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England (15th Century)
• Began taking territories in North America (13 colonies)
• Trade routes in India
Netherlands (15th Century)
• Union of Utrecht (1579)• Taking land in North America (New
Netherlands/New York)• South Africa
The World: 1400 to 1600
Monarchies
• Absolute Monarchy– Spain and France – Consolidation of all power in the king– “Divine Right of Kings”
• Constitutionalism– England and The Netherlands– Placed limits on the monarchy
Ottoman Empire (1453-1918)
• Conquered Byzantine Empire in 1453• Suleiman the Great• Millet: non Muslim communities• Devshirme: system of conscripting Christian boys,
raising them as Muslims, and using them as soldiers– Janissaries– Sinan
• Beys- provincial governors• Vizier:Chief minister of an area
Ottoman Empire
Safavid Empire
• Rulers of Persia• Abbas I• Ottoman-Safavid Conflicts
Mughal Empire (1483-1857)
• Descended from Mongols from Turkestan• Brought Persian influence to India– Babur: leader of Mughals, descendant of Ghengis
Khan– Shah Akbar: conquered more– Shah Jahan: built Taj Mahal
• f
Japan (1467)
• Tokugawa Shogunate– Feudal System: • Daimyos: feudal house• Samurai: warriors working for daimyos
• Forty Seven Samurai Revolt• 1616: Japan and West-– Killed all Christian missionaries– Expelled all westerners after 1638
Russian Empire
• 1480: Last Mongol Ruler expelled from Russia• Ivan III: kicked out all Mongols and united Russian
Kingdoms (1440-1505)• Ivan IV: continued policy of expansion (1547-1584)
– Killed many boyars (nobles)– Ivan the Terrible
• Both Emperors began to establish trade with European states– Kremlin (Russian Church): built by Italian artists
• Cossacks: nomadic descendants of peasants who ran away from feudalism
Peter the Great
• 1672-1725– Son of Michael Romanov, took crown after Ivan IV
• Attempt to bring Russia into being a modern European state
• St. Petersburg: “Window to the West”• Westernization
The World by 1750
Industrial Revolution
Everything will change….
Description of Industrial Revolution
• Steam Engine (1702) by Thomas Newcomen, perfected by James Watt (1763)– The Rocket: locomotive engine
• Textile Industry: (1733) fly shuttle: machine able to weave thread together
• Water Frame: water power spinning mill• Power Loom, Cotton Gin: helped fuel factories• Factory System: Manufacturing done in large
buildings for one particular product
Why it started in England:
• Lots and lots of rivers and streams • Lots of coal• Political stability from 1750 to 1900• Markets in their colonies
Railroads: revolution of travel
Trains!
Second Industrial Revolution
• 1870: also in Britain• Expansion of Railroads• Germany and United States overtake Britain as
industrial leaders (esp. Germany)
Industrialization and Globalism
• Increasing Industrialization created a demand for more raw materials
• Inequity in wealth between nations with industry and those nations supplying the raw materials– Banana Republics: countries exploited by
industrialized countries for single agricultural crop• Mercantilism: inspired Capitalism– Adam Smith: “Wealth of Nations”– Colonies supply raw materials and a source of taxes
British Empire
• India: American Civil War disrupted cotton trade, prompting a new source
• South Africa: Discovery of diamonds and gold by Cecil Rhodes in 1866 and 1867– 90% of diamonds in world mined in South Africa
within 10 years• f
Developments in Transportation
• Suez Canal: built in Egypt to allow trade from Mediterranean to Indian Ocean (1859-69)
• Panama Canal: built in South America for a Atlantic to Pacific passage (1904-14)
Global Trade
• Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Company (1865)– 1842: Hong Kong becomes a colony of Britain– Issued its own money backed by Great Britain – Made loans to China and Japan
• United Fruit Company – 1871: Minor Keith given contract to build a railroad across
Costa Rica– Planted banana trees on both sides– 1899: largest banana company in world– Fleet of steamships, 100 miles of railroad, plantations all
across Caribbean
1860’s: Other Nations Industrialize
• Japan vs. Russia
Russia:
• Tsar Alexander II: 1861 freed the serfs to own land– BUT, could not buy as individuals, still bound to the land
• Local councils regulated roads and made local decisions instead of aristocrats– BUT, had no say in national politics
• Tsar Alexander III: opposed to any economic reforms– Completed Industrialization– Trans-Siberian Railroad: across Russia
Japan
• Did not want to become a Banana Republic• Meiji Reforms: Japanese attempts to industrialize
and Westernize enough to keep out West• Taxed farmers to help pay for reforms– Promote industries: shipbuilding, chemicals, weaponry
• Farmers who lost land came to cities to be a cheap labor source
• 1900: Japan most industrialized nation in Asia
Consequences of Industrialization
• Changes in class structure – Upper-middle class: industrial business families– Working class: those who worked in factories (80% of
population• Majority of population moves to cities– Manchester, England: 1772-25,000; 1851-455,000
• Disrupted Gender Roles– More stable context– Women given more autonomy in home
• d
Revolutions!
Revolutions
• United States• Latin America• France• Haiti• China• Germany • Italy
Enlightenment• John Locke (1632-1704): “Two Treatises of Government”
– Natural Rights: all humans born with certain rights; Life, Liberty, Property– If governments do not respect people’s rights, governments lose legitimacy
• Voltaire– Attacked religion as superstition– Government only thing in life people should control– Promoted rational thought
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau– Education should be left to nature
• Baron De Montesquieu– “Spirit of the Laws”– Dissected various kinds of gov’t– Checks and Balances– Separation of Powers
United States Revolution(1776-1789)
• 13 British Colonies in North America• Seven Years War
– Costly war against French Canada– Attempt to tax colonists to pay for war
• Declaration of Independence– Thomas Jefferson– Influenced by John Locke– Social Contract, need for separation
• Articles of Confederation– Attempt to unify government into one government to fight the British but still
maintain autonomy of states • Constitution of 1789
– Constitution of USA– Separation of Powers, Checks and Balances– Bill of Rights: list of guaranteed rights under the Constitution
French Revolution(1789-1814)
• French crown broke• Attempt to reform tax structure• Estates-General
– 1st Estate: clergy, 2nd Estate: nobles, 3rd Estate: commoners• “What is the 3rd Estate?” Abbe Seiyes, 3rd Estate is France
and deserves all power• National Assembly: 3rd Estate form themselves as National
Legislature• Storming of Bastille: official beginning of French Revolution• Declaration of the Rights of Man: list of goals for new
constitution
Haitian Revolution(1791-1804)
• Francois Dominique Toussaint: leader of slave revolt– Maroons: escaped slaves
• January 1, 1804: Haiti becomes independent
Revolutions in Latin America• Gran Colombia (1821): Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama
– 1821: gains independence from Spain– Simon Bolivar: First President– 1826: regional revolts– 1830: Gran Colombia breaks up
• Mexico (1810)– Miguel Hidalgo: rebellion against Spanish, also fought against white leaders of Mexico
(creoles)– Augusto Iturbide: Creole general fought Spanish and declared himself Emperor of Mexico
(Augustus I)– Benito Juarez (1857): President of Mexico- tried to limit the power of the Catholic Church
• Confiscated Church lands• Tried to give more rights to the native people of Mexico
• Brazil– French invasion of Portugal (1807), (Napoleon)– Royal family flees to Brazil– Son of royal family returns at end of Napoleonic Wars
China• Taiping Rebellion (1840’s)
– Hong Xiuquan: failed Civil Service Exams twice– Formed new Christian sect, God Worshipers– Overthrow of Qing Dynasty would bring Kingdom of Heaven– 1850: attack by Chinese was repulsed– 1851: Kingdom of Heavenly Peace founded, China in era of Taiping, Peace– 1864: Hong committed suicide
• Self Strengthening Movement– Response to Opium Wars– Attempts to Westernize– Failure: could not see importance of western political structures, US and British encroaching continuing to
weaken China• Boxer Rebellion (1900)
– Society of Harmonious Fists– Shadow Boxing: made them impervious to bullets– Attacked embassies in Beijing– Eight Power Allied Forces: Britain, Germany, Japan, Russia, and US; invaded Beijing and put down
rebellion– Open Door Policy: allow all nations access to Chinese markets
Age of Isms
Imperialism
• British in India: – East India Tea Company: established trading posts in
Bombay, Madras, Calcutta– Slowly extended rule further into India– 1757: defeated ruler of Bengal– 1765: acquired right to collect taxes for Mughal Emperors– 1850s: Britain had established de-facto rule over most of
India – 1857: Sepoy Mutiny- 90,000 British trained Indian soldiers
(Hindu and Muslim) fought against British rule• Sepoys lose: final end for Mughal Empire, 1858, British Queen
Victoria becomes Empress of India
Imperialism
• British in Egypt:– Muhammad Ali: pasha of Egypt under Ottomans– 1881: British occupy Egypt to ensure access to
Suez Canal
Opium Wars
• Chinese had a trade imbalance on Western products (China didn’t want Western products, but the West wanted Chinese)
• Opium only product China wanted, illegal for Europeans to trade• British smuggle Opium from India• 1839: Chinese burn British storehouses in Canton to stop
smuggling Opium• 1842: British declare war on China
– Treaty of Nanjing: forced China to open ports and gave Hong Kong to Britain
• 1856: Second Opium War– Opened new ports in China and allowed foreigners to travel in China
without a passport
Scramble for Africa
• Congo (central Africa)- conquered by Belgium (Belgian Congo)
• South Africa: British and Dutch• West Africa: France• Berlin West Africa Conference: (1884-85)- any
European country could found a colony in an “unclaimed” territory as long as it let other nations know its intentions
The World By 1900
French In Asia
• Vietnam: to protect Christian missionaries, French occupy Saigon
• 1887: French Indochina- Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
United States and Imperialism
• Louisiana Purchase• Treaty of Hidalgo: (1848) Bought from Mexico Texas,
California, New Mexico through war (Mexican American War
• Manifest Destiny: US right to own all of North America, white people need to control North America
• 1867: bought Alaska from Russia• 1893: overthrew Hawaiian queen Lili’uokalani
– US annexed islands in 1898• Spanish American War: (1899)
– US takes Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam
Japan Imperialism
• 1879: Japan expands to other islands• 1894: Sino-Japanese War (like Opium War)
Japan beats China– Takes control of Korea
• 1804: Russo-Japanese Wars: Japan defeats Russians (first time non-white power defeats a white power)
Russian Imperialism
• 1877-1878: Russo-Turkish Wars– Russians fight with Ottoman Empire for
domination of Balkan areas– Montenegro, Serbia, Romania gain independence
• Pan-Slavic movement: unite Slavic people under control from Ottomans and Austro-Hungarian Empire
Nationalism
Italian Unification
• Camillo Benso di Cavour: Chief minister of Kingdom of Sardinia– Made kingdom of Sardinia more powerful in order
to take rest of Italy• Giuseppe Garibaldi: revolutionary fighting for
a stronger Italy• 1870: Italy unified, Rome is its capital
German Unification
• Otto Von Bismarck: Chief minister of Prussia• Formed Northern Confederation of northern
German states• 1870: Southern states join with Northern
Confederation
1914-1918: World War 1
• Machine Guns• Trench Warfare
1919: Russian Revolution
• Russian Empire is overthrown: Soviet Union replaces it
• Communist Government• Vladimir Lenin: Revolutionary Leader of
Bolsheviks– Josef Stalin: succeeds Lenin as leader of Soviet
Union• d
Josef Stalin: Industrialization of USSR
• Five Year Plan: attempt to industrialize Soviet Union
1929-1939: Great Depression
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Social Security
1931-1945: World War 2
• Adolf Hitler– SS– Gestapo– Holocaust
• Benito Mussolini• Franklin D Roosevelt– D-day– Atomic Bomb
International Movements
• United Nations– Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• European Union• International Monetary Fund (IMF)• World Trade Organization (WHO)• World Trade Organization (WTO)• NAFTA• Green Peace International • Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Cold War WorldDe-Colonization
De-Colonization
• Crash Course Video:
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_sGTspaF4Y
De-Colonization: Africa
Before 1945 After 1945
Indian Independence
• Mahatma Ghandi– Led cultural movement
in India to independence from British Raj
• Jawarhal Nehru– Led independence
movement through political movements
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah– Leader of Muslim League
in India
Partition of India
De-Colonization: Asia
De-Colonization: World
1945-1992: Cold War• Comintern• US vs. USSR
– Containment– Domino Theory– Berlin Wall (Iron Curtain, NATO, Warsaw Pact)– Korean War– 38th Parallel– Vietnam War– Bay of Pigs– Fidel Castro– Cuban Missile Crisis– Soviet War in Afghanistan– James Bond?
• Chinese Communist Revolution (1949)
Pan Arabism
• Desire for all Arab Speaking nations to unify under one government
• Arab nationalism
Post Cold War World
2001-present War on Terror
• 9/11• Osama Bin Ladin• Afghanistan (product of Cold War)– Taliban – Northern Alliance
• Iraq• George W. Bush• Barack Obama– Drone Strikes
Muslim nations today:
• Dar Al Islam: Nations of Arab World; Muslims can practice freely, majority of Muslims living in that particular nation, ruling gov’t is Muslim
Other important events:
• BP Oil Spill (2010)• Fukushima Daiichi (2011)• Global Warming• NAFTA