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England
War of the RosesRise of the Tudors
Henry VIII and his Heirs
War of the Roses1455-1485
House of Lancastervs
House of York
THE TAMING OF ENGLAND
bull England is an island ndash natural defensesbull England could have been the first nation to
consolidatebull But noble ambition and a weak king
interferedbull War of the Roses fixed thisbull Henry VII and VIII ended dynastic instabilitybull Created new nobility that owed their titles
and loyalty to the Tudors
No end of fightingbull Shortly after peace with France two families began war over English
thronebull Lancasters (red rose) vs Yorks (white rose)
Yorkist victoriesbull Yorkists successful earlybull Significant victories over Lancastriansbull Trouble began after Edwardrsquos death
Wars of the Roses
bull Richard IIIbull Uprisings killed in battle of Bosworth Field 1485bull Henry VII claimed throne neither York nor Lancaster new era began
Results of the War of the Roses
bull Broke feudal power of the noblesbull End of the Middle Agesbull Power shift Many nobles slain during the
wars their estates confiscated by the Crownbull Lawlessnessbull Desire for strong gov brings peace and
prosperitybull Henry VII
ndash Reestablished royal powerndash Created the beginning of modern England
Financial Issuesbull English monarchs lived off the revenues from their estates They were often broke
bull Parliament defended the gentry crown had to ask permission to tax
bull Henry VIII confiscated Church lands crown began to profit
bull Thomas Cromwell reorganized parliament so that it worked with the king
Parliament
Henry VIIThe First Tudor King
The Road to the Throne
bull 1457 Henry Tudor born
bull Many had a better claim and the current king had a son
bull By 1471 Henry Tudor is the only logical choice to promote
bull Edward IV died 12 year old son became Edward V
bull But his uncle seized the crown and made himself King Richard III
Conspiracy TheoryThe Princes in the Tower
bull Sons of Edward IVbull Uncle imprisoned thembull Declared illegitimate in 1483bull Richard is prime suspectbull Henry Tudor also suspect he
married their sister to cement his claim Her claim would only be valid if her brothers were both dead
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1484bull Henry is in Francebull Richard bribed the Duke of Brittany to
capture Henry for himbull Henry escaped at the last minute dressed
as a servant
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1485
bull The King of France wanted to distract Richard from invading France so he gave Henry an army to invade England
bull Early in August Henry landed in Wales
Battle of Bosworth
bull Final Lancaster defeat of Yorkistsndash Richard III killed
bull Henry Tudor emerged as leader
bull Truce marries the Yorkist princess to legitimize his claim as king
bull All who opposed him at Bosworth are traitorsndash Executions confiscation of
property
Richard III
Henry Tudor
SURPRISE Henry VII was a good king
bull Sought prosperity for England
bull In love with his wife and had 5 childrenndash Arthurndash Henryndash Margaretndash Mary ndash Another daughterndash Child that died in
childbirth with Elizabeth
The favored son Henry VIII
bull Loving family involved parents Unusual
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=R05Z2Z89aUw
bull Second son ndash will maybe be a pope
bull Everything changed in 1502
Arthurbull Arthur
ndash Married at 15bull Political marriage to
Catherine of Aragonndash Intelligent well
educatedndash Good parentsndash VERY wealthy ndash VERY connected
raquoUncle was pope
raquoNephew will be HRE
Died in 1502
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=oo73DvLMNFs
What to do with Catherine
bull Dowry = fortunebull Henry VII wants
thatndash Needs money to
protect against the French
bull Considers marrying her himself
Henry VIIrsquos Solutionbull His other son will
marry Catherinebull Marriage takes 7 years
to negotiatendash Pope displeasedndash Henry VII wants a
better alliance for his son
ndash When young Henry becomes king marries Catherine
ndash 17 and 22
Henry VIII
bull Everything going well Can he be content
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=xTKIk04xNVsampfeature=related
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
War of the Roses1455-1485
House of Lancastervs
House of York
THE TAMING OF ENGLAND
bull England is an island ndash natural defensesbull England could have been the first nation to
consolidatebull But noble ambition and a weak king
interferedbull War of the Roses fixed thisbull Henry VII and VIII ended dynastic instabilitybull Created new nobility that owed their titles
and loyalty to the Tudors
No end of fightingbull Shortly after peace with France two families began war over English
thronebull Lancasters (red rose) vs Yorks (white rose)
Yorkist victoriesbull Yorkists successful earlybull Significant victories over Lancastriansbull Trouble began after Edwardrsquos death
Wars of the Roses
bull Richard IIIbull Uprisings killed in battle of Bosworth Field 1485bull Henry VII claimed throne neither York nor Lancaster new era began
Results of the War of the Roses
bull Broke feudal power of the noblesbull End of the Middle Agesbull Power shift Many nobles slain during the
wars their estates confiscated by the Crownbull Lawlessnessbull Desire for strong gov brings peace and
prosperitybull Henry VII
ndash Reestablished royal powerndash Created the beginning of modern England
Financial Issuesbull English monarchs lived off the revenues from their estates They were often broke
bull Parliament defended the gentry crown had to ask permission to tax
bull Henry VIII confiscated Church lands crown began to profit
bull Thomas Cromwell reorganized parliament so that it worked with the king
Parliament
Henry VIIThe First Tudor King
The Road to the Throne
bull 1457 Henry Tudor born
bull Many had a better claim and the current king had a son
bull By 1471 Henry Tudor is the only logical choice to promote
bull Edward IV died 12 year old son became Edward V
bull But his uncle seized the crown and made himself King Richard III
Conspiracy TheoryThe Princes in the Tower
bull Sons of Edward IVbull Uncle imprisoned thembull Declared illegitimate in 1483bull Richard is prime suspectbull Henry Tudor also suspect he
married their sister to cement his claim Her claim would only be valid if her brothers were both dead
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1484bull Henry is in Francebull Richard bribed the Duke of Brittany to
capture Henry for himbull Henry escaped at the last minute dressed
as a servant
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1485
bull The King of France wanted to distract Richard from invading France so he gave Henry an army to invade England
bull Early in August Henry landed in Wales
Battle of Bosworth
bull Final Lancaster defeat of Yorkistsndash Richard III killed
bull Henry Tudor emerged as leader
bull Truce marries the Yorkist princess to legitimize his claim as king
bull All who opposed him at Bosworth are traitorsndash Executions confiscation of
property
Richard III
Henry Tudor
SURPRISE Henry VII was a good king
bull Sought prosperity for England
bull In love with his wife and had 5 childrenndash Arthurndash Henryndash Margaretndash Mary ndash Another daughterndash Child that died in
childbirth with Elizabeth
The favored son Henry VIII
bull Loving family involved parents Unusual
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=R05Z2Z89aUw
bull Second son ndash will maybe be a pope
bull Everything changed in 1502
Arthurbull Arthur
ndash Married at 15bull Political marriage to
Catherine of Aragonndash Intelligent well
educatedndash Good parentsndash VERY wealthy ndash VERY connected
raquoUncle was pope
raquoNephew will be HRE
Died in 1502
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=oo73DvLMNFs
What to do with Catherine
bull Dowry = fortunebull Henry VII wants
thatndash Needs money to
protect against the French
bull Considers marrying her himself
Henry VIIrsquos Solutionbull His other son will
marry Catherinebull Marriage takes 7 years
to negotiatendash Pope displeasedndash Henry VII wants a
better alliance for his son
ndash When young Henry becomes king marries Catherine
ndash 17 and 22
Henry VIII
bull Everything going well Can he be content
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=xTKIk04xNVsampfeature=related
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
THE TAMING OF ENGLAND
bull England is an island ndash natural defensesbull England could have been the first nation to
consolidatebull But noble ambition and a weak king
interferedbull War of the Roses fixed thisbull Henry VII and VIII ended dynastic instabilitybull Created new nobility that owed their titles
and loyalty to the Tudors
No end of fightingbull Shortly after peace with France two families began war over English
thronebull Lancasters (red rose) vs Yorks (white rose)
Yorkist victoriesbull Yorkists successful earlybull Significant victories over Lancastriansbull Trouble began after Edwardrsquos death
Wars of the Roses
bull Richard IIIbull Uprisings killed in battle of Bosworth Field 1485bull Henry VII claimed throne neither York nor Lancaster new era began
Results of the War of the Roses
bull Broke feudal power of the noblesbull End of the Middle Agesbull Power shift Many nobles slain during the
wars their estates confiscated by the Crownbull Lawlessnessbull Desire for strong gov brings peace and
prosperitybull Henry VII
ndash Reestablished royal powerndash Created the beginning of modern England
Financial Issuesbull English monarchs lived off the revenues from their estates They were often broke
bull Parliament defended the gentry crown had to ask permission to tax
bull Henry VIII confiscated Church lands crown began to profit
bull Thomas Cromwell reorganized parliament so that it worked with the king
Parliament
Henry VIIThe First Tudor King
The Road to the Throne
bull 1457 Henry Tudor born
bull Many had a better claim and the current king had a son
bull By 1471 Henry Tudor is the only logical choice to promote
bull Edward IV died 12 year old son became Edward V
bull But his uncle seized the crown and made himself King Richard III
Conspiracy TheoryThe Princes in the Tower
bull Sons of Edward IVbull Uncle imprisoned thembull Declared illegitimate in 1483bull Richard is prime suspectbull Henry Tudor also suspect he
married their sister to cement his claim Her claim would only be valid if her brothers were both dead
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1484bull Henry is in Francebull Richard bribed the Duke of Brittany to
capture Henry for himbull Henry escaped at the last minute dressed
as a servant
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1485
bull The King of France wanted to distract Richard from invading France so he gave Henry an army to invade England
bull Early in August Henry landed in Wales
Battle of Bosworth
bull Final Lancaster defeat of Yorkistsndash Richard III killed
bull Henry Tudor emerged as leader
bull Truce marries the Yorkist princess to legitimize his claim as king
bull All who opposed him at Bosworth are traitorsndash Executions confiscation of
property
Richard III
Henry Tudor
SURPRISE Henry VII was a good king
bull Sought prosperity for England
bull In love with his wife and had 5 childrenndash Arthurndash Henryndash Margaretndash Mary ndash Another daughterndash Child that died in
childbirth with Elizabeth
The favored son Henry VIII
bull Loving family involved parents Unusual
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=R05Z2Z89aUw
bull Second son ndash will maybe be a pope
bull Everything changed in 1502
Arthurbull Arthur
ndash Married at 15bull Political marriage to
Catherine of Aragonndash Intelligent well
educatedndash Good parentsndash VERY wealthy ndash VERY connected
raquoUncle was pope
raquoNephew will be HRE
Died in 1502
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=oo73DvLMNFs
What to do with Catherine
bull Dowry = fortunebull Henry VII wants
thatndash Needs money to
protect against the French
bull Considers marrying her himself
Henry VIIrsquos Solutionbull His other son will
marry Catherinebull Marriage takes 7 years
to negotiatendash Pope displeasedndash Henry VII wants a
better alliance for his son
ndash When young Henry becomes king marries Catherine
ndash 17 and 22
Henry VIII
bull Everything going well Can he be content
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=xTKIk04xNVsampfeature=related
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
No end of fightingbull Shortly after peace with France two families began war over English
thronebull Lancasters (red rose) vs Yorks (white rose)
Yorkist victoriesbull Yorkists successful earlybull Significant victories over Lancastriansbull Trouble began after Edwardrsquos death
Wars of the Roses
bull Richard IIIbull Uprisings killed in battle of Bosworth Field 1485bull Henry VII claimed throne neither York nor Lancaster new era began
Results of the War of the Roses
bull Broke feudal power of the noblesbull End of the Middle Agesbull Power shift Many nobles slain during the
wars their estates confiscated by the Crownbull Lawlessnessbull Desire for strong gov brings peace and
prosperitybull Henry VII
ndash Reestablished royal powerndash Created the beginning of modern England
Financial Issuesbull English monarchs lived off the revenues from their estates They were often broke
bull Parliament defended the gentry crown had to ask permission to tax
bull Henry VIII confiscated Church lands crown began to profit
bull Thomas Cromwell reorganized parliament so that it worked with the king
Parliament
Henry VIIThe First Tudor King
The Road to the Throne
bull 1457 Henry Tudor born
bull Many had a better claim and the current king had a son
bull By 1471 Henry Tudor is the only logical choice to promote
bull Edward IV died 12 year old son became Edward V
bull But his uncle seized the crown and made himself King Richard III
Conspiracy TheoryThe Princes in the Tower
bull Sons of Edward IVbull Uncle imprisoned thembull Declared illegitimate in 1483bull Richard is prime suspectbull Henry Tudor also suspect he
married their sister to cement his claim Her claim would only be valid if her brothers were both dead
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1484bull Henry is in Francebull Richard bribed the Duke of Brittany to
capture Henry for himbull Henry escaped at the last minute dressed
as a servant
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1485
bull The King of France wanted to distract Richard from invading France so he gave Henry an army to invade England
bull Early in August Henry landed in Wales
Battle of Bosworth
bull Final Lancaster defeat of Yorkistsndash Richard III killed
bull Henry Tudor emerged as leader
bull Truce marries the Yorkist princess to legitimize his claim as king
bull All who opposed him at Bosworth are traitorsndash Executions confiscation of
property
Richard III
Henry Tudor
SURPRISE Henry VII was a good king
bull Sought prosperity for England
bull In love with his wife and had 5 childrenndash Arthurndash Henryndash Margaretndash Mary ndash Another daughterndash Child that died in
childbirth with Elizabeth
The favored son Henry VIII
bull Loving family involved parents Unusual
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=R05Z2Z89aUw
bull Second son ndash will maybe be a pope
bull Everything changed in 1502
Arthurbull Arthur
ndash Married at 15bull Political marriage to
Catherine of Aragonndash Intelligent well
educatedndash Good parentsndash VERY wealthy ndash VERY connected
raquoUncle was pope
raquoNephew will be HRE
Died in 1502
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=oo73DvLMNFs
What to do with Catherine
bull Dowry = fortunebull Henry VII wants
thatndash Needs money to
protect against the French
bull Considers marrying her himself
Henry VIIrsquos Solutionbull His other son will
marry Catherinebull Marriage takes 7 years
to negotiatendash Pope displeasedndash Henry VII wants a
better alliance for his son
ndash When young Henry becomes king marries Catherine
ndash 17 and 22
Henry VIII
bull Everything going well Can he be content
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=xTKIk04xNVsampfeature=related
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Results of the War of the Roses
bull Broke feudal power of the noblesbull End of the Middle Agesbull Power shift Many nobles slain during the
wars their estates confiscated by the Crownbull Lawlessnessbull Desire for strong gov brings peace and
prosperitybull Henry VII
ndash Reestablished royal powerndash Created the beginning of modern England
Financial Issuesbull English monarchs lived off the revenues from their estates They were often broke
bull Parliament defended the gentry crown had to ask permission to tax
bull Henry VIII confiscated Church lands crown began to profit
bull Thomas Cromwell reorganized parliament so that it worked with the king
Parliament
Henry VIIThe First Tudor King
The Road to the Throne
bull 1457 Henry Tudor born
bull Many had a better claim and the current king had a son
bull By 1471 Henry Tudor is the only logical choice to promote
bull Edward IV died 12 year old son became Edward V
bull But his uncle seized the crown and made himself King Richard III
Conspiracy TheoryThe Princes in the Tower
bull Sons of Edward IVbull Uncle imprisoned thembull Declared illegitimate in 1483bull Richard is prime suspectbull Henry Tudor also suspect he
married their sister to cement his claim Her claim would only be valid if her brothers were both dead
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1484bull Henry is in Francebull Richard bribed the Duke of Brittany to
capture Henry for himbull Henry escaped at the last minute dressed
as a servant
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1485
bull The King of France wanted to distract Richard from invading France so he gave Henry an army to invade England
bull Early in August Henry landed in Wales
Battle of Bosworth
bull Final Lancaster defeat of Yorkistsndash Richard III killed
bull Henry Tudor emerged as leader
bull Truce marries the Yorkist princess to legitimize his claim as king
bull All who opposed him at Bosworth are traitorsndash Executions confiscation of
property
Richard III
Henry Tudor
SURPRISE Henry VII was a good king
bull Sought prosperity for England
bull In love with his wife and had 5 childrenndash Arthurndash Henryndash Margaretndash Mary ndash Another daughterndash Child that died in
childbirth with Elizabeth
The favored son Henry VIII
bull Loving family involved parents Unusual
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=R05Z2Z89aUw
bull Second son ndash will maybe be a pope
bull Everything changed in 1502
Arthurbull Arthur
ndash Married at 15bull Political marriage to
Catherine of Aragonndash Intelligent well
educatedndash Good parentsndash VERY wealthy ndash VERY connected
raquoUncle was pope
raquoNephew will be HRE
Died in 1502
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=oo73DvLMNFs
What to do with Catherine
bull Dowry = fortunebull Henry VII wants
thatndash Needs money to
protect against the French
bull Considers marrying her himself
Henry VIIrsquos Solutionbull His other son will
marry Catherinebull Marriage takes 7 years
to negotiatendash Pope displeasedndash Henry VII wants a
better alliance for his son
ndash When young Henry becomes king marries Catherine
ndash 17 and 22
Henry VIII
bull Everything going well Can he be content
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=xTKIk04xNVsampfeature=related
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Financial Issuesbull English monarchs lived off the revenues from their estates They were often broke
bull Parliament defended the gentry crown had to ask permission to tax
bull Henry VIII confiscated Church lands crown began to profit
bull Thomas Cromwell reorganized parliament so that it worked with the king
Parliament
Henry VIIThe First Tudor King
The Road to the Throne
bull 1457 Henry Tudor born
bull Many had a better claim and the current king had a son
bull By 1471 Henry Tudor is the only logical choice to promote
bull Edward IV died 12 year old son became Edward V
bull But his uncle seized the crown and made himself King Richard III
Conspiracy TheoryThe Princes in the Tower
bull Sons of Edward IVbull Uncle imprisoned thembull Declared illegitimate in 1483bull Richard is prime suspectbull Henry Tudor also suspect he
married their sister to cement his claim Her claim would only be valid if her brothers were both dead
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1484bull Henry is in Francebull Richard bribed the Duke of Brittany to
capture Henry for himbull Henry escaped at the last minute dressed
as a servant
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1485
bull The King of France wanted to distract Richard from invading France so he gave Henry an army to invade England
bull Early in August Henry landed in Wales
Battle of Bosworth
bull Final Lancaster defeat of Yorkistsndash Richard III killed
bull Henry Tudor emerged as leader
bull Truce marries the Yorkist princess to legitimize his claim as king
bull All who opposed him at Bosworth are traitorsndash Executions confiscation of
property
Richard III
Henry Tudor
SURPRISE Henry VII was a good king
bull Sought prosperity for England
bull In love with his wife and had 5 childrenndash Arthurndash Henryndash Margaretndash Mary ndash Another daughterndash Child that died in
childbirth with Elizabeth
The favored son Henry VIII
bull Loving family involved parents Unusual
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=R05Z2Z89aUw
bull Second son ndash will maybe be a pope
bull Everything changed in 1502
Arthurbull Arthur
ndash Married at 15bull Political marriage to
Catherine of Aragonndash Intelligent well
educatedndash Good parentsndash VERY wealthy ndash VERY connected
raquoUncle was pope
raquoNephew will be HRE
Died in 1502
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=oo73DvLMNFs
What to do with Catherine
bull Dowry = fortunebull Henry VII wants
thatndash Needs money to
protect against the French
bull Considers marrying her himself
Henry VIIrsquos Solutionbull His other son will
marry Catherinebull Marriage takes 7 years
to negotiatendash Pope displeasedndash Henry VII wants a
better alliance for his son
ndash When young Henry becomes king marries Catherine
ndash 17 and 22
Henry VIII
bull Everything going well Can he be content
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=xTKIk04xNVsampfeature=related
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Henry VIIThe First Tudor King
The Road to the Throne
bull 1457 Henry Tudor born
bull Many had a better claim and the current king had a son
bull By 1471 Henry Tudor is the only logical choice to promote
bull Edward IV died 12 year old son became Edward V
bull But his uncle seized the crown and made himself King Richard III
Conspiracy TheoryThe Princes in the Tower
bull Sons of Edward IVbull Uncle imprisoned thembull Declared illegitimate in 1483bull Richard is prime suspectbull Henry Tudor also suspect he
married their sister to cement his claim Her claim would only be valid if her brothers were both dead
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1484bull Henry is in Francebull Richard bribed the Duke of Brittany to
capture Henry for himbull Henry escaped at the last minute dressed
as a servant
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1485
bull The King of France wanted to distract Richard from invading France so he gave Henry an army to invade England
bull Early in August Henry landed in Wales
Battle of Bosworth
bull Final Lancaster defeat of Yorkistsndash Richard III killed
bull Henry Tudor emerged as leader
bull Truce marries the Yorkist princess to legitimize his claim as king
bull All who opposed him at Bosworth are traitorsndash Executions confiscation of
property
Richard III
Henry Tudor
SURPRISE Henry VII was a good king
bull Sought prosperity for England
bull In love with his wife and had 5 childrenndash Arthurndash Henryndash Margaretndash Mary ndash Another daughterndash Child that died in
childbirth with Elizabeth
The favored son Henry VIII
bull Loving family involved parents Unusual
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=R05Z2Z89aUw
bull Second son ndash will maybe be a pope
bull Everything changed in 1502
Arthurbull Arthur
ndash Married at 15bull Political marriage to
Catherine of Aragonndash Intelligent well
educatedndash Good parentsndash VERY wealthy ndash VERY connected
raquoUncle was pope
raquoNephew will be HRE
Died in 1502
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=oo73DvLMNFs
What to do with Catherine
bull Dowry = fortunebull Henry VII wants
thatndash Needs money to
protect against the French
bull Considers marrying her himself
Henry VIIrsquos Solutionbull His other son will
marry Catherinebull Marriage takes 7 years
to negotiatendash Pope displeasedndash Henry VII wants a
better alliance for his son
ndash When young Henry becomes king marries Catherine
ndash 17 and 22
Henry VIII
bull Everything going well Can he be content
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=xTKIk04xNVsampfeature=related
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
The Road to the Throne
bull 1457 Henry Tudor born
bull Many had a better claim and the current king had a son
bull By 1471 Henry Tudor is the only logical choice to promote
bull Edward IV died 12 year old son became Edward V
bull But his uncle seized the crown and made himself King Richard III
Conspiracy TheoryThe Princes in the Tower
bull Sons of Edward IVbull Uncle imprisoned thembull Declared illegitimate in 1483bull Richard is prime suspectbull Henry Tudor also suspect he
married their sister to cement his claim Her claim would only be valid if her brothers were both dead
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1484bull Henry is in Francebull Richard bribed the Duke of Brittany to
capture Henry for himbull Henry escaped at the last minute dressed
as a servant
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1485
bull The King of France wanted to distract Richard from invading France so he gave Henry an army to invade England
bull Early in August Henry landed in Wales
Battle of Bosworth
bull Final Lancaster defeat of Yorkistsndash Richard III killed
bull Henry Tudor emerged as leader
bull Truce marries the Yorkist princess to legitimize his claim as king
bull All who opposed him at Bosworth are traitorsndash Executions confiscation of
property
Richard III
Henry Tudor
SURPRISE Henry VII was a good king
bull Sought prosperity for England
bull In love with his wife and had 5 childrenndash Arthurndash Henryndash Margaretndash Mary ndash Another daughterndash Child that died in
childbirth with Elizabeth
The favored son Henry VIII
bull Loving family involved parents Unusual
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=R05Z2Z89aUw
bull Second son ndash will maybe be a pope
bull Everything changed in 1502
Arthurbull Arthur
ndash Married at 15bull Political marriage to
Catherine of Aragonndash Intelligent well
educatedndash Good parentsndash VERY wealthy ndash VERY connected
raquoUncle was pope
raquoNephew will be HRE
Died in 1502
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=oo73DvLMNFs
What to do with Catherine
bull Dowry = fortunebull Henry VII wants
thatndash Needs money to
protect against the French
bull Considers marrying her himself
Henry VIIrsquos Solutionbull His other son will
marry Catherinebull Marriage takes 7 years
to negotiatendash Pope displeasedndash Henry VII wants a
better alliance for his son
ndash When young Henry becomes king marries Catherine
ndash 17 and 22
Henry VIII
bull Everything going well Can he be content
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=xTKIk04xNVsampfeature=related
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Conspiracy TheoryThe Princes in the Tower
bull Sons of Edward IVbull Uncle imprisoned thembull Declared illegitimate in 1483bull Richard is prime suspectbull Henry Tudor also suspect he
married their sister to cement his claim Her claim would only be valid if her brothers were both dead
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1484bull Henry is in Francebull Richard bribed the Duke of Brittany to
capture Henry for himbull Henry escaped at the last minute dressed
as a servant
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1485
bull The King of France wanted to distract Richard from invading France so he gave Henry an army to invade England
bull Early in August Henry landed in Wales
Battle of Bosworth
bull Final Lancaster defeat of Yorkistsndash Richard III killed
bull Henry Tudor emerged as leader
bull Truce marries the Yorkist princess to legitimize his claim as king
bull All who opposed him at Bosworth are traitorsndash Executions confiscation of
property
Richard III
Henry Tudor
SURPRISE Henry VII was a good king
bull Sought prosperity for England
bull In love with his wife and had 5 childrenndash Arthurndash Henryndash Margaretndash Mary ndash Another daughterndash Child that died in
childbirth with Elizabeth
The favored son Henry VIII
bull Loving family involved parents Unusual
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=R05Z2Z89aUw
bull Second son ndash will maybe be a pope
bull Everything changed in 1502
Arthurbull Arthur
ndash Married at 15bull Political marriage to
Catherine of Aragonndash Intelligent well
educatedndash Good parentsndash VERY wealthy ndash VERY connected
raquoUncle was pope
raquoNephew will be HRE
Died in 1502
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=oo73DvLMNFs
What to do with Catherine
bull Dowry = fortunebull Henry VII wants
thatndash Needs money to
protect against the French
bull Considers marrying her himself
Henry VIIrsquos Solutionbull His other son will
marry Catherinebull Marriage takes 7 years
to negotiatendash Pope displeasedndash Henry VII wants a
better alliance for his son
ndash When young Henry becomes king marries Catherine
ndash 17 and 22
Henry VIII
bull Everything going well Can he be content
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=xTKIk04xNVsampfeature=related
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1484bull Henry is in Francebull Richard bribed the Duke of Brittany to
capture Henry for himbull Henry escaped at the last minute dressed
as a servant
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1485
bull The King of France wanted to distract Richard from invading France so he gave Henry an army to invade England
bull Early in August Henry landed in Wales
Battle of Bosworth
bull Final Lancaster defeat of Yorkistsndash Richard III killed
bull Henry Tudor emerged as leader
bull Truce marries the Yorkist princess to legitimize his claim as king
bull All who opposed him at Bosworth are traitorsndash Executions confiscation of
property
Richard III
Henry Tudor
SURPRISE Henry VII was a good king
bull Sought prosperity for England
bull In love with his wife and had 5 childrenndash Arthurndash Henryndash Margaretndash Mary ndash Another daughterndash Child that died in
childbirth with Elizabeth
The favored son Henry VIII
bull Loving family involved parents Unusual
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=R05Z2Z89aUw
bull Second son ndash will maybe be a pope
bull Everything changed in 1502
Arthurbull Arthur
ndash Married at 15bull Political marriage to
Catherine of Aragonndash Intelligent well
educatedndash Good parentsndash VERY wealthy ndash VERY connected
raquoUncle was pope
raquoNephew will be HRE
Died in 1502
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=oo73DvLMNFs
What to do with Catherine
bull Dowry = fortunebull Henry VII wants
thatndash Needs money to
protect against the French
bull Considers marrying her himself
Henry VIIrsquos Solutionbull His other son will
marry Catherinebull Marriage takes 7 years
to negotiatendash Pope displeasedndash Henry VII wants a
better alliance for his son
ndash When young Henry becomes king marries Catherine
ndash 17 and 22
Henry VIII
bull Everything going well Can he be content
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=xTKIk04xNVsampfeature=related
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Henry TudorThe Road to the Throne
bull 1485
bull The King of France wanted to distract Richard from invading France so he gave Henry an army to invade England
bull Early in August Henry landed in Wales
Battle of Bosworth
bull Final Lancaster defeat of Yorkistsndash Richard III killed
bull Henry Tudor emerged as leader
bull Truce marries the Yorkist princess to legitimize his claim as king
bull All who opposed him at Bosworth are traitorsndash Executions confiscation of
property
Richard III
Henry Tudor
SURPRISE Henry VII was a good king
bull Sought prosperity for England
bull In love with his wife and had 5 childrenndash Arthurndash Henryndash Margaretndash Mary ndash Another daughterndash Child that died in
childbirth with Elizabeth
The favored son Henry VIII
bull Loving family involved parents Unusual
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=R05Z2Z89aUw
bull Second son ndash will maybe be a pope
bull Everything changed in 1502
Arthurbull Arthur
ndash Married at 15bull Political marriage to
Catherine of Aragonndash Intelligent well
educatedndash Good parentsndash VERY wealthy ndash VERY connected
raquoUncle was pope
raquoNephew will be HRE
Died in 1502
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=oo73DvLMNFs
What to do with Catherine
bull Dowry = fortunebull Henry VII wants
thatndash Needs money to
protect against the French
bull Considers marrying her himself
Henry VIIrsquos Solutionbull His other son will
marry Catherinebull Marriage takes 7 years
to negotiatendash Pope displeasedndash Henry VII wants a
better alliance for his son
ndash When young Henry becomes king marries Catherine
ndash 17 and 22
Henry VIII
bull Everything going well Can he be content
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=xTKIk04xNVsampfeature=related
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Battle of Bosworth
bull Final Lancaster defeat of Yorkistsndash Richard III killed
bull Henry Tudor emerged as leader
bull Truce marries the Yorkist princess to legitimize his claim as king
bull All who opposed him at Bosworth are traitorsndash Executions confiscation of
property
Richard III
Henry Tudor
SURPRISE Henry VII was a good king
bull Sought prosperity for England
bull In love with his wife and had 5 childrenndash Arthurndash Henryndash Margaretndash Mary ndash Another daughterndash Child that died in
childbirth with Elizabeth
The favored son Henry VIII
bull Loving family involved parents Unusual
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=R05Z2Z89aUw
bull Second son ndash will maybe be a pope
bull Everything changed in 1502
Arthurbull Arthur
ndash Married at 15bull Political marriage to
Catherine of Aragonndash Intelligent well
educatedndash Good parentsndash VERY wealthy ndash VERY connected
raquoUncle was pope
raquoNephew will be HRE
Died in 1502
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=oo73DvLMNFs
What to do with Catherine
bull Dowry = fortunebull Henry VII wants
thatndash Needs money to
protect against the French
bull Considers marrying her himself
Henry VIIrsquos Solutionbull His other son will
marry Catherinebull Marriage takes 7 years
to negotiatendash Pope displeasedndash Henry VII wants a
better alliance for his son
ndash When young Henry becomes king marries Catherine
ndash 17 and 22
Henry VIII
bull Everything going well Can he be content
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=xTKIk04xNVsampfeature=related
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
SURPRISE Henry VII was a good king
bull Sought prosperity for England
bull In love with his wife and had 5 childrenndash Arthurndash Henryndash Margaretndash Mary ndash Another daughterndash Child that died in
childbirth with Elizabeth
The favored son Henry VIII
bull Loving family involved parents Unusual
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=R05Z2Z89aUw
bull Second son ndash will maybe be a pope
bull Everything changed in 1502
Arthurbull Arthur
ndash Married at 15bull Political marriage to
Catherine of Aragonndash Intelligent well
educatedndash Good parentsndash VERY wealthy ndash VERY connected
raquoUncle was pope
raquoNephew will be HRE
Died in 1502
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=oo73DvLMNFs
What to do with Catherine
bull Dowry = fortunebull Henry VII wants
thatndash Needs money to
protect against the French
bull Considers marrying her himself
Henry VIIrsquos Solutionbull His other son will
marry Catherinebull Marriage takes 7 years
to negotiatendash Pope displeasedndash Henry VII wants a
better alliance for his son
ndash When young Henry becomes king marries Catherine
ndash 17 and 22
Henry VIII
bull Everything going well Can he be content
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=xTKIk04xNVsampfeature=related
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
The favored son Henry VIII
bull Loving family involved parents Unusual
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=R05Z2Z89aUw
bull Second son ndash will maybe be a pope
bull Everything changed in 1502
Arthurbull Arthur
ndash Married at 15bull Political marriage to
Catherine of Aragonndash Intelligent well
educatedndash Good parentsndash VERY wealthy ndash VERY connected
raquoUncle was pope
raquoNephew will be HRE
Died in 1502
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=oo73DvLMNFs
What to do with Catherine
bull Dowry = fortunebull Henry VII wants
thatndash Needs money to
protect against the French
bull Considers marrying her himself
Henry VIIrsquos Solutionbull His other son will
marry Catherinebull Marriage takes 7 years
to negotiatendash Pope displeasedndash Henry VII wants a
better alliance for his son
ndash When young Henry becomes king marries Catherine
ndash 17 and 22
Henry VIII
bull Everything going well Can he be content
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=xTKIk04xNVsampfeature=related
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Arthurbull Arthur
ndash Married at 15bull Political marriage to
Catherine of Aragonndash Intelligent well
educatedndash Good parentsndash VERY wealthy ndash VERY connected
raquoUncle was pope
raquoNephew will be HRE
Died in 1502
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=oo73DvLMNFs
What to do with Catherine
bull Dowry = fortunebull Henry VII wants
thatndash Needs money to
protect against the French
bull Considers marrying her himself
Henry VIIrsquos Solutionbull His other son will
marry Catherinebull Marriage takes 7 years
to negotiatendash Pope displeasedndash Henry VII wants a
better alliance for his son
ndash When young Henry becomes king marries Catherine
ndash 17 and 22
Henry VIII
bull Everything going well Can he be content
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=xTKIk04xNVsampfeature=related
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
What to do with Catherine
bull Dowry = fortunebull Henry VII wants
thatndash Needs money to
protect against the French
bull Considers marrying her himself
Henry VIIrsquos Solutionbull His other son will
marry Catherinebull Marriage takes 7 years
to negotiatendash Pope displeasedndash Henry VII wants a
better alliance for his son
ndash When young Henry becomes king marries Catherine
ndash 17 and 22
Henry VIII
bull Everything going well Can he be content
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=xTKIk04xNVsampfeature=related
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Henry VIIrsquos Solutionbull His other son will
marry Catherinebull Marriage takes 7 years
to negotiatendash Pope displeasedndash Henry VII wants a
better alliance for his son
ndash When young Henry becomes king marries Catherine
ndash 17 and 22
Henry VIII
bull Everything going well Can he be content
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=xTKIk04xNVsampfeature=related
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Henry VIII
bull Everything going well Can he be content
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=xTKIk04xNVsampfeature=related
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Henry VIII
bull Humanistbull Catholic but saw
need for reformbull Sympathetic to
Protestants
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
One BIG problem
bull 6 pregnanciesbull No surviving sonbull One daughter but
how could SHE be queen
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Other Problems
bull Marriage is a love match
bull She is intellectual equal loved by most
bull She never complained at all the affairs he had (There were many)
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
The end of the Tudor Dynasty
bull But No sonbull Civil war could break
outbull What a failure Would
the Tudors have only 2 kings
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Good News for Henry
bull 1525 Henry reads ldquoThe Princerdquo
bull Must do whatever necessary to save his kingdom
bull But what to do ndash She has good
connectionsndash No suspicion of foul
play
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Advice
bull Henryrsquos longtime advisors and friends said ndash ldquoAccept Godrsquos willrdquondash Cardinal Wolsey ndash
Catholic Churchndash Thomas More --
Humanist
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
More Advice
bull Thomas Cranmerbull Turn Protestant
divorce Catherinebull Outlaw Catholics
confiscate wealth that the churches monasteries and convents have in England
bull Reward Henry makes him an archbishop in new church
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
The Homewrecker
bull Anne Boleynbull Minor nobilitybull Family desperate
to raise statusbull Sister had already
been Henryrsquos mistress
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Henry Acts Quicklybull Became Protestantbull Divorced Catherine
ndash Biblical reasonndash Thatrsquos why he canrsquot
have a son
bull Confiscated Churchrsquos wealth
bull Married Anne Boleynndash Already pregnant
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Henry VIII and the New Church
bull 1534 Act of Supremacy = ldquoonly supreme head of the Church of Englandrdquo is the kingndash Sold confiscated church
land to the nobles in exchange for their loyalty
bull 1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of Henry and Anne
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Destroying Enemies
bull Beheaded imprisoned and intimidated those who opposed him
bull Sir Thomas Morendash Beheaded
bull Archbishop WolseybullGave his home
wealth to HenrybullStill arrested
died before execution
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
What about Catherine
bull ldquoDivorcedrdquo house arrest
bull Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestantndash She couldnrsquot be a
princessndash Meaning She
canrsquot ever be queen
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
What about Annebull Daughter (Elizabeth)bull 2 miscarriages of
sonsbull Fiery nature wore
thinbull Henry looked
elsewherebull Scandalbull Convicted of
treason beheaded
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
The Obedient One
bull Married within a week of Annersquos death
bull Jane Seymourndash Obedient quietndash Protestantndash October 1537 -- a
sonndash Died in childbirth
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Prince Edward
bull Sickly
bull Henry worried he was being punished for his actions
bull Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabethndash Mary must renounce
her mother and her church
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Would Henry Become Catholic Again
bull Cranmer looks for Wife 4
bull Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children
bull Anne of Clevesbull False advertising
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Anne of Cleves(She displeased him)
bull Married January 9 1540
bull Divorced July 9 1540ndash Stayed ldquofriendrdquo
of King Henryndash Outlived Henry
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Henryrsquos Dilemmabull Considered returning
to catholicismndash Edward ndash still sicklyndash Mary ndash now was
favored (shersquos Catholic)
ndash Elizabeth - out of favor
ndash Perhaps he should marry again
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Wife 5 Katherine Howard
(She displeased him more than Anne of Cleves)
bull 29 years younger bull Barely educatedbull Catholicbull Cousin to Anne
Boleyn
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Katharine Howard
bull Married 1540bull Accused of
adulterybull Beheaded 1542bull She was only 19
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=hudKsE0iMts
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Executioner carrying a bag of axes
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Catherine Parr ndash She outlived him
bull Henry favoring Catholicsndash Alarmed many
Protestantsbull Married to
Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548
bull Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=-fadCAHjN-sampfeature=related
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Henryrsquos Mess
bull Country tired of religious see-sawing
bull Next king Edwardndash Protestant
bull Next in Line Maryndash Catholic
bull After her Elizabethndash Protestant
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Henry on his Deathbed
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
King Edward VII
bull Never a strong kingndash 10 ruled for 6
yearsndash Controlled by
advisorsbull Strongly Protestant
ndash Penalties for being Catholic
ndash httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=HwihJ47EO24ampfeature=related
bull Died childless in 1553
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Lady Jane GrayldquoThe 9 Days Queenrdquo
bull 1st cousin to Edward
bull Protestant Humanist education
bull Family pushed her into rule
bull Political marriage
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Wyattrsquos Rebellion
bull Jane and husband imprisoned Treason
bull Mary becomes Queenbull Protestants feared Maryrsquos
marriage to the Spanish kingbull Want to replace Mary with
Elizabeth Or even Janebull Mary has no choice but to execute
Jane
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
(ldquoBloodyrdquo) Mary I (r 1553-1558)
bull Bitterbull Goal return
England to Catholicism
bull Outlawed Protestants ndash 300 executions
bull Married cousinbull Involved England in
Spanish causes bull No children
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Mary Ibull Revenge on Thomas
Cranmerbull Blamed him for
Henry leaving Catholicism and divorcing her mother
bull Tortured burned as heretic
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
The Feelings of the People
bull Conflicted bull Catholics = Pope has supremacybull Anglicans ndash Protestants
ndash believe in King over Popebull Act of Supremacy says king is the true head
of the Church but Mary is Catholicndash Married to Spanish King
bull Protestantism is official religion but many privately practicing Catholicism
bull Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Maryrsquos Problem
bull Mary was childlessbull httpwwwyoutubecomw
atchv=C7yc1eTHJb8
bull Only heir was Elizabethndash Bitter personal
feelingsndash Elizabeth becomes
queen (1558-1603)
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Elizabeth age 13
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Coronation age 20
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Age 30Before the ldquoVirgin Queenrdquo idea
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
1588 (age 55) after defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
The Church of England
bull Elizabethan Religious Settlement ndash Act of Supremacy (1559) Monarch
becomes ldquoSupreme Governorrdquo of CofEndash Act of Uniformity (1559)
bull Book of Common Prayerbull Forced attendance at Church
ndash Pope called her a ldquoservant of crimerdquo and a heretic
bull ldquoI see I say nothingrdquo Politically savvy
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Golden Age Or Not
bull Drama literature art architecturebull Constant fear of uprisingbull Limited power of noblesbull Treason = deathbull httpwwwyoutubecomwatch
v=Q1eyWpUpkwIampfeature=related
bull Feared marriagebull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=Q3IiUGTgi2c
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Mary Queen of Scotsbull Chief Rival of
Elizabethbull Catholic heroinebull Exiled from
Scotland ldquoguestrdquo of Elizabeth for 18 years
bull Died a martyr
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Mary and her son James
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=_1rR7t-buFA
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
The End of the Tudors
bull httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=PCmogoGpnxg
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
The Stuarts(1603)
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
THE MAIN PLAYERS
bull The three main players in the dynastic wars of the 16th century were Charles V (HRE Spain) Francis I (France) and Henry VIII (England)
bull As the three monarchs matured their youthful wars of conquest turned into strategic warfare designed to maintain a continental balance of power
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
THE ITALIAN WARSbull The struggle for European
supremacy in the 16th century pitted the French House of Valois vs the empire of the Habsburgs
bull The battle ground was Italybull In the late 15th century
France seized Naples only to have the Spanish reclaim it soon after
bull Thus when Francis I came to the French throne and Charles V to the Spanish Naples was just one source of friction
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
BATTLEFIELD MILAN
bull In 1515 Francis I stunned Europe with a victory over the Swiss mercenaries at the battle of Marignano (Milan)
bull Milan soon appealed to Charles V to help against the France
bull Charles V then allied with Henry VIII against the French
bull Francis I himself was captured at the Battle of Pavia as Charles V won a decisive victory
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
FRANCISrsquoS FORTUNES TURNbull Despite being captured and
forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid granting the HRE many concessions Francisrsquos fortunes soon changed
bull He returned to France renounced the treaty formed new alliances with a dissatisfied Henry VIII and most importantly with the powerful Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
An alliance with Suleiman made Francis I a formidable foe
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
FIGHTING OVER
bull In the end the French could not dislodge the Habsburgs from Italy nor could the Habsburgs dislodge the Ottomans from Hungary
bull Finally the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 ended 60 years of European conflict
bull Both France and Spain were bankrupt for decades of fighting
The Peace of Cateau-Cambresis ending the Italian Wars was agreed
there on April 2-3 1559
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
bull European economy ca 1300
bull 1048710Inflationbull 1048710Rents worth less (fixed money amounts)bull 1048710Food other goods worth more (prices rise)bull 1048710Wages decline (more workers)bull 1048710Overpopulationbull 1048710Farming intensificationbull 1048710No remaining land to be settledbull 1048710Tension between rich and peasantsbull 1048710Economic recession in towns
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
bull Wars in the 14thcentury
bull 1048710Border warsbull 1048710English vs Scots Welshbull 1048710French vs Flandersbull 1048710Peasant and urban revoltsbull 1048710Jacquerie 1358bull 1048710English PeasantsrsquoRevolt 1381bull 1048710The Hundred Years Warbull 1048710England vs Francebull 1048710Also a border warbull 1048710Proxy battles in Scotland Flanders
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
bull The Hundred Years War
bull 1048710Origins English claims to Angevin ldquoempirerdquobull 1048710Role of mercenariesbull 1048710English archersbull 1048710Unruly French nobilitybull 1048710Rise of Burgundybull 1048710Shifted support to English or French at will bull 1048710Joan of Arc
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
Phases of the 100 Years War
1048710English triumphs10487101337-13601048710Edward III of England vs Philip the Fair of France1048710France slowly regains control1048710Charles V of France1048710England expelled from French territory10487101415-14531048710Henry V of England vs Joan of Arc Charles VII as dauphin
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
bull Consequences of the 100 Years War
bull 1048710Civil war in England
bull 1048710War of the Roses 1460s-1485
bull 1048710Consolidation of French state
bull 1048710Burgundy annexed 1470s
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites
bull Economic and cultural consequences
bull 1048710Economic recession bull 1048710Heavy taxationbull 1048710Physical destruction by armies mobsbull 1048710Added to impact of famine plaguebull 1048710Peasant revoltsbull 1048710Flanders 1320sbull 1048710Jacquerie France 1358bull 1048710Peasant Revolt England 1381bull 1048710End of ideal of knighthoodbull 1048710Power of common footsoldiersbull 1048710Brutality and incompetence of aristocratic ldquoknightlyrdquoelites