Length: Five (5) Weeks – Twenty sessions (20) – Forty (40) hours. Focus: Writing, speaking, understanding the grammar and vocabulary and responding to the text. Language modes: Speaking, listening, reading, writing, viewing and responding. Content: The forty hours basic course develops the four language skills of reading, writing, listening, and speaking and concentrates on English for work and social situations. Classes are of two hours duration each and occur on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. The course focuses on students-cantered learning. The students learn very basic English and the new information is presented and then the students practice and perform the new language through a diverse range of speaking and writing activities and games that encourage the students to interact with each other. Ridhercom, haforca ho teknologia English For Beginner 1
Focus: Writing, speaking, understanding the grammar and vocabulary and responding to the text.
Language modes: Speaking, listening, reading, writing, viewing and responding.
Content: The forty hours basic course develops the four language skills of reading,
writing, listening, and speaking and concentrates on English for work and social situations.
Classes are of two hours duration each and occur on Monday, Wednesday and Friday.
The course focuses on students-cantered learning. The students learn very basic English
and the new information is presented and then the students practice and perform the new
language through a diverse range of speaking and writing activities and games that
encourage the students to interact with each other.
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Module I: GETTING STARTED
Unit 1: English Alphabet & Number
English alphabetThe English Alphabet consists of 26 letters:
A B C D E F G
H I J K L M N
O P Q R S T U
V W X Y Z
English soundsAa [ei] Jj [djei] Ss [es]
Bb [bi:] Kk [[kei] Tt [ti:]
Cc [si:] Ll [el] Uu [yuw]
Dd [di:] Mm [em] Vv [vi:]
Ee [i:] Nn [en] Ww [d^belju:]
Ff [ef] Oo [ou] Xx [eks]
Gg [dji:] Pp [pi:] Yy [wai]
Hh [eitj] Qq [kju:] Zz [zed]
Ii [ai] Rr [a:<r>]
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Numbers 1. Cardinal NumbersIn formal set theory, a cardinal number (also called "the cardinality") is a type of number defined in such a way that any method of counting sets using it gives the same result. In mathematics, cardinal numbers, or cardinals for short, are a generalized kind of number used to denote the size of a set, known as its cardinality. For finite sets the cardinality is given by a natural number, being simply the number of elements in the set.
1. One 11. Eleven 21. Twenty one 40. Forty
2. Two 12. Twelve 22. Twenty two 50. Fifty
3. Three 13. Thirteen 23. Twenty three 60. Sixty
4. Four 14. Fourteen 24. Twenty four 70. Seventy
5. Five 15. Fifteen 25. Twenty five 80. Eighty
6. Six 16. Sixteen 26. Twenty six 90. Ninety
7. Seven 17. Seventeen 27. Twenty seven 100. One hundred
8. Eight 18. Eighteen 28. Twenty eight 200. Two hundred
9. Nine 19. Nineteen 29. Twenty nine 1000. One thousand
10. Ten 20. Twenty 30. Thirty 10000. Ten thousand
2. Ordinal numbers
Ordinal numbers refer to a position in a series. Common ordinals include:
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Unit 2: PronounsA pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun, a group of words acting as a noun, or another pronoun. The word or group of words to which a pronoun refers is called its antecedent. A pronoun must agree in number and gender with its antecedent.
Pronouns are words like I, me (personal pronouns) or my, mine (possessive pronouns).Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Reflexive Pronounssubject form
object form
possessive adjective
possessive pronoun
I me my mine myselfyou you your yours yourselfhe him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itselfwe us our ours ourselvesyou you your yours yourselvesthey them their theirs themselves
a. Personal Pronoun A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing by indicating the person speaking (the first person), the person being addressed (the second person), or any other person or thing being discussed (the third person)
b. Object pronoun An object pronoun is one which indicates the receiver of an action. These are distinguished from the subject pronouns which indicate the doer. In turn, there are two kinds of object pronouns, the direct and indirect object pronouns.Direct object pronoun: him, her, it, you – formal
them, you, all-formal Indirect object pronoun: to (for) him, to (for) her, to (for) you – formal
to (for) them, to (for) you -all-formal
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c. Possessive PronounsA possessive pronoun takes the place of the possessive form of a noun. Some possessive forms are used before nouns. Other possessive form can be used by themselves. Notice that possessive pronouns do not contain an apostrophe. Example: Used before a noun : Take your bathing suit.Used alone : That bathing suit is yours.
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PracticeExercise 1Complete the sentences with my, your, his and her
1. Hello. __________ name’s Jenny.
2. What’s __________ name?
3. Is Catherine __________ sister?
4. ‘What’s __________ name?’ ‘Elizabeth.’
5. ____________ name is James Brown.
6. I have a brother. ___________ name is David.
7. Maria is from France. ____________ flat is in Paris.
8. John: Ann, this is ___________ brother, Dick
Ann: Hello, Dick.
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences with the correct pronoun
1. My sister has a new car, but she doesn’t like it
2. Harry has two sons. ________ plays football with ________in his free time.
3. That’s my dictionary. Can I have _______ back, please?
4. Irma’s new teacher is Mr. Banks. _________ likes __________ a lot.
5. Jane and I are good students. _______ like our teacher Estella and she likes _____
6. Our teacher gives _______ a lot of homework.
7. Kate likes Joanna, but Maria doesn’t like _________ at all.
8. Anna buys a newspaper every day. ________ reads ________ on the train.
9. Look! This is a photo of __________ with my family.
10. Sally lives near Paul and Sue. __________ goes to work with ________ every day
in their car.
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Unit 3: Day, Month & SeasonCalendars are used by Christians, just like everyone else, in deciding what feast or event to celebrate. Yet the origin of our modern calendar is far from Christian. This page explains the origins of calendar names.
1: Days of a week
Origins of our day names
The days of the week are based on Greek mythology. The original Greek and Roman naming has changed over the years to match the equivalent gods of north European mythology.
Sunday : day of the Sun Monday : day of the moon Tuesday : day of Mars (martyr) Wednesday : Woden's day (king of the gods) Thursday : Thor's day Friday : Fria’s/Freya's day (goddess of love) Saturday : Saturn's day
2: Months of a yearOrigins of our month namesThe word 'calendar' stems from calare (to call out), just as the ancient priests did when they announced a new moon. The word 'month' of course, stems from 'moon'. The month names we used were chosen to celebrate Roman deities and emperors.
January: Roman god Janus was the god of doorways, entrances, gateways, thresholds and beginnings, and therefore used for the opening of the New Year.
February: February used to be the last month of the Roman calendar. On 15th day of the month was a Pagan festival of purification called Februa and so this month came to be known as Februa's month.
March: The Roman god Mars, god of war and guardian of the state. This was the first month of the ancient Roman calendar.
April: Considered a sacred Roman month for the goddess Venus. The name 'April' is probably from Apru, an Etruscan borrowing of Greek Aphrodite, a fertility goddess. Alternatively, it may stem from the Latin aperire (to open), as so many buds and blossoms open in this month.
Ridhercom, haforca ho teknologiaEnglish For Beginner
May: This is from Maia a Roman goddess of earth, honor and reverence. She was wife of Vulcan, mother of Mercury by Jupiter and daughter of Atlas. It became a popular girl's name in English.
June: The chief goddess Juno, wife of Jupiter and queen of the heavens and gods. June became another popular name for girls, as did:
July: Named after the death Julius Caesar in 44 BC to deify and immortalize his name. Gaius Julius Caesar was born in this month, which was formerly Quintiles (fifth) month of the Roman calendar.
August: Named in 8 BC after Augustus Caesar, the adopted heir of Julius Caesar and the first Roman emperor (31 BC - 14 AD). A synonym for 'august' is 'venerable', and the emperor was known as the Venerable Caesar.
September: This name comes from the Latin septem, meaning 'seven'.
October: This name comes from the Latin octo, meaning 'eight'. (Octopus - an 8-sided cat?) This is the month when people start thinking of Christmas and New Year parties.
November: This name comes from the Latin novem, meaning 'nine'.
December: This name comes from the Latin decem, meaning 'ten'.
3: Seasons
Origins of our season names Winter: No mythical god ... just cold! The season of wind and white snow, hence
the name 'winter'. Spring: The time when new plants spring up after a harsh winter. Summer: From Old Norse 'sumarsdag', the time for lots of sunshine. Autumn: The time for reaping and harvesting the main crops of the year. The old
English name for this season of 'harvest' was replaced by the Latin autumnus in the 16th Century. Also know as "Fall" in America, as this is the time the temperature falls and leaves fall from the trees.
Timor-Leste
Dry Season BailoronWet/Rainy season Tempu udan
Other countries (Australia)
Summer = Veraun (Musim panas): December, January and February Autumn = Outunu (Musim gugur): March, April and May.Winter = Invernu (Musim dingin): June. July, August
Ridhercom, haforca ho teknologiaEnglish For Beginner
Spring = Primavera (Misim semi): September. October, November
Practice
Exercise 1
You will listen to a set of 4 words; only (1 or 2) will be repeated. Please circle the words which are repeated. Let’s start (mai ita hahú)
January Sunday March Tuesday
February Thursday October August
Monday September Sunday May
April Friday November Saturday
Wednesday winter December Autumn
Exercise 2
Listen, read, repeat, and write
1. ___________________
2. __________________
3. __________________
4. ___________________
5. ___________________
6. __________________
7. __________________
8. __________________
9. __________________
10. ___________________
11. ___________________
12. ___________________
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Unit 4: Family relationshipFamily Tree
This family tree diagram shows the relationship of each person to another person with cousins. A system of degrees and removes is used to describe the relationship between the two cousins and the ancestor they have in common. The degree (first, second, third cousin, etc.) indicates the minimum number of generations separating either cousin from the nearest common ancestor; the remove (once removed, twice removed, etc.) indicates the number of generations, if any, separating the two cousins from each other.
PracticeExercise 1Look at the family tree and complete the sentences.
George = Mary
Ann = John David = Kelly
Cathy Louise Stephen
Example: Ann is john’s wife.
1. Cathy _______ _______ sister.
2. Stephen _______ David’s ________.
3. Ann ________ ________ aunt.
4. George ________ ________ husband.
5. Mary ________ Cathy’s __________.
6. David ________ Cathy’s _________.
7. Cathy and Louise ________ ________ cousins.
8. David _______ Ann’s _______.
Exercise 2Draw your own family tree and write about your family.
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Unit 5: Colors and clothesColors Color or colour is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, yellow, blue, black, etc. Color derives from the spectrum of light (distribution of light energy versus wavelength) interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors. Color categories and physical specifications of color are also associated with objects, materials, light sources, etc., based on their physical properties such as light absorption, reflection, or emission spectra.
PracticeExercise 1. English colors-with pieces of colored paper invent some games where students have to complete with each other to see who gets most colors correct.
A. May I help you?B. Yes, please. I’m looking for a jacket.A. Here’s a nice jacket.B. But this jacket is PURPLE!A. That’s Ok. Purple jackets are very POPULAR this year.
Conversation II.
A. May I help you?B. Yes, please. I am looking for a pair of gloves.A. Here’s a nice pair of gloves.
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B. But these gloves are GREEN!A. That’s Ok. Green gloves are very POPULAR this year.
Unit 6: House & TimeHouse is a building for people to live in. Rooms of the house1. The bedroom 2. The living room - lamp =lampu - window = janela - carpet = tapeti - curtain, drape = kurtina - pillowcase = froinas - picture frame = binkai foto - pillow = sumasu - bookcase = livru fatin - alarm clock = relojiu - armchair = kadeira ho liman - bed = kama - table = meja - blanket = lensol - vase = vazu - mirror = lalenok - sofa = sofa - wardrobe = guardafatu - television = TV - mattress = kulisaun - rug = tapeti iha rai
3. The dining room 4. The kitchen - chair = kadeira - pot = sanan - teapot = buli - pan = tasu - spoon = kanuru - fridge/refrigerator = jeleira - plate = bikan - dishcloth = hena bikan - knife = tudik - ladle = kanedok - fork = garfu - blender = blender - bowl = manko - bottle opener = savi loke botir - cup = sikra - grater = nu koi - saucer = piris - tin opener = abri lata - napkin = hena hamos ibun - sieve = redi pineira
5. The bathroom - bath = tanki - toilet = bide sintina - shower = suveiro - toothpaste = pasta dente - toothbrush = eskova kose nihan - razor = lamina
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TimeLook at the rules for telling time in English.
In English we use "past" to say times after the hour until half past, or 30 minutes past the hour.
We use "to" to say times before the hour from 31 minutes until the full hour.
In English we use o'clock only at the full hour. Example: It's eight o'clock
We can also just say the numbers in groups of two. Example: It's seven twenty-five
When speaking about the different times of the day we often use: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
Be careful! In English we use at night NOT in the night
Asking the time
Here are some phrases you can use when you want to know the time:
What's the time? What time is it?
What time is it?08:00 : It is eight o’clock.08:15 : It is quarter or fifteen past eight.08:30 : It is half past eight.08:45 : It is quarter or fifteen to nine.
Note: One hour = 60 minutesOne minute = 60 seconds One day = 24 hours Second : Um-quarto (minutu sanulu resin-lima)Minute : MinutuHour : OrasO’clock : Tuku (oras, relójiu)Quarter to : Un kuartu para/ Falta minutu sanulu resin-lima para……
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Quarter past : Un kuartu liu/ Tuku…….. liu minutu sanulu resin-limaHalf to : Falta minutu tolunulu para……..Half past : Tuku …….. liu minutu tolunulua.m. (ante meridian, 01:00 – 12:00)p.m. (past meridian, 13:00 – 24:00)
PracticeExercise 1
Conversation I
A. Excuse me. Can you tell me the time, please?
B. Yes, of course. It’s (about) six o’clock.
A. Thanks.
Conversation II
A. Excuse me. What time is it?
B. I’m sorry, I don’t have a watch.
A. Never mind.
(With a partner, draw clocks on a piece of paper. Make more conversations).
Exercise 2
1. This room has a bath or a shower. People wash in this room.
What is that? _____ _____ _____ ______ ______ ______ _______ _______
2. This room has a sofa and a TV. People sit here and relax.
What is that? ____ ____ ____ _____ _____ ______ _____ _____ ____ ____
3. This room has a desk and a place for books. You can work or study here.
What is that? _____ ____ ____ ____ _____ _____
4. This room has a cooker and a sink. People make meals here.
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What is that? _____ _____ _____ ______ ______ ______ ______
5. People sleep in this room.
What is that? _____ ____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
6. This room usually has a big table. People eat in this room.
What is that? ____ ____ ____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ______ _____ _____
Unit 7: Human Body
The human body is the entire physical structure of a human organism. The human body consists of a head, neck, torso, two arms and two legs. The average height of an adult human is about 1.6 m (5 to 6 feet) tall. This size is largely determined by genes. Body type and body composition are influenced by postnatal factors such as diet and exercise. The human body is often called a "body". The body of a dead person is called a "corpse" or "cadaver".
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Practice
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Module II: BASIC GRAMMAR
Unit 8: Auxiliary verb (am, is, are)Auxiliary (helping) verbs are used together with other verbs to ‘help’ them express particular grammatical functions or meanings (for instance, to make question, or to form sentences). In English, a lot of important meanings are expressed by changes the verb, for example: questioning, negation, time, completion, continuation, repetition, willingness, possibility, and obligation. But English verbs do not have many different forms.
* To Be Am = used with the 1st person singular. Is = used with the 3rd person singular.Are = used with the 2nd person singular, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person plural.
Full Forms of the verb to be
Affirmative sentence
(S + To Be (am, is, are) + O)
Negative sentence
(S + To Be + Not + O)
Interrogative sentence
(To Be (am, is, are) + S + O)
I am a student I am not a student Am I a student?
You are a nurse You are not a nurse Are you a nurse?
He is a teacher He is not a teacher Is he a teacher?
She is a journalist She is not a journalist Is she a journalist
It is a book It is not a book Is it a book?
We are students We are not students Are we students?
You are pilots You are not pilots Are you pilots?
They are policemen They are not policemen Are they policemen?
My self
My name is Lisa. I’m 15 years old. I am East Timorese. I’m from Baucau. I’m a student. My father is a doctor and my mother is a journalist. I am not married. My favorite colors are white and pink. My favorite sports are basketball and swimming. I am interested in art.
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Practice Exercise 1Put in am, is or are
1. The weather is nice today.
2. I ____________ not tired.
3. This bag __________ heavy.
4. These bags _________ heavy
5. Look! There _______ Carol.
6. My brother and I _________ good tennis players.
7. Ann _______ at home. Her children _______ at school.
8. I ________ a taxi driver. My sister ______ a nurse.
Exercise 2 Make questions with these words. Use is or are 1. (at home / your mother?) Is your mother at home?
3. (interesting / your job/) __________________________________?
4. (interested in sport / you?) __________________________________?
5. (near here / the post office?) __________________________________?
6. (at school / your children?) __________________________________?
Exercise 3Correct the sentences
1. Rome is in Spain.Rome isn’t in Spain. It’s in Italy.
2. Bananas are blue__________________________________________________
3. Tokyo is the capital of China__________________________________________________
4. The day after Thursday is Wednesday ___________________________________________________
5. London and Paris are small cities ___________________________________________________
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Unit 9: Lexical Verbs & Spelling of third person singular
A lexical verb is a member of the open class of verbs which form the primary verb vocabulary of a language.
Used To Be (S + To be (am, is, are) + Adjective/Noun)
I = am Examples: - I am a doctor.
You - we are students.
We - They are children.
They are - She is a beautiful girl.
You - Anton is a boy.
She - It is a dog
He is - Dog is an animal
It - Dogs are animal
Used Verbs
Affirmative/Positive (S + V1 + s/es + O + Adv)
Examples:
- I go to school every morning
- She goes to party every Saturday night.
- We play football together every weekend
- John plays football with his friends every day.
- Dog eats meat
Negatives (S + Do/Does + Not + V1 + O + Adv)
Examples: - They do not play football on Saturdays. - She does not go to party every Saturday night.
Interrogative/question (Do/Does + S + V1 + O + Adv)
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Examples: - Do they play football on Saturdays?- Does she go to party every Saturday night?
Spelling of the third person singular- Most verbs add –s in the third person singular.
- wear wears
- speak speaks
But go and do are different. They add –es.
- go goes
- do does
- However, if the verb ends in –s, -z, -x -sh, or –ch, add –es.
- kiss kisses
- wash washes
- watch watches
- If the verb ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to –ies.
- fly flies
- study studies
But if the verb ends in a vowel + y, the y does not change and add -s.
- play plays
- Have is irregular.
- have has
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Practice
Exercise 1Put am, is, are into the gaps
1. I ________ East Timorese. 6. They _______ from Ermera.
2. You ______ a student. 7. You ______ students.
3. He ______ 21 years old. 8. Laura and Luis _________ Trainers.
4. It ______ a dog. 9. Laura _______ an English trainer.
5. We _______ happy. 10. Luis ______ a computer trainer.
Exercise 1Complete the sentences with these verbs: study, go, finish, work, have, read, teach and play.
1. I read a novel and Joana ______________ a newspaper.2. I study English but, she _______________ biology.3. Mary and I go to school and he ________________ to market.4. The English lesson starts at half past three and ______________ at half past five.5. I work at ETDA and my sister _______________ at Café Obrigado Barracks.6. I __________three sisters but she only __________ one sister.7. Laura is a teacher. She ___________ biology at high school.
Exercise 2 Fill the gaps with a suitable verb in the third person singular.
e.g.She works in a bank. (work)
1. He ___________ a uniform. (Wear)
2. She is a pilot. She __________ all over the world. (fly)
3. Peter __________ two children. (have)
4. In winter Alice ________ skiing and in summer she __________ golf. (play)
5. Bernadette _________ in a flat in Paris. (live)
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6. My son __________ television all day long! (watch)
7. My daughter _________ her hair every day. (wash)
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Unit 10: Question WordsQuestion words are used to ask about specific qualities, times, places, people, etc. They are different from yes / no questions (Do you live in France?). This chart provides question words, the use and example sentences. Study the question words, understand the uses and then look at the examples. Try to think of a few examples of your own.
What = (saida/ sá) is used as the subject of a question. It refers to “things”, asks about
identity, choice,
When = (wainhira/ bainhira) is used to ask questions about time of some events (year,
day, time, century, etc).
Where = (Iha ne’ebé) is used to ask questions about place, location (city, country, room,
house,etc.)
Why = (tanbasá/ tansá, tansaida) is used to ask questions about reason.
Who = (sé) is used as the subject of a question. It refers to people. Asks about the
identity of one person or several people.
How = (oinsá/ halonu’usá, nu’usá) is generally used to ask about manner.
Examples:
- What is your name?
- When do they go for holiday?
- Where do you live?
- Why do you come late or why are you late?
- Who is your father?
- How are you or How old are you?
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Practice Exercise 1Put the words in the correct order to make questions.
1. do / do / what / you what do you do?
2. are / this / you / do / what / to /evening / going _____________________________?
3. year / holiday / did / on / you / last / go / where _____________________________?
4. languages / do / speak / many / you / how _____________________________?
5. is / university / studying / at / she / what _____________________________?
6. they / do / buy / books / where _____________________________?
Exercise 2
Match the questions and answers
1. Where do your parents live?
2. What does she do in her free time?
3. Who does he play football with?
4. When do they go for holiday?
5. How does he go to work?
6. How many brothers and sisters do you have?
7. How old are you?
8. Why does he travel a lot?
a. Twenty- five
b. Because he’s a pilot.
c. In small house in Dili.
d. His friends.
e. By Taxi
f. In August.
g. Five brothers and two sisters.
h. She goes swimming.
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Unit 11: Singular & Plural NounsNoun is a word that names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea.Person : teacher, uncle, niece, sister-in-law, etc;Place : garage, city, park, school, university, etc;Thing : giraffe, paw, bicycle, ice cream, etc;Idea : democracy, fame, love, disappointment, etc;
Nouns can be singular or plural, depending upon whether they name one person, place, thing, or idea or more than one.
Most nouns add –s in the pluralbook booksstudent students table tableschair chairscomputer computershouse houses
If the noun ends in –s, -sh, -o, -x or –ch, add –es.
bus buseschurch churches bush bushes tomato tomatoes box boxes
If the noun ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to -iescountry countries party parties
But if the noun ends in vowel + y, the y does not change and only add -s.boy boysday days
Some nouns are irregular. Dictionaries show this.child children woman women person personsman men police policetooth teeth foot feet people people
For most nouns ending in –f or –fe, change –f to –v and add –es. wife wivesknife knivesleaf leaves
Ridhercom, haforca ho teknologiaEnglish For Beginner
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Unit 12: Demonstrative Pronouns A Demonstrative pronoun points out specific persons, places, things, or ideas. A demonstrative can come before or after its antecedent. Sometimes the antecedent is understood.
Demonstrative pronounSingular this that Plural these those
We use this/that/these/those with a noun (this girl / that girl etc.) or without a noun:
This hotel is expensive but it’s very nice. With a noun Who’s that girl?’ “I don’t know.”
This is a nice hotel but it’s very expensive. Without a noun “Excuse me, is this your bag?” “Oh yes, thank you.”
This Singular examples: - This is a pen
That - Look! That is my brother over there.
These Plural examples: - These are my students.
Those - Those are some tourist from Australia.
That = something that has happened: ‘I’m sorry I forgot to phone you.’ ‘That’s all right.’ That was a really nice meal. Thank you very much.
That = what somebody has just said: ‘You’re a teacher, aren’t you?’ ‘Yes, that’s right.’ ‘I’m going on holiday next week.’ ‘Oh, that’s nice.’
We use this is … and is that …? On the telephone: Hello, this is David. (this = the speaker) is that Sarah (that = the other person)
We use this is … to introduce people: A: Brian, this is Chris.
B: Hello, Chris – pleased to meet youC: Hello.
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Practice Exercise
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Unit 13: There is & there are
When we tell people that something exists (or does not exist), we usually begin the
sentence with there is, there are, etc, and put the real subject after the verb.
RULES:
1. Use there IS for singular nouns (one item). 2. Use there IS for non-count items (group nouns). 3. Use there ARE for many items (plural nouns).
There is a spider on the wall. There is milk on the floor. There are pencils on my desk.
Singular
- - There’s a big tree in the garden. - There is a good film on TV tonight. - A: Excuse me, is there a hotel near here? B: Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t
Plural
- There are some big trees in the garden.- There are a lot of accidents on this road. - A: Are there any letters for me today? B: Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.
There is and it is
Examples
- There is a book on the table.
- I like this book. It’s interesting.
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There is ….. (There’s)Is there …..?There is not ….? (There isn’t or there’s not)
There are….Are there…?There are not …? (There aren’t)
Practice Exercise 1Write sentences with there are… choose from the boxes
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seven twenty-sixnine thirty fifteen fifty
letters days players daysplanets states
September the solar systemthe USA a weeka rugby team the English alphabet
Unit 14: Can, could and be able to
Can and could are modal auxiliary verbs. Be able to is NOT an auxiliary verb (it uses the verb be as a main verb). We include be able to here for convenience.
We use can (do) to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability to do something. The negative is can’t (cannot)
You can see the sea from our bedroom window.
Be able to is possible instead of can, but can is more usual: Are you able to speak any foreign languages?
S + Can + infinitive (can do / can play / can come etc,)
I / we / you / they
He / she / it
Can
Cannot (can’t)
DoPlaySeeCome etc,
Question statements: To form a question, the first auxiliary is placed before the subject. For example:
Affirmative Statement Question She can work. Can she work? He would be working. Would he be working? They should have worked. Should they have worked? I could have been working. Could I have been working?
Negative statements: To form a negative statement, the word not is placed after the first auxiliary. It should be noted that the auxiliary can, followed by not, is written as a single word.
For example:
Affirmative Statement Negative Statement She can work. She cannot work. He would be working. He would not be working. They should have worked. They should not have worked. I could have been working. I could not have been working.
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Can: (i) know how to, be able to;I can swim Mary can speak French
Can: (ii) be allowed to:You can sit here.My mother says I can’t go out tonight.
Could and was able to Sometimes could is the past of can. We use could especially with these verbs:see hear smell taste feel remember understand
When we went into the house, we could smell burning. She spoke in a low voice but I could understand what she was saying.
We also use could to say that someone had the general ability to do something; My grandmother could speak five languages. When Tom was 16, he could run 100 meters in 10 seconds.
Could: Knew how to: Emily could swim when she was five years old.
Couldn’t: wasn’t able to:I’m sorry, I couldn’t come yesterdayI couldn’t go to work this morning.
Requests: both can and could are used in requests. Could is a little more polite.
Can I have a glass of water please?Could you open the door for me, please?
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PracticeExercise 1Complete the sentences. Use can or can’t + one of these verbs:
come find hear see speak
1. I’m sorry but we can’t come to your party next Saturday.
2. I like this hotel room. You ______________the Mountains from the window.
3. You are speaking very quietly. I ________________ you.
4. Have you seen my bag? I _______________ it.
5. Catherine got the job because she _______________ five languages.
Exercise 2In this exercise you have to use can or be able to. Sometimes it is possible to use either; sometimes only be able to is possible.
1. George has traveled a lot. He can (is able to) speak four languages.
2. John ______________ drive but he hasn’t got a car.
3. I _____ come to your party next week.
4. I used to ___________ stand on my head but I can’t do it now.
5. Ask Ann about your problem. She should ______________ help you.
Exercise 3Complete these sentences. Use can’t or couldn’t + one of these verbs:
eat decide find go go sleep
1. I was tired but I couldn’t sleep.
2. I wasn’t hungry yesterday. I _________________________ my dinner.
3. Ann doesn’t know what to do. She ___________________.
4. I wanted to speak to Martin yesterday but I ____________________ him.
5. Jim _________________________to the concert next Saturday. He has to work.
6. Paula ________________________ to the meeting last week. She was ill.
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MODULE 3: PREPOSITION & ARTICLES
Unit 15: Preposition (at, in, on)Preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence. Prepositions begin phrases that end with a noun of a pronoun that is called the object of the preposition.
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PracticeExercise 1Put in in/at/on
1. Don’t sit on the grass. It’s wet.
2. What have you got __________your bag?
3. Look! There is a man ________ the roof. What’s he doing?
4. There are a lot of fish ____________ this river.
5. Our house is number 45 – the number is ___________ the door.
6. ‘Is the cinema near here?’ ‘Yes, turn left _________ the traffic lights.’
7. I usually do my shopping ____________ the city centre.
8. My sister lives ___________Darwin.
9. There’s a small park ___________ the top of the hill.
10. I think I heard the doorbell. There’s somebody ________the door.
Exercise 2 Put in in/at/on
1. Helen is studying law at university.
2. There was a big table ______________ the middle of the room.
3. What is the longest river ________the world?
4. Were there many people _____________ the concert last night?
5. Will you be __________ at home tomorrow afternoon?
6. Who is that man __________ this photograph? Do you know him?
7. Where are your children? Are they __________ school?
8. George is coming by train. I’m going to meet him ___________ the station.
9. Charlie is ___________ hospital. He’s going to have an operation tomorrow.
10. How many pages are there ____________ this book?
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Unit 16: Preposition of timePreposition of time (at, on & in)
Compare at, on and in: They arrived at 5 o’clock. They arrived on Friday. They arrived in October. / They arrived in 1968
We use:at for the time of day: at 5 o’clock at 11.45 at midnight at lunchtime at sunset etc.on for days and dates: on Friday / on Fridays on 12 November, 1991 on Christmas Day on my birthday in for longer periods (for example, months / years / seasons): in October in 1968 in the 18th century in the past in (the) winter in (the) future
We use at in this expressions:at night - I don’t like going out at night.at the weekend - will you be here at the weekend?at Christmas / at Easter - do you give each other presents at Christmas?(but on Christmas Day) at the moment / at present - Mr. Benn is busy at the moment / at present.at the same time - Liz and I arrived at the same time.
We do not use at/on/in before last/next/this/every: I’ll see you next Friday (not ‘on next Friday’) They got married last March.
on time and in time On time = punctual, not late. If something happens on time, it happens at the
time which was planned. The 11.45 train left on time. (= it left at 11.45) ‘I’ll meet you at 7.30.’ ‘Ok, but please be on time.’ (= don’t be late, be
there at 7.30) The conference was very well organized. Everything began and finished
on time.The opposite of on time is late:
Be on time. Don’t be late.
In time (for something / to do something) = soon enough Will you be home in time for dinner? (= soon enough for dinner) I must hurry. I want to get home in time to see the football match on
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television. (= soon enough to see the football match)
The opposite of in time is too late. I got home too late to see the football match.
You can use “Just in time” (= almost too late) We got to the station just in time to catch the train.
at the end and in the end
At the end (of something) = at the time when something ends. For example:at the end of the month at the end of Januaryat the end of the film at the end of the courseat the end of the match at the end of the concert
I’m going away at the end of January / at the end of the month. At the end of the concert, there was great applause. All the players shook hands at the end of the match.
You cannot say ‘in the end of something.’ So you cannot say ‘in the end of January’ or ‘in the end of the concert.’The opposite of at the end is at the beginning:
at the beginning of the January at the beginning of the concert
In the end = finallyWe use in the end when we say what the final result of a situation was:
We had a lot of problems with our car. In the end we sold it and boughtanother one. (= finally we sold it)
He got more and more angry. In the end he just walked out of the room. Jim couldn’t decide where to go for holidays. He didn’t go anywhere in
the end. The opposite of in the end is usually at first:
At first we didn’t like each other very much, but in the end we became good friends.
PracticeExercise 1
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Complete the text with at, on, or In
There is one bus from Lospalos which gets here______ ten o’clock _______the
morning and then another which gets in, ______four o’clock______the sunset. That’s
________weekdays, but ________the weekend the timetable is a bit different.
_________Saturday there are still two buses but the second one arrives _______five
thirty; ______Sunday there is just one bus arrives _______two o’clock. And _______the
wet season, the service doesn’t run at all _________Sundays.
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences using at the end + one of the following:
the course the interview the match the month the race
1. All the players shook hands at the end of the match.
2. I normally get paid __________________________________.
3. The students had a party ________________________________________.
4. Two of the runners collapsed _____________________________________.
5. To my surprised I was offered the job _______________________________.
Exercise 3
Put in at or in
1. I’m going away at the end of the month.
2. It took me a long time to find a job. __________ the end I got a job in a hotel.
3. Are you going away _________ the beginning of August or _______ the end?
4. I couldn’t decide what to buy Mary for her birthday. I didn’t buy her anything
_______ the end.
5. We waited ages for a taxi. We gave up _______ the end and walked home.
Unit 17: Preposition (under, behind, opposite)
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PracticeExercise 1Role playTeacher will ask some students to come up in front of the class and then ask student to practice by using prepositions next to, beside, behind, in front of, between, etc.
Exercise 2Where are the people in the picture? Complete the sentences.
A B C
D E F
A = John B = Barbara C = JennyD = Mike E = Frank F = Sonia
1. Jenny is standing behind Sonia.
2. Sonia is standing __________ Frank
3. Frank is standing ____________Mike and Sonia
4. Mike is standing _________ Frank
5. John is standing _________ Mike.
6. Barbara is standing __________ John and Jenny.
7. Frank is standing ___________ middle.
8. John is standing __________ left.
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Unit 18: Preposition (on, at, by, with, about)
On holiday - Jane isn’t at work this week. she is on holiday On television - We watched the news on television On the radio - We listened to the news on the radio.On the phone - I spoke to Lisa on the phone last night. On fire - The house is on fire! Call the fire bridge. On time (not late) - ‘Was the train late?’ ‘No, it was on time.At (the age of) 21 / at 50 kilometers an hour / at 100 degrees etc,:
Lisa got married at 21. (or….. at the age of 21) The car was traveling at 50 kilometers an hour when the accident happened. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
By car / by bus / by plane (or by air) / by bike etc,: Do you like traveling by train? Jane usually goes to work by bike.
But on foot She goes to work on foot. (she walks)
A book by … / a painting by … / a piece of music by … etc,: Have you read any books by William Shakespeare? Who is that painting by? Picasso?
By after the passive I was bitten by a dog.
With / without: Did you stay at a hotel or with friends? Wait for me. Please don’t go without me. Do you like your coffee with or without milk? I cut the paper with a pair of scissors.
Talk/speak/think/hear/know about …: Some people talk about their work all the time. I don’t know much about cars.
A book / a question / a program (etc.) about ….. Did you see the program about HIV/Aids on TV last night?
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PracticeExercise 1Complete the sentences with a preposition (at/by/with etc.).
1. In, tennis, you hit the ball _________ a racket.
2. It’s cold today. Don’t go out ____________ a coat.
3. Do you know anything _________ computers?
4. My grandmother died __________ the age of 1998.
5. How long does it take from New York to Los Angeles _________ plane?
6. I didn’t go to the football match, but I watched it ___________ television.
7. My house is the one _____________ the red door on the right.
8. These trains are very fast. They can travel ___________ very high speeds.
9. I don’t use my car very often. I prefer to go _________bike.
10. Can you give me some information ___________ hotels in this town?
11. I was arrested __________ two policemen and taken to the police station.
12. The buses here are very good. They’re nearly always ___________ time.
13. What would you like to drink ____________ your meal?
14. We traveled from Paris to Moscow __________ train.
15. One of the famous paintings in the world is the Mona Lisa ___________
Leonardo da Vinci.
Exercise 2Complete the sentences. Use on + one of these wordsholiday the phone the radio television time
1. We listened to the news on the radio.
2. Please don’t be late. try to be here __________
3. I won’t be here next week. I’m going ___________
4. ‘Did you see Linda?’ ‘No, but I talked to her _____________
5. ‘What’s __________________ this evening?’ ‘There’s a film at 9 o’clock.
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Unit 19: Articles (a/an & the)Articles are the adjectives a, an, and the. A and an are called indefinite articles. They can refer to any other kind of person, place, or thing.
* Indefinite article = a, an (singular)Use a : - For one thing or person. e.g. * Alice works in a bank. (not ‘in bank)
* Can I ask a question? (not’ ask question’)* I haven’t got a car.* There’s a woman at the bus stop.
- Before a word beginning with a consonant sound.e.g. a book, a pen, a teacher etc.
- For things we can count. e.g. a bag, a boy, a cat, etc.
Use an : - Before a word beginning with vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u)
e.g. * Do you want an apple on a banana? * I’m going to buy a hat and an umbrella. * There was an interesting program on TV last night.
- Before a word beginning with a silent h. e.g. an hour, an honest boy/man (h is not pronounced: an (h) our)
- For things we can count e.g. an apple, an egg, etc.
- But a university, a European (pronounced yuniversity, yuropean)
We use a/an … when we say what a thing or a person is.e.g. - The sun is a star.
- Football is a game.- Dallas is a city in Texas.- A mouse is an animal. It’s a small animal.- Joe is a very nice person.
We use a/an …….. for a jobs.E.g. A: What’s your job?
B: I am a Dentist. (not’ I’m Dentist.’) A: What does Mark do? B: He’s an Engineer. - Are you a student? Yes I am.
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* Definite article = the (singular/ plural)Use the : - When it’s clear which thing or person we mean. e.g. the door/ the ceiling/ the floor/ the carpet/ the light etc. (of a room)
the roof/ the garden/ the kitchen/ the bathroom etc. (of a house) the centre/ the station/ the airport etc. (of a town)
* Where’s Tom? ‘in the kitchen.’(= the kitchen of his house or flat)
* Turn off the light and close the door. (= the light and the door of the room)* Do you live far from the centre?
(= the centre of your town)* I’d like to speak to the manager please.
(= the manager of the shop etc.)
Compare a and the
* Can you open a window?(there a three window here-a window 1 or 2 or 3)
* Can you open the window?(there is only one window here-the window)
* I’ve got a car.(there are many cars and I’ve got one)
* I’m going to clean the car tomorrow.(= my car)
* Can I ask you a question?(there are many questions-can I ask one?)
* Can you repeat the question, please?(= the question that you asked)
* Paris is an interesting city(many interesting cities and Paris is one)
* Paris is the capital of France(there is only one capital of France)
* Lisa is a student.(there a many students and Lisa is one)
* Lisa is the youngest student in her class(there is only one youngest student in her class)
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PracticeExercise 1
Write a or an.
1. an old book. 4. ------- airport 7. ------- university
2. ----- window 5. ------- new airport 8. ------- hour
3. ------ horse 6. ------- organization 9. ------- economic problem
Exercise 2What are their jobs? Choose from the list and finish the sentences.
1. She’s a dentist. 5. ---------------------------------------------------.2. He’s --------------------------------------. 6. ---------------------------------------------------.3. She ---------------------------------------. 7. ---------------------------------------------------.4. --------------------------------------------. 8. And you? I’m ---------------------------------.Exercise 3Make sentences. Choose from Box A and Box B. Use a/an where necessary.
