ENGLAND

Calendar•Turn in rest of homework

•Typed DBQ Monday

•French Homework

English Unique Character• Island isolated• Not conquered since 1066• Tradition of change, not brought on by

others• Compromise between ruler and rules

– What’s best for nation– No compromise= revolution

• Magna Carta

The War of the Roses

andHenry Tudor

War of the Roses• Civil War

– After 100 Years War with France

• Dispute: 2 branches of royal family claimed throne– House of York (white rose/purity)

– House of Lancaster (red rose/bravery)

• Bloody family quarrel

The Course of the War• War continued through Henry VI,

Edward IV, Richard III

• Richard III killed in Battle of Bosworth– Last Medieval king

• New English order under Henry VII– Connected to both families by marriage

– Pink rose (combo)

Rule of Henry Tudor• Chief minister= middle class ($)• Justice of Peace= local landowners• Made himself richest man in England

– Money from feudal dues– Taxes on imported goods (trade)– Avoided war (military expenditures– Destroyed power of nobles (outlawed

private armies)– Nobility killed off: 100 Yrs. War, War of

Roses

Court of Star Chamber• Secret court violated fairness

• Tortured citizens– Accepted since it kept peace

• Vigilantism – Magna Carta- limit on King’s power,

nobles wanted rights

• Henry died leaving English peaceful and prosperous

Henry VIII and the Anglican

Church

The Heirs…• Edward VI- dies shortly after coronation• Mary I (had been cloistered= bitter)

–Wife of Philip II–King of Spain/ Queen of England-

children become rulers of both–Bloody Mary executes 300 for heresy–Pope put back, undo reforms–Problem- people did not want to

return to Catholicism

The Rule of Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I

Elizabeth’s Qualities…• Fierce temper

• Crude

• Educated

• Witty

Early Troubles• Refusal to marry- preserve own

power and for the Good of England

• Religion

• Rival queen

• Spanish

• Finances

Mary Queen of

Scots

Elizabeth and Religion • Royal policy was in constant flux

• Est. state church moderate Catholics and Protestants would accept

• 1559 Act of Uniformity- national church est. similar to Henry VIII–Required to attend services

Elizabeth and Religion• 1559 New Act of Supremacy-

Elizabeth made Supreme Governor of England’s state and church institutions

• Priests allowed to marry, sermons in English (VERNACULAR)

• Keeps richness of Catholicism• Cared more about loyalty than

religion

Mary Stuart Plots…• Catholics wanted Mary Stuart to

be queen–Supported by Spain and Pope

• 1567 Mary escapes to England when Scots (converted by Knox) revolt

• 1587-Executed for plotting against Elizabeth

Philip and Spain Threaten…

• Relation between Spain and England worsen after Mary I dies

• Philip wanted to marry Elizabeth– She promised after mourning period-

diplomatic advantage

• Spanish Armada defeated– Tilbury speech

Financial Troubles• Desire to start exploration as a source

of money– Businesses grow, import taxes, exports

– Joint-stock cos strengthen economy- Commercial Revolution

– Cities grow

• Financial problems led to problems with Parliament

Elizabeth and Money• Tight fisted ($ came through

Parliament)

• Wanted to keep money and power (not give to Parliament)

• Need money for navy not army– She expects people to fight

• Uses bribery/promises of marriage to get way with Parliament

Later Problems…• Puritans (political group) not

happy with religious policies –House of Commons (active in

politics)–Away from moderation to strict

church –No persecution of Puritans until

after Civil War

Elizabethan England

1500’s Golden Age• Economically, politically. Culturally• Inspired by Spanish Armada• 1588 London was most populated city in

Europe– Center of trade and Commercial

Revolution– Rich v. poor (disparity)

• England is strengthened– London Bridge- architectural

achievement

The Arts • Theatre becomes popular

• Art promoted– Focus on literature (unlike Italy)

• William Shakespeare

• Humanistic tragedies attract people

• 1576 James Burbage- 1st fixed theatre

Thursday• Questions

• Get into Groups

• 4 Timelines 4 SPRITE 2 Essays

• Read and Highlite Tilbury

Rule of James I and Charles I Lead to War

James I• Follows Elizabeth (Scottish cousin)

• Issue- Power of Parliament

• Believed in absolute rule– Divine Right- authority from God

– Answer only to God

• King James Bible- retranslation in response to conflict w/ Puritans

James I

Quarrels with Parliament

• Elizabeth left debt

• Parliament would not give money- James would not bargain

• Puritans wanted him to make Church of England less Catholic

Charles I• Son of James I• Divine Right ruler• Quarrels with Parliament over $

– 1626 War with Spain forced him to Parliament- dismisses when funds refused

– 1626/27- War with France- forces knights and nobles to loan $ (imprisons the unwilling) and quarters troops in private homes

Charles I

Problems continue…• 1628 Charles recalls Parliament-

financial need– Money be given in return for Petition of

Right

• Petition of Right– Parliament’s consent for taxes– Imprison only with cause– No martial law in peacetime– No quartering of soldiers

Problems continue…• Petition accepted- not believed it

would be followed

• 1629 Result- Parliament dissolved (not called for 11 years) –King gained money through fines

and fees (believed acts of treason)• Result: popularity declined

Charles I and Religion• Religious policies would get him

beheaded

• Puritans upset (many fled)

• William Laud (believed to secretly be Catholic)– Forced Scots (Presbyterians) to follow

Church of England

– Scots threatened invasion

Charles I and Religion• Charles calls Parliament

– Why? Needed resources for war

– Response? Parliament refuses unless King addresses their demands

– Results? King dissolves Parliament (Short Parliament)

– Scots invade defeat English- Charles gives in

Charles I and Religion• Charles forced to call Parliament

for money to meet new threat–Long Parliament–Parliament limits Kings power-

consent for taxes, Parliament meetings, Court of Star Chamber

–Revolt in Ireland- $ for suppression• Parliament further divided

Charles I and Religion• Raid on House of Commons fails-

people upset King abandons house- goes north to prepare army (1642)

Monday• Staple cover sheet to DBQ

• Exchange Papers

• Peer Grade DBQ

• Calendar

• Homework Wednesday

English Civil War

English Civil War• The 2 sides:

– Cavaliers- loyal to King (nobles, church officials)

– Roundheads- Puritan townspeople, merchants

• Roundheads- money• Cavaliers- experienced military, 75% of

land• 1644 Oliver Cromwell takes control of

Roundheads (believed they had God’s support)

Oliver Cromwell

English Civil War• Most people did NOT get involved in

war– Destruction of war- people become more

radical

• 1646 Cromwell’s New Model Army defeated the King’s forces– Tried to disband army- job was done– Strongly radical Puritan, more radical

than Parliament

English Civil War• Result: some Parliament members join up

with king– Cromwell defeated them & took King

captive• Cromwell and army march to London

– 143 members/Scots of House of Commons expelled (Pride’s Purge)

– Charles I tried & beheaded /Rump Parliament

• First time Monarch tried with official execution

Cromwell• 1653 Cromwell drafted constitution

(1st written constitution in major European nation)

• Republic under Cromwell as “Lord Protector”– Military dictatorship

• Puritans impose beliefs (people upset)

Charles II and James II’s Rule

Lead to the Glorious Revolution

Charles II and Restoration• Monarchy restored

• Not a Divine Right Ruler (1600-1685)

• Middle ground with religion– Religious freedom to Puritans and

Catholics created problems with Parliament

– Church of England- only legal religion

Charles II

Charles II and Restoration• 1679 Parliament passes “Habeas

Corpus”- guarantees freedoms (right to trial)– No more arrests for opposition to

monarch

• Money and religion will ruin him (same as father and grandfather)

Charles II and Money• Not enough money from

Parliament

• Turns to Catholic King Louis XIV of France for money–Secret agreement: Charles would

become Catholic in future

Charles II and Religion• People knew of Charles’ Catholic

tendencies• NO HEIR (son)- brother James II

(heir) was openly Catholic • Led to formation of political

parties –Whigs- James’ opponents–Tories- James’ supporters

Read•453

•During Whose Rule

•Argument

•POV

•Commonwealth

James II• Divine Right Ruler- no consent from

Parliament

• Had Tories support until he appointed Catholics to high office– Violate laws passed by Restoration

Parliament

– Reaction: James dissolves Parliament and won’t call another

James II

Unhappy Protestants• 1687 James announces govt. posts

open to Catholics and Protestants

• 13,000 soldiers stationed outside London- change state religion to Catholicism

• 1688 James had son- fear of Catholic line of kings (second wife)

Protestants’ Plan• Mary, daughter of first wife, married to

William of Orange – invited to overthrow James II– They accepted

• Nobody tried to stop William and troops– James left for France

– Glorious Revolution (bloodless)

• William and Mary recognized Parliament as leading partner in ruling

Growth of Parliament’s

Power

Parliament is Strengthened• Puritans offended by Elizabeth

– Active in politics: House of Commons spoke up

• Stepped up more with rule of Charles II (not Divine Right ruler)

• Got involved over successor of James II– Went to William and Mary: around

power of king

Under William and Mary• 1689 Parliament drafts Bill of Rights

– Things ruler could NOT do

– Parliament had certain rights:

– Laws could not be suspended

– Approval of taxes

– Freedom of speech

– No standing army

– No excessive bail

British Government

Great Britain• Ireland

• Scotland

• Wales

• England

Constitutional Monarchy

Constitutional Monarchy• Began – 1688 Glorious Rev.

• Most Progressive

• Ruler limited by law

• Monarch needed Parliament’s consent

• Parliament needed monarch’s consent

Previous Limits• 1215 Magna Carta

– King John limits king’s power

• English Bill of Rights– Secured Constitutional Monarchy

The English Cabinet

The Cabinet• Executive Committee

– Originally temporary

– Acted in ruler’s name

– Only represented majority party

• Why: Stalemate possible b/w Parliament and Monarch

The Cabinet

• Began: Wm. and Mary– Most influential ministers

– Appointed and dismissed at will

– End of rule: for support chose majority party members (Whigs)

– Assured king majority vote

– *Cabinet now link b/w king and Parliament

Rise of the Prime Minister

Background• 1 minister dominated cabinet during

Hanoverian Dynasty– German dynasty

– Last Stuart Anne died 1714

• George I & II- little English, no interest in British affairs– Lack of knowledge- leads to reliance

on ministers

Prime Minster Emerges• Sir Robert Walpole

– 1721 George I appts. him first Lord of the Treasury

– 1721-1741 unofficial ruler of Britain

– First Prime Minister

– Set pattern for modern British politics

The System

• Cabinet – center of power and policy making

• Leader of majority party in Parliament led cabinet as prime minister

George III

• Tried to take back power

• US issue- “No taxation w/out representation”– Average GB citizens did not have these

rights

• Ulterior motive- break away from mercantilism

A Summary• Works best if only 2 parties

• Advantages– Executive, majority party will get

legislation passed

• Disadvantages– Minority has little say

– Possibility of frequent elections (party not support PM, party balance)

British Reform Legislation

Reform Bill 1832• Why: pressure from merchants &

factory owners

• Purpose: set up new districts for electing members of Parliament– Old districts- medieval villages now

empty (owner had vote)

– New cities (Manchester, Sheffield) no elected reps (grew after districts formed)

Reform Bill 1832• Significance

– End to injustice- new cities got vote

– More men gained suffrage (men who paid certain amount in rent gained vote, not just landowners)

– Most all middle class voted now

– 20% voting (2x’s more)

Reform Act of 1867

• Why: Growing prosperity & social responsibility of working class– Some politicians convinced to extend

suffrage

– Reform League (John Bright)- pushed Parliamentary action

Reform Act of 1867

• 1866 Lord Russell introduces idea- defeated by Conservatives & antidemocratic Liberals

• Conservative Disraeli (led House of Commons) gets bill passed– Accepted liberal amendments

– Voting 1,43 mil to 2.47 mil (working class)

Reform Act of 1867• Disraeli wanted Conservatives to get

support of new voters– Saw change inevitable- let

Conservatives get credit (responsive to social change)

– Believed growing mid class would be Conservative

Disraeli v. Gladstone

Gladstone• Liberal PM 1868-1874

– Began as a Conservative

• Wanted old institutions opened– 1870 Exams for Civil Service – 1871 Abolished purchase of officers’

commission– 1872 Secret Ballot– Anglican requirement dropped for

universities

Gladstone• Education Act of 1870

– Govt. est. and run elementary schools (instead of church)

– Church had been given little money= inadequate schools

– NO education in areas no church

– Why? Democracy does NOT work with society of illiterates

Gladstone• Goals:

– Remove old abuses without destroying existing institutions

– Citizens compete on ability

• Recognizes trade unions• Stress individualism, free trade,

competition (solve social probs)• Significance- state-building brings

loyalty

Disraeli• Conservative PM 1874-1880

• Favored paternalistic legislation

• Action: few specific programs

• Richard Cross- Home Sec.– Responsible for social legislation

Disraeli• 1875 Public Health Act-

– state interfere on private property in matters of health, well-being

• 1875 Artisans Dwelling Act-– State provide housing to working class

• 1875 Conservatives offer protections to trade unions – Allowed to strike

Loss of Power by House of Lords

David Lloyd George• Liberal

• Minister of Finance

• 1909- Prime Minister

• Social Welfare

Social Welfare Program• Old-age pensions

• Accident/illness insurance for workers

• Unemployment benefits

FUNDING: income taxes (wealthy)– “People’s Budget”

People’s Budget• Only House of Commons passed

• **Issue- place of House of Lords in British govt.– Liberals want to limit power

– Liberals win next 2 elections but lords refuse reforms

– King threatened to appt. new liberal- minded lords (pass reform)

– Lords vote to limit own power

People’s Budget

• Resolved- House of Lords only delay bills passed by House of Commons – After 2 yrs. bills become law

• **One step closer to fully democratic govt.

Irish Question

The Basics• Ireland controlled by British for

nearly 300 years– 1801- directly from London

• 1870’s Irish nationalists seek home rule– Irish Home Rule Party- seek

independence

• Liberals support home rule – Gladstone’s bills defeated

Read 811

•Argument

•POV

Issues• Prices of farm products drop

– 1000’s can’t pay rent

– 2000 families pushed out of homes

– Angry farmers, nationalists become violent

• 1870-1880’s- Protestants and Catholics work together for home rule

A Change• 1900’s Irish Protestants turn against

home rule– Lived in N. Ireland (Ulster)

– Fear being a minority

• 1914 Home Rule bill passed– WWI broke put month before bill to

take effect

Social Issues• Anglo Saxons (British)- English

• Celts (Irish)- Gaelic

• English see Irish as inferior, lazy people (treat poorly)

• English- Protestant

• Irish- Catholic (no representation, no vote)

Political Issues• Protestants (minority) and Catholics

(majority)– Who control govt?

– Home Rule?

• 1936 Ireland gained independence (N. Ireland independent for Protestants)

Economic Issues• Gladstone

– Tenant Laws- land back to Irish

– Henry & Elizabeth- bought out Irish land & est. British farms

– Cromwell finished conquest

• Irish wanted British landlords out

British Empire

Empire• Colonies key to prosperity- benefit

Britain– Mercantilism

• 1700’s- focus is on gaining & controlling colonies

• 1763 British strongest colonial and navel power in Europe

Empire Size• Extending on Indian subcontinent

• N. America- east of Mississippi

• Islands in Caribbean- SUGAR

• Canada- largest part of Empire

• Navigation Laws 1660 & 1663- tight control of colonies