ENGLAND
• On Christmas Day, 1066, William
the Conqueror was crowned the
first Norman king of England
• From the collapse of the Roman
Empire to William’s conquest,
England was ruled by Anglo-
Saxon kingdoms
FRANCE
• Joan of Arc, a peasant girl living in
medieval France, believed that
God had chosen her to lead
France to victory in the Hundred
Years’ War with England (1337-
1453)
• She was later captured by the
English and burned at the stake
for heresy
SPAIN
• In 1469, Ferdinand of Aragon
married Isabella of Castile in
Valladolid, thus uniting all the
dominions of Spain.
• Introduced the Spanish
Inquisition, a powerful and brutal
force of homogenization in
Spanish society.
• In 1492, Spain “regained” Granada
from the moors
CORRUPTION IN THE CHURCH
• The Church raised money through selling
indulgences
– Indulgences promised salvation for those who bought
them
• The Spanish Inquisition highlighted the extreme
power of the pope
• It was the job of the church clergy to translate the Bible to those who could not read Latin.
MARTIN LUTHER IN GERMANY
• In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door in Germany. They were written in Latin.
• Luther’s intention was not to break from the Church, but to reform:
– Indulgences
– Power of Pope
– Wealth of Church
• God’s Grace won by FAITH ALONE!
4 OF THE 95 THESES
• 42. Christians should be taught that the buying of indulgences does
not compare with being forgiven by Christ.
• 43. A Christian who gives to the poor or lends to those in need is
doing better in God’s eyes than one who buys 'forgiveness'.
• 44. This is because in loving others, love grows & you become a
better person. A person buying a pardon does not become a better
person.
• 45. A person who passes by a beggar but buys an indulgence will gain
the anger and disappointment of God.
KING HENRY VIII ESTABLISHES THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND
• As you remember the Roman Catholic Church, and its leader the Pope, was a powerful force in Europe.
• Pope Clement the II denied Henry’s request for divorce.
• Unable to change the Pope’s mind Henry VIII made his Act of Supremacy in 1534 and declared England free from the Catholic Church and established the Church of England.
JOHN CALVIN IN SWITZERLAND
• Predestination
– God knows who will be saved, even
before people are born, and therefore
guides the lives of those destined fore
salvation.
CHANGING MAP OF EUROPE
• https://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/900/index.html
THE REFORMATION SPREADS
Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648):A series of religious wars between protestants and Catholics in the Catholic-ruled Holy Roman Empire
Peace of Westphalia:Ended the Thirty Years’ war by granting independence to several German states, including Prussia
SPAIN• Charles V, a Hapsburg, and grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella was
elected Holy Roman Emperor, and the resulting Spanish Empire
sought to defend Christianity as a global empire
FRANCE• In 1598, the Bourbons enacted
the Edict of Nantes sought to
resolve disputed between French
Catholics and French Protestants,
or Huguenots.
THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
•The Council of Trent was called by the Pope in 1545
in response to the spread of Protestantism
throughout Europe
•Clergymen and monarch in attendance resolved to:
–spread and enforce Catholicism
–censor new protestant ideas
JESUITS
• Ignatius Loyola founded the Society of Jesuits
–Jesuits believed in strict obedience to the Catholic
Church
–Jesuits = defenders of Catholic Church
•missionaries → travelled to Asia, Africa and the
Americas to spread Catholicism
THE INQUISITION
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8Ry74xfWgY (36:20)
POLITICAL CONTEXT
• The age of Inquiry brought new philosophies on rule. Before the
enlightenment, Machiavelli was the most influential theorist
– Italian Renaissance Era
– “The end justifies the means”
– “it is better to be feared than loved”
• Political Instability after the collapse of feudalism (disastrous 14th
century)
• Multiple Popes!
RELIGIOUS CONTEXT
•Protestant Reformation
–England: Anglicanism
–Holy Roman Empire: Lutheranism
–France: Calvinism
•30 Years War
• Jesuits and other missionaries
ABSOLUTISM IN SPAIN
• Ferdinand and Isabella (1469-1516):
–Reconquista
–Inquisition
• Phillip II (1556-1598)
–Son of Charles V
–Conquered Portuguese throne
–Married Bloody Mary
–Spanish Armada defeated by the British (foreshadowing)
–Colonial Golden Age
ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE
• Louis XIV
– “Sun King”
– Responsible to God, not
the people
– “I am the state”
– “loved war too much”
HUGUENOTS
• French Protestants
•Huguenots were
usually Calvinists
ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY MASSACRE
• Up to 3,000 Huguenots
were killed outside of
St. Bartholomew’s
Church by Catholic
aggressors
• Marked the beginning
of a civil war in France
EDICT OF NANTES
• signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France
• granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as
Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still
considered essentially Catholic at the time
• Louis XIV Revoked the Edict of Nantes once he came to
power in the late 1600s.
SOUTHERNIZATION IN THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES
• Monopolized the manufacture of gunpowder, a Chinese invention, which
made possible their control of the Middle East and Northern India
• Conquered enemies with the use of superior military technology
SOUTHERNIZATION IN THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES
• After their conquest of
Constantinople,
Ottomans controlled
European access to East
African gold and Indian
sugar and spice
• Modeled Asoka’s policies
on religious toleration
OTTOMANS
OTTOMANS
• Janissaries + Gunpowder = Widespread military success in the
Middle East and Eastern Europe
• Large, Persian-style bureaucracy led by a sultan
• Suleiman led the empire to a golden age
–Istanbul was an important center of trans-regional trade
–Modernized the army
• Millets and the commercial revolution eventually led to the
decline of the Ottoman Empire, which was broken up in 1919
SOUTHERNIZATION IN THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES
• Shiite Muslim Empire
practiced religious
toleration to
encourage trade
• Isfahan was established
as the center of the
Asian silk trade
SAFAVIDS
SAFAVIDS
• Shiite Islam enforced throughout the empire
• Shah Abbas redistributed wealth and encouraged industry
• Isfahan became cosmopolitan, where non-Muslims’
economic contributions were valued
SOUTHERNIZATION IN THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES
• Islamic elites ruled a
Hindu majority,
requiring a blending of
those belief systems
• Capitalized on
preexisting Indian
Ocean Trade routes
MUGHALS
MUGHALS
• Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526) introduced Islamic rule to India
• A Hindu majority was ruled by Islamic Elites, requiring policies of
Tolerance
• Sikhism developed through SYNCRETISM
– Other examples?
• His grandson, Akbar, won the support of the Hindu majority
through religious toleration
NARA JAPAN (710-794)
•The earliest inhabitants of Japan were
nomadic peoples from northeast Asia
•Early states were inspired by the Tang
example of centralized government
•Adopted Confucianism and Buddhism, but
maintained their Shinto rites
HEIAN JAPAN 794-1185
•Japanese emperors as ceremonial figureheads and
symbols of authority
•Emperor did not rule in their organized Confucian
bureaucracy, which explains the longevity of the
imperial house
•Chinese learning dominated Japanese education and
political thought
DECLINE OF HEIAN JAPAN
• Taira and Minamoto, the two most powerful
clans, engaged in wars
–This launched the Bafuku (Shogunate) Period, in
which the Shogun controlled the military and
state in a feudal system
–The Bafuku period lasted from the 12th century to
the 19th century in Japan, with the Kamakura,
Ashikaga, and Tokugawa Shogunates
KAMAKURA JAPAN (1195-1333)
AN INTERESTING PREDICAMENT
KANGXI – MANCHU V. CONFUCIUS
• In order to enlist the Chinese in advancing the Manchu
cause, Kangxi
• reduced taxes for peasants
• Called Chinese scholars to his imperial court to
transform Manchu leadership to a Confucian
establishment modeling the Ming tradition
• To stabilize the empire, Kangxi needed to control the
Manchu hierarchy and the Chinese people they conquered,
making it necessary to focus on adapting Confucianism,
rather than on arts and culture
QIANLONG – MANCHU V. CONFUCIUS
• Expanded empire to largest size by conquering Taiwan, Mongolia,
Tibet, leading to a more multi-ethnic China
• Civil Service Exams became increasingly important in a diverse
empire
• Rather than distancing himself from Manchu tradition, Qianlong
embraced both Manchu and Confucianism
• Agricultural production continued to rise, population boomed due
to introduction of American goods to Asia
• In keeping with his universality, Qianlong welcomed Jesuit
missionaries to the imperial court
THE MANY FACES OF QIANLONGQianlong deliberately represented himself differently to each of the various constituents that formed his extensive, multiethnic empire. To the Tibetans, for example, Qianlong portrayed himself as a reincarnation of one of the most important bodhisattvas of Tibetan Buddhism, Manjusri; for the Mongols he took on the role of a steppe prince who understood their steppe traditions; and to the Han Chinese he portrayed himself as a scholar and great patron of Chinese learning and art.
FOREIGN RELATIONS
• The depreciation of silver caused Ming emperors to
enforce greater trade restrictions, which the Qing upheld.
•When European nations began to push back against China’s
terms for trade, wars were fought and lost, causing damage
to China’s sovereignty.
•Qing emperors’ acceptance of Christianity ultimately
resulted in the Boxer Rebellion of 1899, and ultimately the
establishment of a republic in 1912.
WHAT IS CHINA?
In 1912, when the Qing dynasty was overthrown and the Republic of China established, real questions arose as to what constituted "China." At this time many political thinkers and political actors said that "China"
was for "the Chinese." Indeed, the Manchu Qing were overthrown partly as a movement of "China for the Chinese." Once the overthrow was accomplished, however, the new leaders had to confront the reality of a much smaller Chinese territory. What followed as a result was a political reevaluation of a consolidated national framework
encompassing all the various peoples that had been brought into the Chinese administrative sphere under the Manchu Qing.
WHATEVER HAPPENED TO ZHENG HE?
•While the cause is
widely unknown, many
historians believe that
Zheng He’s voyages lost
funding because they
became too expensive
for the empire to handle
in its decline.