaches out from the right

bank

at Begofia

Point,

and will be 1072

metres

(3516 ft.) long. Between the ends of these two

breakwaters is

the

entrance to

the

harbour, which

is 640

metres

(2100 ft. ) wide, and

is

perpen

dicular

to

the

direction of

the

prevalent

winds.

On the shore inside these breakwaters, quays are to

be constructed, which will be well provided with

railway lin es, and at which large ships will be

ab

le

to load or unload in all weathers and

at

all states

of the tide. The total area of

the

harbour will be

about 287 hectares (700 acres), over 200 of which the

.

- -

-

I

.

depth will range between 5 to 15 metres above low

watersprin g tides. The construction of these break

waters

is

clearly shown in Fig. 2.

The

foundation is

formed of a

rubble mo

und up

to a depth of 6 metres

(19.7 ft.) below low water. The width of this

mound is 54 metres at the crest, and the slopes are

1 to 1. These mounds are built of three different

classes of material. The core consists of blocks

havi

ng

a minimum weight of 20 kilos. (44 lb.).

This core is covered with stones weighing

not

less

than 400

ki

los. (881 lb.),

and the outer

slope is

formed of blocks weighing not less than 1 ton. The

top of

the

mound is protected by concrete blocks

measuring from 30 to 50 cubic metres,

and

weigh

ing 60 to 100 tons. The smaller blocks are used

on the inner side, and the 50-ton blocks on

the sea side. The voids between these blocks are

filled

with

rubble. The foundation thus formed is

levelled with a layer of concrete 1 metre thick, on

which is erected

the

superstructure. This up to

1 metre above low

water

to 7 metres above it, is

formed of concrete blocks weig

hin

g 10 tons each,

and laid so as to break joint. The interior is filled

with quick-setting cement concrete. The dimen

sions of this

part

of

the

superstructu re are 12.2

metres

at

the bottom and 10 metres at the crest.

From this level there is a shelter wall3 metres high

and 4 metres thick, crowned by a parapet 1 metres

thick

and

1 me

tre

high.

Both

shel

ter

wall

and

parapet are made of cement concrete moulded in

place. The base of

the

super

st

ructure is protected

by a concrete toe, 4 metres broad

and 2

metres

thick.

The concrete used in the 60 and 100 ton blocks

has

the

following composition : 1 part Portland

7/23/2019 Engineering Vol 56 1893-08-25

5/34

I

f

E N G I N E E R I N

G.

CONTRACTOR

S

PL NT

AT

THE

BILBAO

H

RBOU

R WORKS

-

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parties of thi s machine, which differ

littl

e, as we see, from

those

of the De

Meri

ens magneto

s. ' Ve might

then

ve

found

imm

e

diately

in

th

is mac

hine

a s

ati

sfactory solut10n

of

the

problem, i f ib

had

n

ot

shown certain defects of

some

imp

ortan

ce-v

iz. ,

the extended

f

or

m of

the

two

machines,

together with

difficulties of electric coupling

ari sing from

the sma

ll

in

e

rtia

of

th

e turning

parts, and

above all, th e excessive beating of the armature.

Self-Exciting AUernator with Core. - \Ve might reme

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I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I .

'1 - - - - - - - - -

-

-- -

I

I

I

i

I

Ftg 17.

I

11

I

L.....l

I

I

I

I

I

I

'

'

I

'

'

-

----

.-.----- ----- .

1------ - ---- -

' ' J..

~ . . - . . . . . .

--

------- -- -

- - 0 625 -- ---

-------

-

- r

' 1 r . e o .....___ . . . ~ . :

,..

.

------------- --- o &EtJ

-- - ----

---

-

.........-------- ..

- .....

.J

11J JT. N .

L 'Eclairage Electrique Company, on

th

e

plans

of

~ I . Labour, their engineer, and underwent, in 1891,

pro

longed trials

at

the

Lighthouse E stablishment (F ran ce).

The

alternator

and

its exciter (Fig. 16) are mounted

side

by side, so that their

two

shafts

may

be coupled and

driven a i n ~ l e

pull

ey ca rri

ed

by

th

e s haft of

the

alter

na tor

. ro

facilitate the throwing in and out

of gear,

the

ehaft

carries a loose

pull

ey

with

a

greas

e

cup

.

The

exciter is a. Re chniewsky continuous-current machine,

excited in series

armature

s

toothed so as to reduce

to

a minimum the magnetic resistance of the ~ a p and

consequently the cost of exciting, and of wb10h the

ele

ct

ro-magnets

are

built up of sheets in order

to

reduce

to

a.

minimum

the

Fo ucaulb curr ents

and the

s e q u ~ n t

loss of energy. The Siemens-La bour alternator, sim

ilar

in type to the ordi

nary

Siemens

in its

genera

l

a.rranB"e

ruent

s, is

s t i n ~ u i

h e d

from

it

by

the

mann

er

in

whtch

the armature

coils

are

mounted

and

wound.

These

are

made with

a conducto

r,

not

of

thin plates, but of

insulated

wi r

es,

which

allows

the number of turns to be

increased

and the losses by Foucaulb currents to be diminished.

reduced

to

a. comparatively small value.

The

following

statement includes

the principal

data of its construction,

which designedly

depart

s from ordin

ary

conditions :

DATA 01 '

C o

NS'I'IWCTION.

Speed, 800

revolutions; fr

equen

cy

, 53.33 periods.

Armature wire of

1. 8 millime

tr

es, 120

turn

s

per

co

il;

re

sis

tan

ce a

nd se

lf-induction of one cir

cuit

,

0.41 ohms and

0.006 henrys.

m a ~ n

t s , wire of 4 millimetres,

130 turns per eleo tro; reststance, 0.85 ohms. Air gap

length, 19 millim

etres;

sec tion per coil, 73 square ce

nt i

metres. Magnetic field, about 1600 c.g.s . Intens

ity

of

exciting current, 10 to 11 amperes.

Th e indu

fi

tri al efficiency, meas

ur

ed

with much

care,

determining

th

e losses, when un l

oaded, by

the aid of

a.

st andardised el

ectric

motor, has been f

ound equal to

61

per

ce

nt.

at

a c

urrent of

25

amp

e

re

s

and

45 volts (o

ne

circuit

only), and 71.6

per

ce

nt.

at a current

of

50 am

pe

re

s

and

45 volts (two cir

cuits in

parallel).

The

periodic

curvE'S of

Fig.

11,

and th

e

characterist

ics of

Fig.

14

rela

tiv

e to one and t

\':O

circuits coupled, exhibit the pro -

.....

Ftg78

..,.

t

"

...

,..

-..

SA ..

;

....,..,.. ..

.

-..

:

.

f-.

...

s - ~

I ~

__

(tw

b N

~ l

_ 9

b

l l

4

~ 1 {

.-1-n

trlfL

11

PI

(n

nli

..

ff

911

ihll i

lkl l

lvq j

._

- - - ~

"

(J

p

N

S

f ield f ole.s

h 9

re ttc

S ~ m e n t s of Armowre,

without difficulty the greater part of these defects, but it

has been pr efe

rr

ed to attempt, for comparison, another

type of al ternator

with

a core to the

armatu

re, which en

ables such self -indu

ct

ion

to

be

obtai

ned as may be desired,

and

which,

owing to

the employm

ent

of

thin

iron sheets,

may

give a

better

efficiency.

'l

' he

L 'Ec

lairage

Electriqu

e Company

has

cons

tructed

a new

machin

e answering to

th

ese requirements, after

the

plans

of

their

engineer, M. Labour. This

alternator

(Figs. 17 and 17

b)

shows a model and form similar to

those of the Recbniewsky dynamos of the multipolar type.

But th e armature, in

the

form of

a.

to

othed ring, carries a

winding of a special kind; each coil is, as Fig. 18 shows,

a kind of flat bobbin formed of concentric

turns

wound in

a number of grooves.

Thank

s to

th i

s arrangement,

which is

quit

e new for

al t

ernators, and \Vbich produces

i n t i m a ~ e

m i ~ y

between

the

iron

.

and the

cc;>

pper

m each coil, we obtam a greab economy m the exCtting,

a.t

the same

time as

the

s

trong

reaction of

the armature

w h i ~ h is desired.

The

.air-gap showing

no

sensible

var1a.t10n,

and the

react10n

of the armature

coils

7/23/2019 Engineering Vol 56 1893-08-25

31/34

taking place ~ sivcly, this

machine

produces

no

humm

ing.

Th

e electro-magnets and

th

e coils of

th

e armature are

etill

eight in number. T

he coils

are coupled in tw o

circuits, end ing in t h ~ coil c ting rings. The pr

incipa

l

d

ata

of

const

r

uctio

n are given b

low

.

D a t ~ of

Uorutruction.

'peed

, 00 r

evolutio

n . Fre

quency, 53.3 period . Armature wire of

3.2

millime tres

diameter,

36

turns per coil ; res

istance

of one circuit,

0.164 ohm ; 72 t

ee th,

it . 9

per

bobbin. M

aximum

in

du ct ion,

7280

c.g.s. Air

gap,

2

.5 millimetre

s. E l

ec tro

magneta, wire of 2. 7 milhmotres in diamete r,

260

turn

per

electro.

T

otal

r

esis

tan

ce

, 2 60

ohms

.

Ex

ci

ting

e n t ~ at the 2

.5-

am p

cre

n t t ~ , I = 3.06 amperes and

3.77.

Owing

to the e

mpl oymtmt

of th e toothed

ring,

th e

expe

n

se for exci

ting

extraord in

ar

ily low (24 and 37

watt

s). Th e industrial efficienc

y,

measured ag in the

case

of the pr

eceding

r

eac

hes th e foll

owi

ng

figuree,

mu

ch

supe

r

io

r to th

ose

of

m a ~ n e t o s : On

e ci rcuit

alone,

efficiton

cy

72.2

per cent.

Tw o ca

cui

ts

in parall

el

at

50-ampere cu

rren t

, 0.4 pe r c nt. ; 2 5 - a m p ~ r e cu rr ent, ob

tained by the aid of a

self-inductio

n coi l, 74

.5 per

c ~ n t .

The s witc

hboard

(Fig. 19) used for

this

b

at combina.t

ion

i

r

emark ably

drmple,

especially

com

pa r

ed to

that

of

},ig. 9,

page

223

aHtc.

\Ve had at nrs t proposed to simp

lify

th e manner of e x c i t i n ~

this

altern ator by th e aid of a con

ti nuous

cu

rr

ent circutt,

wr appe

d on th e

same

armature

and i n g in a

commuta.to

r

placed at the

o

ppo

site side

to th

e alternate

coll e

ctor.

But the

r

eac

tions of th e a

lt

er

na te current on the exciting cur rent caused t his arrange

ment to be abandoned af ter

trial

in

fa

vour of a small

co

ntinuous

cu

rrent exciter placed

immed

ia te

ly

b

eside

th e

armat

ure,

where

the

continuous cu

rre

nt

co

mmutator

w

as

placed.

Th

e d imensions of th e machine are

not

in thi s

way

incr

eased

. Th eJ'

ar

e ex tr eme ly small compared

with

th

e magnetos of D e

n s .

Th e periodic

cu

r ves of 12a nd th e charac

teristics

of

Fig. 15 exhibit

th

e_ p r o p ~ r t t e s of

the

ma chine,

wh i

ch, as

we do not senstbly

dtff

er .th ose o.f th e

pr

eceding

macbm

e. An exce

lle

nt

sta

bi h

ty ts obtamed, th e

cond i

tion

of m a ~ i m l ; l ~

pawer

is

r

ealise

d, and the

_i

n

te

nsi ty

and

sho

rt

o1rou1t

18

n

ot much abov

e th e

nor ma

l

mtensity.

\Ve may thus

co

nsider hen

ce

forward th is machine as

e q u i v a l e n ~ to tbe

De

Meri tens magneto.

IV -COMPARJSON 01< CON l lNUO

US

ANJ)

ALT.KBNATE

CU

RRENTS.

This

comparison,

the eleme nt s

for whi

ch have

been

furnished in th e

preceding chapters

, ho

uld

refer at once

to

the

arc, tb o

optica

l

apparatus,

and th e dynamos.

1.

The

Dynamo1. -T h

e co

ntinu

ous c

urrent dy n

amo3 are

aatiefa.ctory fr om th e point of

view

of str ength and sa f

et

y.

They

show

great economy in space a nd in co t

compar

ed

to th

e D e

:?.l

eri

te

ns mac

hi n

es, but

the

s t

eadi

ness of the

arc

haa

o

nly bee

n

obtai

n

ed at the

cost of a loss of effi

cienc

y,

the e

ffi

cie

ncy at the te rm i

nal

s of

the

lamp having

b een reduced to 0.58 or 0.65 ab the 25 and

50

currents.

On

the

co

ntrary, th

e n

ew

a

lt

e

rn

at o

rs

allo

w

us

to prese

rv

e th e ad n

ntag

es o f

the

D e Mc

ri t

ens machines

whil

e

costi

ng a little m

ore

than the dynam os, and giving

elen

tr i

cal efficien

cies

of 74 and

,0

pe r cent. at the two

c

urrents considered.

I t i th

ese

machi ne ,

then

which

a p ~ a r

at

p r ~ e n t l i ~ e l y to take

the

place of

't he

D e

M e

ri tens machme

Without

any

change

10 the

r

emainder

of th P ser vice.

But i t is nob to be forgotten that all the pos ible ad

vantage

obta

inable co

nt

inuous c:

urrent d

ynamos

h

as

n

ot

y

et been obtamed,

a

nd

that

by a. su itable

corn

p_ounding

we

.might probablr r

ealise

a s.tability and effi

cte

ncy supenor to those htthcrto obtatnE:d with these

machine

..

.

2. The A

rc. -In spite

of the

ingenious

oleno

id

of

}.ll . Sautter,

HarM,

and Co., and the employment of

the

rh eost

at, th e

continuous C'u

rrent

with

the posith e

ca

r

bo

n below reD: ains

in

fe

rior in

r

eg u

l

ar i

ty to

the

alternate

cu

r_e

nt ar

c.

ma

y

be fr

om o w i ~ g

Tabl e

,

whtch sums up m a. compart

so

n the var1at1on3 10 illumi

na tion of th e ra.y

ob

erved in the exper iment of the ce n

tral

Variations

in

Ar

c L ights.

I

Apparatus.

Cu

rrent.

Relatire \"a.iations of the Luminous

Powe

r.

With Cu r With

Cu

r- With Cur-

l

reot

ot

r

ent ot

I e

nt ot

100

25 Amp r

ee

.

1

30

Amperes.

. ~ - c - 1 - a

type, 1892 Al ternate

Ditto Contlnuous

per cent.

30to36

112

pe r cent.

4 to 50

166

per

ce

nt.

50 to

70

1 7

Thia

inferi

ority

e

especially

importantwith feux-oolairs

in whi ch th e lamp turn s with the apparatus

and

it

i

consequently

n

ece

ary

that the

figure ' hou

ld bo

a

sy mmetrical a

po

iblo in order

th

at suoce ivo flash

may

be

of equal

powe

r. The arc with positive carbon

uppermost would gtve in thi

respe C:

u cels. per Watt.

J; c

- - - ------- -

- - - - - - - - - - - - -

26 63

60 65

100 50

I

650,000

1,000,000

1

,3oo,ooo

I

45 , 1,200,000 1120 1 85

45

1,8

00.000 40 1.80

45 2,300,000 512

1.

76

-

' Vith equal efficiency

alternate cu

rrents offer, teeid-,

a. greate

r facility for

distributing the

light below th e

ho

ri z

on by the

use

of th e bi-focal form, and they p e r m i ~

the o y m e ~ t of a smaller a.nd

more

ymmetrical appa

ratus

than

doe

the

conti

n

uous cture

nt

Also in

view of the entirely

satis

factory

r e ~ u l t a

fur

n i.

bed by n a t e

currPntA, and the r

emarkable ad l

an

tages shown

by

th e D e M er it ens machin or altematon

end owed with similar pr

op c

r

ti

, th e French

lightbou

o

senice

has

n

ot

thought

w

11

to

go

on w1th

the

u e

of

con

ti

n

uous cu rr

ents a t pr

ent in ~ h e

o

ew optical apparatu

.

This

path

i , n

eve

rt hel

e s, open

to th e

in1tiativc of manu

Th

ese

figures

are, as we

sa

id

a.bov(\,

only the

a

nd

not the abso)ute

valu

es.

means, facturers.

4.

Efficicn

cy.-

The preceding

Table

gives the effie;iency

measured

at th e lamp- th a t is to say, th e number of

bees

per elect

ri

c watt

consumed by it.

To have

the definite

efficienc y - that

is

to sa

y,

the number of

bees

pe

r watt of

R ESUME AND

C O N C L t i ~ I O ~

T o

summarise,

in this in

vestigation

I hnve analysed

th e different

conditions necessary

to

the

ucces ful ope

ra

tion of an elec tr ic l igbthouao with co ntinuous or alternate

-

,

/

,

I

I

\

\

I

I

I

J .J J

I

~

o l v

1

6 Jin

I

1

l S t /

1

rv

r

-----

m p e r t m t l ~ r

~

J

r ~ ) t ' " ~ 7 ~ ;

I

[

mpcrcmtltr

r

...,

r

'1

n tinu

ous cu

rr

ent

the same

WAr

w1th

the alternate c ~ ~ r e n t , . it would

th en

s u ~

to

m c r ~ a ...e the su rface ut.ili ed m the manner indicated

a.bo' e ; for . example, 10 the

monofo

cal apparatus of

1.00 metre d1at?eter,

repr

en ted

in } ~ i g 3,

pag

e 144 a

ntt

we shoul

d realtse a.

us e

ful

su r

f

ace about

1 3 times g r e a t e ~

th an that of the apparatus of La. H ove .

.Co

nclu8iotu . -Th.e

.compari

ol between th e two systems

~ i l l

o

nly

be de6

nttt,

e 1t

takes

into

account more

m

proved

dynamos,. ~ p t 1 c a . l a p p a r a t u specially

uited

to each . .A p r ~ o r t , 1t

lS

dtfficult to say which will give

th

e

boat effic1ency tn th e end. I t

would

eem however

tha.t

the alternate current arc

will always

kee{)

it:;

s u p e r i ~

r i t

b c

ause

of

the smalle

r voltage

with

wb1cb

it

is sati

s:ci

Wt-

ha

' e

not

Quoted

in thi

s

Table the

6gu

of 1

00

oo0

Alternator V

0

2

'

~

~

;1:

I

-

luu;

2

cu

rr

e

nt

s. As to

the

ch ief desidera ta. r

elating

to tbo

machi

nes,

to

the lamps, and to the optica.l

apparat

us in

each of th ese two eystem ,

and the

comparat ive ~ u l t

obtained

by the l i ~ b t b o u e service in l i'ran

ce,

the conclu

sions of this in

vest1gation are as

f

ollows

:

1. The threo el

ement constitu

ting

an

eJectric Jight

house machin

e, lamp and optical

apparatu

- hould

not be studied separately,

but

taken tog ther, in view of

the end to be sought; in

particular,

the )amp and the

dynamo must be

co

n

side

red

a.s two

part of one whol .

2.

The

best

method to

ecure a. good light

n ice

in

orch

nary conditions

consis

ts in uniting

in

oacb

estnbli:-hruent

two

similar

machines, t-ach capable of furni hing

two

cur

rent of 25

and

50

am p

eres. Th e

employment

of

current

n.bove 100 r e s

would

not

be

ju tifi d

in

the

French

" f e u - . e c

~ i r

apparatu . 3.

The DA

l\Icriten

magneto

ma-chme 19 pa.rt1c

ularly

ap propriate for tbi e

rvi

cl', and

the only .

o b j ~ t i o n

to be raised

against

it is tt:5

~ m p a r a t 1 v e

h1gh p r1ce.

4. Th

e

construction of

a con

~ I n u o u ' J

or

altern

ate

cu

r

rent

machine, capable

of replac

~ n g

th

e magneto , while preser ving the same a d v a n ~ ~ .

so

ea y a task as

elect

r

icia

ns are tempted to think

1t.

Th

e beat proof of

this is

in th e

absolute

or partial

failur

e

that

ba.s attended the effo

rt

of

manufacturers

of

repute in other countrie a well

as

in France. 5. Tho

a t t e m p ~ .made have, nevert h eless, sho

wn

th e

po

ib1lity

of

obtammg

al ternators suited to

the se

r vice

at

a '

'e

ry

moderate

price, and of

better

efficiencv than that of

the

magneto ,

and

perhap at a later

period

co

ntinuou

-

c u r r ~ n t dynamos, having similar properti by

using

a

{>OCtal method of c o m p o u n d i n ~ .

The

alte;nators will

gl\'e

us

the

safety

and

regulartty

that (continu

ous

cu

r

r

ent) y n a m o will obtai

n

with

difficulty.

G.

Th e

com

parat1ve results obtained in the

optical

apparatus now

in

use s h ~ w

a

co

n

siderable

superiority in the

al t

ernate cur

ren ts m resJ?OCt of

lu mi

nou efficien

cy.

But these

appa

ratus

n

ot

bemg

the best uited

to

continuous current it

may be o b j ~ d e d t ~ ~ t an apparatus peciaUy

cons

tructed

for

tb em mtght

utiltse

the

enorgy expended

nearly to the

same

extent

rea.li

ed with alternate

curre

nts.

llowe\er

that

llay

be,

.

the la tt

er

exhibit

ab present a.ch an ag o(

all k1nds are of a

nature

to ju tif)' tb prefereri

ce

that

has

b en

gl\'en

them

f

or

lighthouse

hghbng.

bees,

or

3.12 per watt, mentioned

abo' e, for the

rcnt

. of

V am p

e

re at

57

volt

, because

the

500

000

bee E ~ r a t u m .

n page HG

antt eco

nd

coJumn, line

16,

of _mcrea e w re

7/23/2019 Engineering Vol 56 1893-08-25

32/34

"ENGINEERING"

ILLUSTRATED PATENT

RECORD.

OoMPILED

BY

W. LLO ......,...,D WISE.

BELECTBD

ABSTIUCTB OF RECENT PUBLISHED

BPEOIFICATIONB

UNDER

THE ACTS 1883-

1888

.

TM number of views given

in

tM Sper:ijication Drawf,nqs is

stated

in

each case; where none are mentioned, the Specification 1.$

not

illustrated.

Where I

nv

e

ntions are communicat

ed from abroad, the

:c.,

of the

Commu

n.icators are

given in

italics.

Copies of Specifications may be obtained at the P atent

Off

Sale Branc

h, 38, Cursitor-street, Cha,ncery-la?t.e,

E.C.,

a,t the

unifonn

price

of

8d.

Th e date of the adverti.sement o the acceptance

of

a complete

specification is,

in

each

i v ~ n

after the abstract, unless the

P atent has been

sealtd

, when the date of sealin:J is

given.

A

ny

person rrtay

at any tim

e

within

two

month

s

f?

om the date

f

the

adv

ertise n ltnt

of

the acceptance

of

a complete sper:ijication,

give notice

at

the Pa ten t

Office

o oprosition to the

gra,11t

of a

Pa

tent on any of the grounds m entioned

in

the Act.

GUNS. &c.

23,881. A. W. Schwarzlose, Stettin, Germany.

Magazine

Small

Arms. [16

Fi g

s. ] December 27, 1892.

This invention rel

ates

to ma

gaz ine

small arms with

a . u t o m : : ~ . t i

safety deYi

ces, and io which the me

ans

for loading

are

operated

automati

ca

ll

y

aft

er

each shot

by

the

recoil of

the

exploei

ve

gases. The side plates B ca

rr

ying the breech and other parts are

in s l i d i n ~ connection

with

th e barrel A,

and

are p:ntly

carried

by the

rin

g Jt

:J

(Figs. 1 and

2)

of the

a ~ a z i n e

case H,

and

partly

by the sides of

the

e.tock K, so that the si

de

plates B

and the

b1

nrel

A

can

Rlide

ba

ckwards

a

short distance. Th

e breech

block and the hammer swing side by side between the side plates

B, about

a

common axis formed by a stud

o. Th

e b reech-block

w

hich

puahes

tb

e cartridge

into the ha

rrel hns at

the

top two

lateral project

ions, which, when

the

breech is closed, engage with

notches

of

th

e side

pla

tes,

the reby pre

v

enting

the breech-block

being blo\\ n

ba

ck.

The

hammer, which

fi

res

the r t r i d ~ e .

isprovided

with

:l .

slot

d in which takes a stud c2 of

the

breech

block, so

that

be

latte

r may be to some

extent

controlltd by tl"e

J

mo,ement of

the hamme

r . On

the

front end of the main strikiJJg

pin is secured a

sea

r E,

the

book

of

w

hich keE-ps the

hammer

cooked,

and

which is released by a l

ug

at

the

side of

the

t rigger

raising

the front

end of t he

sear

E. Th

e main

spring

is

attached

to the prolongation of the

left

-hand

side

plate by a stu d g. The

ejector

J, which is pivoted

on

a stud i in the r ighthand side

plate, is

operated

by

the

heel of the hammer

striking

a lug

i

at

the back stroke

of

the hammer

(Fig.

2), the upper

arm of t

he

ejector being thereby driven backwards and the spent cart r idge

case removed.

Durin

g the backward str

oke

of the breech-block

a spoon R, which is pivoted to

it, lifts one

of the cartridges and

presents it to th e breech

end

of the

ba

rrel.

The working

of

the

spoon is effected

by

projections

under the

spoon

and

a

stud

pro

jecting from the left-band side

plate.

The tri gger and the

safety

catch are pivoted in

the

stook, and are both controlled by

an

in terv

ening

spring. The movement of the

hammer

is th 1s only

allowed when

the

weapon

is

in

band and read

y for firing,

and

th e

ha

m

mer

is

automaticall

y

brought back and th

e breech opened

after every shot. (.A ccep

ted

July 12, 1893).

GAS, &c.,

ENGINES.

16,245.

0 .

svaethe, Gera, Reuss, Germany. Hot-Atr

Motor. [3 F t{l8.] September 10, 1892.-Tbis invention relates

to

a bot-air

motor, and

consists in

const

ru

cting the uppe

r part

a,

or oute

r

end,

of t

he

bot-air

cy

linder, with

ribs

b projecting

from

c

' .

.......,_,._...

it to

cause

a

radiation

of the

he

at from that part of the cylinder,

instead of employing a

cu

rrent of

ai

r or water. The upper part

of

the

hot-air cy

lwder

is

thus

kept cool, the

ai

r also being drawn

from it

and

cooled by

the

cold-air

cylinder c. (.Accepted J uly

12,

1893).

MACHINE

TOOLS,

SHAFTJNG, &c.

15,791. J . C.

Calastreme,

London. Lubricators.

[8

.Figs.] Sep tember 2, 1 92.-Tbis

im

ention

r

elates

to

sight

feed

lubri

cato1s. The oil

chambe

r a

is su

rmounted with a

tubu

lar

piece

to

accommodate steam and

delivery

pip

es

and

couplings.

In

to this piece steam ia admitted by the in l

et

passage bl which

conducts it through a shor t passage c

in t

o a vertical hole d

in

the wall of the oil

chambe

r

and

lea

diog

to

the

bottom of

it, this

hole extending partly around

the chamber.

Th

e

passage lJI

ie

1 NG

t

N E E R I NG.

also in connection by means of a

shor

t channt:l e.\\ ith

a

cha Dber

f at the t

op

of

the

i ~ t h t - f e e d gbsso, thr

ough

wh1ch

the

lubr1can.t

passes after deli

ve

ry from

the

nipple h at

the

top of

the 011

chambe

r,

and

from which it ri

ses

in

to an outlet

steam c

hann

el

a.nd thence into the

part

to

be oiled. A ball valve is.

introdu

ced

into

the

channel

e.

connecting

th e steam

passage

bl w1th the hol e

t

tl

4

~ Z

d. The oil chamber is

supplied

with oil

through an

opening a2

which is closed by a screw plug,

an

d

with

a

tap m.

through which

t

he contents ca

n be

drawn

off,

the

oil passage from

the chambe

r

being fitted

with

a

va

lve to re

gulate

t

he quanti t

y of oil

delive

rcd

to the

nipple

h. (A

ccepted J

uly 12, 1893).

6555. L. Warfield,

Detroit,

Wayne, Michigan,

U.S.A.

Communicating

Rotary Motion . [7

F igs.]

March 28,

1893.-This inHntion

relates means for

communicat

ing motion, especially

to

the

axles

of locomotives, &c., which

a.re

actuated bymotorscar

ried upon

the

vehicle

or its

axles

or

t r

ucks.

The central cavity of the casing

contains

a

universal

joint by

which the casing is

secured

to the s

haft

B which passes into it.

The c&siog is pro,ided with hollow

trun

nions

E3, the

opening

being consider&bly

lar

ger

than the di

ameter of

the

shaft , so as to

permit the latter

to move

fr

eely for

the

des

ired

dista.nee.

Th

e

mitred gearwheel F is formed with the casing ; Q is a

framing

secured to the trunnions

E3

of

the

casing,

and

car rying

bea

r

..

.

...