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engineering@iengineering@iowaowa
engineering@iengineering@iowaowa
Designing a Better Quality of Life and Designing a Better Quality of Life and Economy for Iowa CommunitiesEconomy for Iowa Communities
Iowa Values Vision
We need a broader vision of value fund
Value added of course! But build upon – “value based” Sustainable Socially just Healthy (human and environmental
perspectives)
Aligns well with current thinking– but is a level above
Biotech – renewable, green, Health Advanced manufacturing Etc.
Companies that might be interested
Mid America Genecor Rockwell Others…..
A Good Environment and Economy Go Hand-in-Hand Triple Bottom Line
(Elkington, 1998): Economy Environment Social
considerations (culture, equity, quality of life)
State Opportunities Energy production
(from coal, biomass, wind, hydrogen..)
Transportation fuels (ethanol from corn, biodiesel from soy beans)
Recreation (fishing, hunting, boating)
Manufacturing, shipping
Biotechnology, pharmaceuticals
Markets and commodity exchanges
Carbon sequestration
This Idea links together our interests in research and teaching with economic elements – but in a economic environment manner.
Pollution prevention internships (DNR/industries big and small)
PEDE Carbon trading Engineers without boarders…, turn
it around…
Sustainable Futures
Definition of Sustainability: The design of human and industrial systems to ensure that the use of natural resources does not lead to diminished quality of life due either to losses in future economic opportunities or to adverse environmental impacts.
We must design human and industrial systems which do not lead to the impoverishment of plants, animals, and future generations of all ethnic backgrounds.
Sustainability Principles
SustainabilityIssues
Economic SustainabilityProfitResourcesEmployment
Societal SustainabilityRacial/Gender Diversity
Social justice, Equity
Environmental SustainabilityHuman health
Environmental impactsEcosystem health
Biodiversity
Sustainability Metrics: What gets measured, gets managed, and what gets managed can be improved
Ecosystem Health and Biodiversity: A large biodiversity is an indicator of the age of an ecosystem and its health. We should strive to preserve the treasure house of genetic material as it is the major driving force of evolution. Ecosystem health will be estimated from environmental indices such as: (1) impacts of toxic chemicals on food wed elements (e.g., green algae, daphnid, earthworm and fish), (2) Great Lakes contribution to global warming, (3) Great Lakes contribution to ozone depletion, and (4) Great Lakes contribution acid rain and deposition, (5) smog formation, (6) and endocrine disruption.
Human Health: We need to ensure a good life quality for all people regardless of their race, and heritage. They all should be allowed to lead useful and productive lives. We will predict indexes for (7) human non-carcinogenic ingestion and (8) human non-carcinogenic inhalation toxicity (e.g. asthma), (9) human carcinogenic ingestion and (10) human carcinogenic inhalation toxicity.
Sustainability Metrics: What gets measured, gets managed, and what gets managed can be improved
Biological and Manufacturing Production: Sustainable biological production is necessary for long term survival. (e.g., agriculture and forestry). We will develop indexes for (11) agricultural and forest soil erosion, (12) water use for irrigation, (13) fertilizer use, (14) pesticide use and toxicity, (15) forest growth, (16) forest land acreage, and (17) forest yield. Resources Utilization: Natural Resources must be used responsibly and the needs of future generations must be considered. We will develop indexes to track the utilization of natural resources in support of the five major industries which form the basis of this proposal. These indexes will reflect known reserves, production, and utilization rates of (18) iron ore, (19) other mineral resources, (20) crude oil and natural gas, (21) forest resources, (22) recycling of materials and (23) surface and
ground water resources.
Sustainable Futures implies choices
• How do we consider those choices?
• More coal-fired power plants? Nuclear power? Renewables? Biomass? Hydrogen fuel cells?
• Sustainable Fisheries & Agriculture?
• What should the Great Lakes look like in 50 yrs?
• Learn about the present while exploring the future
– Environmental visioning
Imagine what is possible…..
Environmental Visioning
• Environmental visioning at the regional level poses many challenges
• Stakeholder participation, scale issues and jurisdictions are complicated
• Organize, Plan, Enact &Assess-an iterative process
Imagine what is possible…..
Using Markets: Pollution Allowances Trading
We are already working with farmers, utilities, and brokers to establish a nascent market
Farmers plant trees or sequester carbon in soils and models help to document it
Chicago Climate Exchange is establishing an initial market
Carbon dioxide at ~$1/ton now but expected to be at least $10/ton CO2 within few years
Government program is needed; cap and trade system works best
“Engineers without Borders”
The road forward…. Develop the vision…. Implication for CoE/UI research/curriculum Implication for Private Sector Its not (only) an environmental vision! Care to distinguish the plan from (activism…) One outcome could be an Iowa Institute for
Sustainable Industry – focused on helping industry/state in small and big ways…, add this element to existing activities when possible…
CoE actions …..
CoE Idea Incubator
Goal: to facilitate focused, strategic, and forward-looking discussions of future research directions and opportunities.The possibilities are left up to your imagination!
Long Term Aspiration: Create an Advanced Studies Institute
Viral Insecticide Research
Caterpillars are the most destructive insects to agricultural crops and trees [1]. Corn, soybeans, cotton Douglas fir and pine
1997 - 3.7 Billion dollars spent on chemical insecticides [2].
1. World Wide Web, http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/compendium/butter~1.html accessed 11/01
2. World Wide Web, http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/97pestsales/table2.htm, accessed 7/02
Larvae Spodoptera frugiperda
engineering@iowaengineering@iowa
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Resistant
Species
(Number)
600
500
400
300
200
100
Insect Resistance to Chemical Insecticides
Neonicotinoids ‘95
Pyrethroids ‘78
Carbamates ‘72
Organophosphates ‘65
DTT/Cyclodienes ‘46
I. Denholm, G.L. Devine, M.S. Williamson, 2002, Science, Vol 297, pg 2222-2223.
Baculovirus Safety
Will not infect beneficial species; honeybees, lady bugs, etc.
Typical cole slaw serving = 1.12 x 108 polyhedra
Endocytosed by some mammalian cells - viral proteins are not replicated When virus has mammalian promoters (eg.
SV40) then recombinant proteins are produced
The Baculoviruses, 1997, New York, Miller, L. editor, 371
Baculovirus Polyhedra
Alternative to chemical insecticides Natural pathogen to destructive
caterpillars
Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) infects the most destructive caterpillars: Spodoptera sp. Trichoplusia sp. Bombyx sp.
Polymers from Furfural
O
H
O
Biomass combustion product Project goals
Develop high-temperature polymers Replace formaldehyde as cross-linker in soy
protein-based plastics
Co-investigators:Gary Aurand & Julie Jessop
Chemical & Biochemical EngineeringSponsor:
Iowa Energy Center
Emulsion Photopolymerization of Synthetic Monomers onto Corn Starch
Biodegradable, renewable resource Project strategies
Reduce side reactions Control temperature and viscosity Use less energy during processing Decouple thermal processing and chemical reaction
Principal Investigator:Julie Jessop
Chemical & Biochemical EngineeringSponsor:
Iowa Energy Center O
OHO
HHO
CH2OH
O
OHO
HHO
CH2OH
CH2OH
HOH
OOH
O
Convert low-value organic matter into valuable products.Holy Grail – cheaply produce glucose from cellulose.Cellulose or starch feedstock have been liquefied in supercritical and near-critical water in a continuous flow tubular reactor. The reactions were performed without catalyst addition at ~5000 psig with reactor exit temperatures ranging from 200°C to 400°C (τ = ~1-2 minutes). Under these conditions, cellulose and starch undergo hydrolysis into glucose, followed by conversion into levoglucosan, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde and other products. With, glucose dehydration and decomposition products predominate at supercritical temperatures. At temperatures below 300C, significant glucose yields (~35%) are obtained .
Fermentability of the glucose-rich effluent is being studied. More analysis of the many species of the products will be performed to close the mass balance.
The effect of temperature profile on the product distribution will be studied to improve the yield of glucose.
New reactors will be built which are designed for detailed kinetic studies.
engineering@iowaengineering@iowaengineering@iowaengineering@iowa
Program for Program for Enhanced Design Enhanced Design ExperienceExperience
• Exposing students in a team-Exposing students in a team-based setting to solve real-based setting to solve real-world industrial problemsworld industrial problems
Deere-DubuqueDeere-Dubuque AlcoaAlcoaGeneral Electric General Electric HON Industries HON Industries MaytagMaytagMonsantoMonsantoPellaPellaRockwell CollinsRockwell Collins
www.engineering.uiowa.edwww.engineering.uiowa.eduu
Production of Baculovirus
Larval Production Inexpensive Each Larvae Requires Individual Attention
Batch Insect Cell Culture Expensive Repeated Reactor Set-up and Viral Stock
Preparation Continuous Insect Cell Culture
Unstable
Goal: Develop a Stable Continuous Production System Without Mutant Accumulation
Involves a combination of molecular biology and bioreactor design to overcome mutant accumulation
Cell Growth
Virus Infection
FreshMedium Cells
BaculovirusBiopesticide