cursuri

Cursuri Home

THE MODAL VERBS CURS 2006

Conf.univ.dr. Ileana CRISTEA Lect.univ.dr.Georgeta OBILISTEANU Asist.univ.drd.Gabriela MIHAILA-LICA

Contents

Preface

Explanatory Notes

Multi-level Exercises

Key to Exercises

Bibliography

http://www.armyacademy.ro/biblioteca/cursuri/lb_str/cristea/index.html7/11/2006 18:43:27

Preface

Language is not always used to exchange information by making

simple statements and asking questions. Sometimes we want to make

requests, offers or suggestions, or to express our wishes and intentions.

We may want to be polite and tactful, or to indicate our feelings about

what we are saying. We can do all these things by using modals, a set

of verbs which are a special kind of auxiliary verbs, being always used

with other verbs.

This book was written as a self-study grammar but teachers may

also find it useful as additional material in cases where further work

on the problems posed by modals is necessary. It can be used for

immediate consolidation or for later revision or remedial work. The

exercises have been gathered from a wide range of bibliography

covering most of the aspects related to modal verbs and can be done

individually, in class or as homework. Alternatively, individual

students can be directed to solve certain exercises of the book by

themselves if they have particular difficulties not shared by other

students in their class.

At the end of the book there is a Key for the students to check their

answers to the exercises.

The Authors

Explanatory Notes When we speak we adopt an attitude towards what we say. We consider the

content of the sentence – possible, impossible, necessary, etc. This attitude is also called MODALITY.

Modality is expressed by modal verbs. Characteristics of modal verbs: - all modals (except for ought and have) are followed by short infinitive

(without “to”) - they have no “-s” in the third person singular e.g. She can skate. - they have the form of short infinitive - they need no auxiliaries for forming the negative and interrogative

e.g. Shall I call her up? e.g. You may not be back before five.

- they do not have all the tenses and moods. However, in some cases, according to the meaning they acquire in the sentence, modal verbs may have replacers:

may – to be allowed to must – to have to can – to be able to

e.g. He can/is able to speak little Japanese now. Here can shows ability. But:

Can/May I have another piece of cake? – here can shows permission. - in order to show the past some of the modals are used with have + past

participle: e.g./You must have seen him. POSSIBILIY/IMPOSSIBILITY are expressed by:

CAN e.g. Skating can be a real pleasure.

You can’t be serious. COULD/MIGHT/MAY (to indicate that you are not certain whether something is possible, but you think it is):

e.g. He could be right. He might come. They may not get a house with a central heating.

ABILITY is expressed by:

CAN, COULD e.g. He cannot dance.

I can smell perfume. Nobody else will be able to read it.

INSTRUCTIONS and REQUESTS are expressed by:

CAN, COULD, WILL, WOULD

e.g. Would you tell her that Adrian phoned? Can you make me a copy of that?

SUGGESTIONS are expressed by:

COULD, MAY MIGHT, SHALL

e.g. Shall we go and see a play? You could phone her.

PROBABILITY/CERTAINTY are expressed by:

MUST, OUGHT, SHOULD, WILL e.g. You must be Tom’s brother.

You ought to have arrived yesterday. You should have heard about this actress. People will always say the things you want to hear.

IMPROBABILITY/UNCERTAINTY are expressed by:

CANNOT (CAN’T) e.g. This cannot be true.

She can’t be very young. PERMISSION is expressed by:

CAN, COULD, MAY e.g. We cannot go into the library after 7 p.m..

They may do exactly as they like. OBLIGATION and NECESSITY are expressed by:

HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST, MUSTN’T, NEED TO, NEEDN’T TO, NOT HAVE TO

e.g. We must eat before we go.

I had to wear that dress. You don’t need to buy anything.

MILD OBLIGATION and ADVICE are expressed by:

SHOULD, OUGHT, SHOULD HAVE, OUGHT TO HAVE, HAD BETTER e.g. You should write her a letter.

She ought to have helped her. You had better leave now.

REMEMBER! There are other ways of expressing modal meaning too. e.g. Let’s go now. (suggestion)

It will probably rain. (probability) They will certainly be back before six. (certainty) Tell her I’ll phone her tomorrow. (request)

Why don’t you go and tell him right now. (advice) Observations:

MAY (= possibility) is replaced by CAN in questions, and also normally in negations:

e.g. This may be true => Can this really be true? => This can’t be true.

Notice the difference in negative sentences: He may not be at home. (= it is possible that he is not at home.) He can’t be at home. (= it is not possible for him to be at home.) Another aspect of differentiation is that:

CAN expresses theoretical possibility: e.g. The road can be blocked. (= it is possible to block the road)

MAY expresses factual possibility: e.g. the road may be blocked. (= it is possible that the road is blocked)

COULD and MIGHT are used both for theoretical and factual possibility. The differences between MUST and HAVE TO HAVE TO and MUST can both be used in affirmative statements in the

present. They both express obligation, but MUST expresses obligation imposed by the

speaker: e.g. You must stay here until you finish your assignments.

HAVE TO expresses external obligation: e.g. You have to leave now or you’ll miss the train. If the speaker strongly supports the external authority and identifies with its

ideas MUST is used: e.g. Children must obey their parents (= the speaker supports the fact) as

opposed to: e.g. Children have to obey their parents (= the speaker merely conveys a

message)

MUST marks an occasional activity: e.g. today I must be at my office at nine. It is very important (= on this

particular occasion) HAVE TO marks a habitual activity: e.g. I have to be at my office at nine (= habit). Nevertheless, the personal involvement is quite obvious in these examples

too. Differences between SHALL and WILL We use SHALL with I or WE. It’s old-fashioned with other persons: e.g. I shan’t have your x-ray results until next week. You shall go to her party, I promise.

When predicting something, or expressing determination (…), there si little difference in meaning between SHALL and WILL:

e.g. We shan’t/won’t arrive much before midnight, I’m afraid. (=predicting) I shall/will succeed, just you wait and see. (= determination)

But we use only WILL, not SHALL, to ask for predictions: e.g. Will I get grade A, do you think? We commonly use SHALL to make polite offers (…), or to ask for advice: e.g. Shall I turn the lights on? Shall I wear the green or the blue tie? Saying it is possible something will happen We use MAY, MIGHT and COULD NOT to say that something is possible (…): e.g. It may/might/could rain tomorrow. However, we commonly use WILL rather than MAY/MIGHT/ /COULD in

questions: e.g. Will it rain tomorrow, do you think? We can also use WOULD in conditional sentences to predict what will

happen if something else happened, or to talk about things that are very unlikely to happen:

e.g. He would get very annoyed if you rang him now. A sunny holiday in Wales? Now that would be a miracle!

However, we can use WILL if other words in the sentence show that

something is unlikely: e.g. I doubt if we’ll ever again experience a winter quite as cold as this one.

We can emphasize the degree of probability by adding other words: e.g. She could conceivably come a bit later. (= it’s just possible) She

may/might very well come along a bit later (= it’s quite likely) The situation, stress and intonation, and other words we use in the

statement can affect the degree of probability more than the modal itself: e.g. I suppose she might come, but I doubt it. (= it’s doubtful) Actually, I think

she might very well come. (= very high probability) In my opinion … We can use SHOULD and OUGHT TO to make subjective predictions. (…) In

the negative, we avoid OUGHTN’T TO, and prefer SHOULDN’T: e.g. They ought to/should win the next round easily.

You shouldn’t have trouble with the traffic. We use SHOULD and OUGHT TO to predict favorable events:

X She should fail her driving test. X The weather should be horrible tomorrow.

� She’ll probably fail her driving test. She should/ought to do well in her driving test. The weather will be horrible tomorrow. It should be fine tomorrow.

Multi-level Exercises 1. Complete the sentences with can/can’t/could/couldn’t + one of these

verbs: come, eat, hear, run, sleep and wait. 1. I’m afraid I ............... to your party next week. 2. When Tim was 16, he was a fast runner. He ...................... 100 meters in

11 seconds. 3. ‘Are you in a hurry?’ ‘No, I’ve got plenty of time. I ..............’. 4. I was feeling sick yesterday. I .............................. anything. 5. Can you speak up a bit? I .......................... you very well. 6. ‘You look tired.’ ‘Yes, I ...................................... last night’. 2. Complete the answers to the questions with was/were able to.

1. A: Did everybody escape from the fire? B: Yes, although the fire spread quickly, everybody ................

2. A: Did you have difficulty finding Ann’s house? B: Not really. Ann had given us good directions and we ..........

3. A: Did you finish your work this afternoon? B: Yes, there was nobody to disturb me, so ...........................

4. A: Did the thief get away? B: Yes. No one realised what was happening and the thief ...... 3. Complete the sentences using could, couldn’t or was/ were able to. 1. My grandfather was a very clever man. He ............ speak five languages. 2. I looked everywhere for the book but I ............. find it. 3. They didn’t want to come with us at first but we ............. persuade them. 4. Laura had hurt her leg and ........................ walk very well. 5. Sue wasn’t at home when I phoned but I ......................... contact her at

her office. 6. I looked very carefully and I .................................... see a figure in the

distance. 7. I wanted to buy some tomatoes. The first shop I went to didn’t have any

but I ........................... get some in the next shop. 8. My grandmother loved music. She ……............................... play the piano

very well. 9. A girl fell into the river but fortunately we .......................... rescue her. 10. I had forgotten to bring my camera so I ............................ take any

photographs. 4. Complete the sentences. Use could or could have + a suitable verb.

1. A: What shall we do this evening? B: I don’t mind. We ..................... to the cinema.

2. A: I had a very boring evening at home yesterday. B: Why did you stay at home? You .................. to the cinema.

3. A: There’s an interesting job advertised in the paper. You .................................. for it.

B: What sort of job is it? Show me the advertisement. 4. A: Did you go to the concert last night?

B: No. We ............................................ but we decided not to. 5. A: Where shall we meet tomorrow?

B: Well, I……................................ to your house if you like. 5. Read this information about Ken: Ken didn’t do anything on Saturday evening. Ken was short of money last week. Ken doesn’t know anything about machines. Ken’s car was stolen on Monday. Ken was free on Monday afternoon.

Ken had to work on Friday evening. Some people wanted Ken to do different things last week but they

couldn’t contact him. So he didn’t do any of these things. You have to say whether he could have done or couldn’t have done them.

1. Ken’s aunt wanted him to drive her to the airport on Tuesday. He ......................................................................................... 2. A friend of his wanted him to go out for a meal on Friday evening. Ken......................................................................................... 3. Another friend wanted him to play tennis on Monday afternoon. Ken....................................................................................... 4. Jack wanted Ken to lend him £50 last week. ............................................................................................... 5. Jane wanted Ken to come to her party on Saturday evening. He........................................................................................... 6. Ken’s mother wanted him to repair her washing machine. ............................................................................................... 6. Read the situations and use the words in brackets to write sentences

with must have and can’t have. 1. The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. (I/asleep) ............................................................................................... 2. Jane walked past me without speaking. (she/see/me) ............................................................................................... 3. The jacket you bought is very good quality. (it/very expensive) ............................................................................................... 4. I haven’t seen the people next door for ages. (they/go away) ............................................................................................... 5. I can’t find my umbrella. (I/leave/it in the restaurant last night) ............................................................................................... 6. Don passed the exam without studying for it. (the exam/ very difficult) ............................................................................................... 7. She knew everything about our plans. she/listen/to our conversation) ............................................................................................... 8. Fiona did the opposite of what I asked her to do. (she/understand/what I

said) ............................................................................................... 9. When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (I/forget/to turn it off) ............................................................................................... 10 The lights were red but the car didn’t stop. (the driver/see/the red light) ............................................................................................... 11 I was woken up in the middle of the night by the noise next door. (the

neighbours/have/a party) ............................................................................................... 7. Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets.

Use may or might. 1. I can’t find George anywhere. I wonder where he is.

a. (he/go/shopping)........................................................... b. (he/play/tennis) ............................................................

2. I’m looking for Helen. Do you know where she is? a. (she/watch/TV/in her room) .......................................... b. (she/go/out) .................................................................

3. I can’t find my umbrella. Have you seen it? a. (it/be/ in the car)........................................................... b. (you/leave/in the restaurant last night)..........................

4. Why didn’t Tom answer the doorbell? I’m sure he was in the house at the time.

a. (he /be/in the bath)........................................................ b. (he/not/hear/the bell) ..................................................

8. Complete the sentences using might not or couldn’t. 1. A: Do you think she saw you?

B: No, she was too far away. .................................................. 2. A: I wonder why she didn’t say hello. Perhaps she didn’t see me.

B: That’s possible. ............................................................... 3. A: I wonder why Ann didn’t come to the party. Perhaps she wasn’t invited.

B Yes, it’s possible. She .................................................... 4. A: Tom loves parties. I’m sure he would have come to the party if he’d been invited.

B: I agree. He ......................................................................... 5. A: I wonder how the fire started. Do you think it was an accident?

B: No, the police say it ..................................................... 6. A: How did the fire start? I suppose it was an accident.

B: Well, the police aren’t sure. They say it............................. 9. Complete the sentences using might be able to or might have to + a

suitable verb. 1. I can’t help you but why don’t you ask Jill? She .......... you. 2. I can’t meet you this evening but I... you tomorrow evening. 3. I’m not working on Saturday but I.................... on Sunday. 4. George isn’t well. He .............. to hospital for an operation. 10. Complete these sentences with must or have to (in the correct

form). Sometimes it is possible to use either; sometimes only have to is possible.

1. It’s later than I thought. I .......................................... now. 2. Jack left before the end of the meeting. He .. go home early. 3. In Britain many children ......................... wear uniform when they go to

school. 4. When you come to London again, you ......................... come and see us. 5. Last night Don became ill suddenly. We.............................. call a doctor. 6. You really ................................................... work harder if you want to

pass the examination. 7. I’m afraid I can’t come tomorrow. I......................... work late. 8. I’m sorry I couldn’t come yesterday. I............................. work late. 9. Paul doesn’t like his new job. Sometimes he .................... work at

weekends. 10. Caroline may ..................................... go away next week. 11. We couldn’t repair the car ourselves. We ......................... take it to a

garage. 12. Julia wears glasses. She .............................. wear glasses since she was

very young. 11. Complete these sentences with mustn’t or don’t/doesn’t have to. 1. I don’t want anyone to know. You …................ tell anyone. 2. He ............................................. wear a suit to work but he usually does. 3. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I .................. go to work. 4. Whatever you do, you....................................... touch that switch. It’s very

dangerous. 5. There’s a lift in the building, so we..................................... climb the

stairs.

6. You.................................................... forget what I told you. It’s very important.

7. Sue ................................................ get up early. She gets up early because she wants to.

8. Don’t make so much noise. We......................................... wake the baby. 9. I............................................................... eat too much. I’m supposed to

be on a diet. 10. You.......................................... be a good player to enjoy a game of

tennis. 12. Complete the sentences with must, mustn’t or needn’t. 1. We haven’t got much time. We ...................... hurry. 2. We’ve got plenty of time. We .................... hurry. 3. We have enough food at home so we ......................... go shopping today. 4. Jim gave me a letter to post. I............. remember to post it. 5. Jim gave me a letter to post. I.................. forget to post it. 6. There’s plenty of time for you to make up your mind. You ............ decide

now. 7. You .... wash those tomatoes. They’ve already been washed. 8. This is a valuable book. You ..................... look after it carefully and you

......................... lose it. 9. ‘What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big?’ ‘Well, it...................e big – that’s not important. But it ..................… have a

nice garden – that’s essential’. 13. Read the situations and make sentences with needn’t have. 1. George went out. He took an umbrella because he thought it was going to

rain. But it didn’t rain. He .................................... 2. Ann bought some eggs when she went shopping. When she got home, she

found that she already had plenty of eggs. She .... . 3. A friend got angry with you and shouted at you. You think this was

unnecessary. Later you say to him/her: You ................. . 4. Brian had no money, so he sold his car. A few days later he won some

money in a lottery. He................................................. . 5. When we went on holiday, we took the camera with us but we didn’t use it

in the end. ......................................................... . 6. I thought I was going to miss my train so I rushed to the station. But the

train was late and in the end I had to wait 20 minutes. ....................................................................................................

14. Complete the sentences with should (have) + the verb in brackets. 1. Margaret ...................... the exam. She’s been studying very hard. (pass) 2. You missed a great party last night. You .................. (come) 3. We don’t see you enough. You .................................... and see us more

often. (come) 4. I’m in a difficult position. What do you think I.............? (do) 5. I’m sorry that I didn’t take your advice. I............. what you said. (do) 6. I’m playing tennis with Jill tomorrow. She .............. – she’s much better

than me. (win) 7. We lost the match but we .............................. We were the better team.

(win) 8. ‘Is John here yet?’ ‘Not yet, but he .............. here soon’. (be) 9. I posted the letter three days ago, so it ....... by now. (arrive) 15. Read the situations and write sentences with should/shouldn’t.

Some of the sentences are past and some are present. 1. I’m feeling sick. I ate too much. .....................................

2. That man on the motorbike isn’t wearing a helmet. That’s dangerous. He ...................................

3. When we got to the restaurant, there were no free tables. We hadn’t reserved one ........................................................

4. The notice says that the shop is open every day from 8.30. It is 9 o’clock now but the shop isn’t open yet. ......................... .

5. The speed limit is 30 miles an hour, but Catherine is doing 50. She...................................................................................... . 6. I went to Paris. A friend of mine lives in Paris but I didn’t go to see him

while I was there. When I saw him later, he said: You .................................................. .

7. I was driving behind another car. Suddenly, the driver in front stopped without warning and I drove into the back of his car. It wasn’t my fault. ............................................................ .

8. I walked into a wall. I wasn’t looking where I was going. ............................................................................................. . 16. Read the situations and write sentences with had better. Use the

words in brackets. 1. You’re going out for a walk with Tom. It might rain. You say to Tom: (an umbrella)........................................................................ . 2. Jack has just cut himself. It’s quite a bad cut. You say to him: (a plaster) ........................................................................... . 3. You and Ann plan to go to a restaurant this evening. It’s a very popular

restaurant. You say to Ann: (reserve) We ......................................................................... . 4. Jill doesn’t look very well - not well enough to go to work. You say to her: (work) ................................................................................... 5. You received your phone bill four weeks ago but you haven’t paid it yet. If

you don’t pay very soon, you could be in trouble. You say to yourself: (pay) ................................................................................... . 6. You want to go out but you’re expecting an important phone call. You say

to your friend: (go out) I ............................................................................ . 7. You and Fiona are going to the theatre. You’ve missed the bus and you

don’t want to be late You say to Fiona: (a taxi) ................................................................................. . 17. Put in had better or should. Sometimes either is possible. 1. I have an appointment in ten minutes. I .................... go now or I’ll be late. 2. It’s a great film. You ........................... go and see it. You’ll really like it. 3. I......................... get up early tomorrow. I’ve got a lot to do. 4. When people are driving, they ....................................... keep their eyes on

the road. 5. Thank you for coming to see us. You ............................ come more often. 6. She’ll be upset if we don’t invite her to the wedding, so we .........................

invite her. 7. These biscuits are delicious. You ........................... try one. 8. I think everybody ....................... learn a foreign language. 18. Read the situations and write sentences with It’s time (somebody

did something). 1. You think the children should be in bed. It’s already 11 o’clock. ............................................................................................... 2. You haven’t had a holiday for a very long time. You need one now. It’s time I...........................................................................

3. You’re waiting for Mary. She is late. Why isn’t she here yet? It’s time she ........................................................................ . 4. You’re sitting on a train waiting for it to leave the station. It’s already five

minutes late. ............................................................................................... 5. You enjoy having parties. You haven’t had one for a long time. ............................................................................................... 6. The company you work for is badly run. You think there should be some

changes. ............................................................................................... 19. Insert should or would in the blank spaces. ‘It is quite extraordinary that you ..... call just now because who ...... be here

but Alexander, who has not seen you for ages. It ...... seem that he has heard intriguing reports of your recent behaviour, so he is dying to meet you again. He told me that when you were together at University you ...... spend hours discussing the validity of moral codes. Of course you ...... make fun of conventional morals (it is only to be expected that you ...... at that stage of your development) but ...... you mind not shocking him too much today? It is impossible that he...... not be keyed up by the rumours about you and if you ...... inadvertently mention to him that the accounts of your relations with his cousin are true, goodness only knows what he ...... do. I was talking to him about Helen only last week, and what ..... he do but treat me to a long harangue on the unfair treatment of women in our society! So if you ...... watch what you say I ...... be very grateful’.

20. Put into the negative. 1. You must go to school for ten years in England. 2. I have a clean handkerchief every day. 3. She used to live in that manor house over there. 4. She had her photograph taken yesterday. 5. I have time to deal with it now. 6. You must work hard to pass that examination. 7. That must be his cousin over there. 8. Be extravagant if you feel like it. 9. You must see that film: it is extraordinary. 10. I had an enormous breakfast on that occasion. 11. You must start work immediately. 12. That house used to belong to my grandfather. 21. Answer the following in the positive. 1. ‘Need you leave so early?’ 2. ‘Did you use to teach there?’ 3. ‘Did you enjoy your holiday?’ 4. ‘Were you able to do it?’ 5. ‘Do you need to get a visa to go to Russia?’ 6. ‘Need I write a bread-and-butter letter?’ 7. ‘Didn’t your wife use to play a lot of bridge?’ 22. Answer the following in the negative. 1. ‘Didn’t you have a chance to mention it?’ 2. ‘Must you take the examination?’ 3. ‘Have you time to deal with this enquiry?’ 4. ‘Dare he do it?’ 5. ‘Did you use to like learning English?’ 23. Put into the past, making any changes necessary to the rest of the

sentence.

1. I wouldn’t do it if I were you. 2. You ought to know better by now. 3. The doctor says I must not play football for at least two months. 4. It must be his first visit to such a place. 5. He is to sing at La Scala next month. 6. He would do it today if he could. 7. It is a nice day so we can go for a walk. 8. You needn’t do it now if you don’t want to. 24. Insert didn’t need to or needn’t have in the following sentences,

making any necessary changes to the words in brackets. 1. You (not need be) so rude to my sister yesterday. Why were you? 2. I (not need mark) all this work because I now find that the student has

left. 3. She (not need buy) another cocktail dress as she had two already. 4. I (not need write) that letter after all because I received a telegram telling

me what I wanted to know. 5. I (not need rush) to get there on time as she turned out to be half an hour

late. 6. I (not need worry) so much about that examination as it proved much

easier than I had expected. 7. I (not need spend) so much time clearing away the snow yesterday. It

would have melted this morning anyhow. 8. She (not need pay) to go to that ballet because she had been given a

complimentary ticket. 9. I (not need get) the car out for such a short journey, as I could easily walk

there. 10. You (not need interrupt) the class to tell me that; you could have come

up to me afterwards to tell me. 11. I (not need buy) a catalogue because you could hire one for a shilling. 12. I (not need pay) so much as 1 did for that book; I saw the same one for

ten shillings yesterday. 13. He (not need tell) me that something was wrong: I could see it the

moment he came into the room. 14. He (not need have) that swimming pool made in his garden. The weather

has been too cold for him to use it. 15. If you had taken a bit more care you (not need get) your stockings so

badly splashed on the way here. 25. Correct the mistakes: 1. “Teacher, can I to use the dictionary to translate this passage? 2. Dan were not able to tell her the truth. 3. Although he is old he can’t to read very well. 4. They may went to the party if they want. 5. The secretary might being on holiday. 6. The guests were called by their children and must leave immediately. 7. I has to look after my sister until mother comes back. 8. You must to tell the truth to her. 9. If they had found out sooner, they could help you. 10. This red car must being Andrew’s. 11. Alice can sings very beautifully. 12. They wish they can be together. 13. At such a price the room should to look better! 14. George can do the exercise, doesn’t he? 15. Your wife must has been the winner of the contest last year.

16. The storm couldn’t have destroy the fence last night. 17. They said that they have to stay after the party to wash the dishes. 18. I wondered if they must write such a long essay for the following day. 19. My friend managed to getting a good mark in spite of the fact that he

hadn’t learned before the exam. 20. The officers may have be discussing the new project. 26. Translate into English the following sentences: 1. Aş putea să îi spun adevărul, dar nu vreau să o rănesc. 2. Ai fi putut să treci examenul cu o notă mai mare, dacă ai fi învăţat mai

mult. 3. Acum pot asculta cântecul acela care îmi place atât de mult. 4. Nu ştiam că pot să mănânc în această încăpere. 5. Nu era nevoie să vopseşti uşa. Tata o vopsise înainte ca tu să te întorci

acasă de la mare. 6. Andreea trebuie să ia aceste medicamente dacă vrea să se facă bine ca

să poată merge la Bucureşti. 7. Trebuie să fie ora 6. Soarele străluceşte deja. 8. Nu au avut voie să folosească maşina. 9. Bătrâna a spus că e posibil să plouă a doua zi. 10. Probabil că prietenii mei navighează pe Internet acum. 11. S-ar fi cuvenit să o aştepţi pe bunica ta la gară. 12. Larry nu putea să fi rezolvat problema deoarece nu avea toate datele

necesare pentru aceasta. 13. Aş prefera să beau cafea în loc de suc de portocale. 14. S-ar putea ca duşmanii să atace în timpul nopţii. 15. Oare să mergem să îi spunem? 16. Ce să mai spun? Totul s-a terminat. 17. Aşa ceva nu se va mai întâmpla niciodată. Îţi promit. 18. Aş vrea să nu mă mai sune în timpul orelor. 19. Nancy a trebuit să pună în ordine toate dosarele. 20. Este imposibil ca el să nu fi scris despre descoperirea sa. Tot ce trebuie

să facem este să începem să îi întrebăm pe prietenii lui. 27. Transform the following sentences as requested in parentheses

maintaining the meaning of the modal verb used: 1. Andrew should have reached the top of the mountain by now.

(interrogative) 2. The man had to clean his rifle before leaving. (present, interrogative) 3. All the students can speak English. (future, negative) 4. The soldier will be given permission to leave for Satu – Mare tomorrow.

(present, negative) 5. They may come to visit us. (present, interrogative) 6. He may be sad. (interrogative) 7. Mary may be ill. (negative) 8. May they come back home safe and sound! (interrogative) 9. Must you write all those exercises? (past, affirmative) 10. The teacher might give us the answers to the test. (present, negative) 28. Choose the most suitable modal to complete the sentences below:

1. You ……….. water the flowers. I have already watered them. a. can not b. don’t have to c. might not

2. Jane ……….. ride the bicycle when she was 4. a. had to

b. must c. could

3. “You ……….. stop writing now!” the invigilator said. a. must b. should c. ought to

4. The policeman inquired the witness if he ………… remember what the suspect was wearing during that day.

a. may b. could c. should

5. If it rains, they ………. stand a chance of winning the match. a. can b. must c. may

6. ………. I hand in the paper next week, I have had a lot of problems at home, teacher?

a. should b. will c. could

7. They ………. repair the washing machine as it was brand new. a. could not b. didn’t have to c. must not

8. You ………. go on that trip with your colleagues, I promise. a. can b. shall c. may

9. She ……….. to be very rich when she was young. a. used to b. had to c. might

10. ………. you come to my birthday party on Saturday? a. may b. should c. will

11. No matter how much you question that prisoner, he ……….. give you the information you want.

a. can’t b. wouldn’t c. shouldn’t

12. They ………. have visited their grandmother more often when she was in hospital.

a. needn’t b. must c. ought to

13. “Could I open your window? Mine ………. open.” a. should not b. shall not c. won’t

14. She ………. tell a lot of jokes when she was in high school. a. used to b. ought to

c. may 15. You ………. see that movie. We loved it.

a. should b. may c. would

16. ………. that man dressed in a blue uniform be the policeman? a. should b. must c. can

17. Michael said his pen ………. write. a. shouldn’t b. will not c. wouldn’t

18. She always keeps her promises. I ………. trust her. a. can b. must c. might

19. They wish they ………. have done more for their son. a. should b. could c. can

20. That book ……….. taken him a long time to read. a. could b. must c. had to 29. Rephrase the following sentences using modals: 1. They are impelled to talk to their boss. 2. They feel an obligation to tell him the truth. 3. I saw the neighbors’ children playing football in front of the house and I

deduced that their parents were home. 4. There is a possibility that John missed the bus. 5. They have no way to foresee what is going to happen. 6. You went to wait for him at the bus stop. It was not necessary because

his father had also gone to wait for him. 7. Michael passed the Spanish exam. His parents are amazed because he

has never studied Spanish. 8. Brushing my teeth every night is a habit. 9. It was not possible for the politicians to prevent the crisis. 10. I would like to know your opinion whether to wear the blue dress or not? 30. Use the perfect infinitive of the verbs in the brackets with the

appropriate modal verb. Phrases should not be repeated but their meaning must be expressed by modal + perfect infinitive:

e.g. I found this baby bird at the foot of the tree. It (fall) from a nest = It must have fallen from a nest.

1. I used to visit her and I always wondered why she had those dreadful pictures on the walls. It is possible that she (like) them.

2. During the gale the captain was on the bridge the whole time. He (be) exhausted afterwards.

3. You (send) a telegram, which was quite unnecessary; a letter would have done.

4. You (cross) the road by the subway, but you didn’t. 5. It is possible that I (be) mistaken.

6. You (leave) a note. (= It was inconsiderate of you to do so). 7. I had my umbrella when I came out but I don’t have it now. You (leave) it

on the bus. 8. I’ve brought two bottles of milk. You (buy) milk. We have heaps in our

house. 9. I phoned you at nine this morning but got no answer. I’m sorry. I (be) in the garden. 10. I’ve opened another bottle. You (do) that. We’ve only just started this one. 11. Perhaps he swam across. No, he (do) that; he can’t swim. 12. You (warn) him that the ice was dangerous, but you didn’t. 31. Translate into English using modal verbs + perfect infinitives: 1. N-ar fi trebuit să pleci fără haină. Nu-i de mirare că ai răcit. 2. Cineva a telefonat la ora 2, dar nu i-am reţinut numele. Trebuie să fi

fost fratele meu. El obişnuieşte să telefoneze atunci. 3. Doctorul a fost un bărbat zvelt cu părul alb. Atunci nu se poate să fi fost

doctorul Smith pentru că el e scund şi gras. Trebuie să fi fost doctorul Thomson. 4. Ar fi trebuit să verifice frânele înainte de plecare. 5. Am văzut un tigru ieri în pădure. Nu se poate să fi văzut un tigru. Nu

sunt tigrii în ţară la noi. 6. M-ai auzit când am venit acasă seara trecută? Nu, trebuie că

adormisem. 7. I-am spus să o ia la stânga şi el a luat-o imediat la dreapta. Probabil că

nu te-a înţeles. 8. Tocmai am teminat de udat florile. Nu era nevoie să le uzi. Uite cum

plouă acum. 9. Uşa era deschisă. Nu se poate să fi fost deschisă. Am închis-o chiar eu la

plecare. 10. Am trimis după doctor. Nu trebuia să trimteţi. Mă simt foarte bine. 11. Să-ţi fi spus din timp care este situaţia? 12. Sigur au fost mai multe sticle de vin în pivniţa. Altfel de unde să fi avut

să servească toţi musafirii. 32. State the modal meaning of the verbs in bold: 1. Will you keep quiet? 2. She could see her cross the street. 3. She’s only five but she can already play the piano very well. 4. You shouldn’t let them impose on you. 5. Mum didn’t have to wash the dishes; Dad had already done them. 6. May I take this chair? 7. He will sit there for hours on end. 8. You would know how to teach him the poem; you are an actor. 33. Do the modal verbs in these paired sentences have the same

meaning? 1. a) Tom doesn’t have to water the flowers.

b) Tom needn’t water the flowers. 2. a) They won’t give me the book.

b) They can’t give me the book. 3. a) You mustn’t take all that stuff: she’ll need the iron.

b) You don’t have to take all that stuff: I’ll stay here till you come back. 4. a) Will you be able to come on Sunday?

b) Can you come on Sunday? 5. a) We would see aunt Mary if we had time.

b) We should see Aunt Mary if we had time.

6. a) You needn’t give him money: he’s just had his salary. b) You shouldn’t give him money: he spends too much.

7. a) If I know you, you will do it. b) You shall do it.

8. a) Shall we buy the flowers for you on my way? b) Should I buy some flowers?

34. Are these sentences correct? If not, correct them. 1. I can do that for you, if I might. 2. She can be in the garden. She has taken the spade with her. 3. His results weren’t fabulous; he might have done better. 4. You ought to try harder, we all rely on you. 5. Drowning can be fatal. 6. Might the best of them win the game. 7. I am trying hard but the door wouldn’t open. 8. Shall you pay the taxi for me? I can’t find my purse. 35. Do the following modal verbs express: 1. possibility, certainty or probability? a) It’s late. She may have got into a traffic jam. b) It’s late. She must have got into a traffic jam. c) Research must sooner or later lead to progress. 2. necessity or probability (deduction)? a) The landlady has thrown him out. He must take his belongings. b) The ground is wet it must have rained last night. c) He’s had his wallet stolen again. He must be more careful. 3. advice, expectation or certainty? a) You should claim your money back. b) You’ve studied Italian painting, so this trip to Venice should interest you. c) He’s been learning English for five years. He would understand a short

letter. 36. Which of the professions said that? Write the number of the

profession next to the letter for the statement. Then write what you think the “it” refers to where it’s underlined.

Example: i It may be necessary to take it away to put more memory in. You write: i 0 (computer engineer) 0. computer engineer; 1. lawyer; 2. barman; 3. hotel receptionist; 4.

gardener; 5. sailor; 6. dentist; 7. teacher; 8. pilot. a. It may have to come out; we might well not be able to save it. b. It should only be about ten minutes; then we expect the all-clear to take-

off. c. With any luck we’ll get a centimeter or two over the weekend. We could

certainly do with it. d. Very light now, yes, but it might just get up later on, in which case … e. We may be able to get it overturned on appeal. f. It certainly won’t be ready until the maid has been in. g. Is that it, or will you be wanting another? h. It will certainly improve if you try harder to imitate the patterns that

native speakers use. i. It may be necessary to take it away to put more memory in it. 37. For each of the following sentences, write a new sentence as similar

as possible in meaning to the original sentence but using the word given. Example: It’s pointless going home now; it would be simpler to stay the night. well

You might as well stay the night. a. He’s unlikely to have the common sense to ask for directions. suppose b. I wouldn’t have thought there’s much chance of the package being here

before Friday. doubt c. I don’t think we could expect that much of him. asking d. I suppose it’s possible that she will break the world record at the next

meeting. conceivably e. I can’t see them finding the task insurmountable. ought f. I think it’s really quite likely that attitudes towards sunbathing will have

to change soon. well g. Might it be an idea if we pay the deposit for you? like h. I don’t foresee there being any major problems. think 38. Combine each question and answer using “for” to make one

sentence. Examples: a) “Was it a serious crime?” “Well, the police have put quite a lot of men on

the case”. It must have been quite a serious crime for the police to put so many men on

the case. b) “Does he work many hours?” “I don’t know, but I do know that his wages

are very low”. He can’t work very many hours for his wages to be so low. a. “Was very much stolen?” “Well, the bank’s offering a reward of £50,000”. b. “Was it an exciting match?” “Well, half the spectators left at half-time”. c. “Is it a good show?” “Well, people have traveled an awfully long way to see

it”. d. “Is it a big school?” “Well, there are over sixty teachers working there”. e. “Has something serious gone wrong?” “Well, the boss is ranting and

raving like a madman”. f. “Was it a major operation?” “Well, they let her out of the hospital the

following day”. 39. Fill each of the numbered blanks with one suitable word. This will now almost ………. (1) prove to have been the driest April since the

calamitous drought of 1924 and forecasters say the current spell is very ……… (2) to continue well into next week and quite ………. (3) beyond. A Met. Office spokesman suggested there was a slight ………. (4) of rain just after the weekend but admitted there is every ………. (5) that rain heading across the Atlantic ………. (6) miss Britain completely. If it does, ……… (7) of further rain within the next fortnight are thought to be slim. John field of the National Farmers’Union said that many farmers were clearly ………. (8) for the bankruptcy courts. “the past few months ……… (9) have been easy for anybody”, he commented yesterday. “But here in the north, it’s been without ……… (10) the worst time anyone can remember. I haven’t got the official figures but losses ………. (11) run into tens of millions of pounds. And that’s ………. (12) to affect prices in the supermarkets very soon”. A ban on hose-pipes in all gardens now looks virtually

………. (13) and the supply of general household water may very ……….. (14) have to be rationed in some areas. The Government will, in all ……... (15), issue an official statement sometime in the next twenty-four hours.

40. Fill each of the gaps with MUST or a form of HAVE TO followed by a suitable verb:

e.g. I really dislike having to go shopping at the weekend. a. Just recently I ………. down on my spending. b. You really ………. me to your wife. c. We ……… through the window because I had left my key inside. d. One day everyone ………. at the age of fifty whether they like it or not. e. This exercise is so difficult one ………. be a genius in order to do it. f. I didn’t take the job because I ………. fifty hours a week. g. Come on, you ………. me drive you home. h. You ………. at your desk at nine sharp or else part of your salary

………. . i. You ………… for twenty-six weeks in the previous year to qualify for

unemployment benefit. j. I find I ……….. longer and longer on my homework at the moment

just to keep up. 41. Finish each of the following sentences in two different ways so that

they are as similar in meaning as possible to the sentence printed before them. e.g. If I were you, I would have the lobster

a. I think you ought to have the lobster. b. You really should have the lobster.

1. Why ever did you go to so much trouble with the refreshments? a. You really needn’t ……… b. It really ………..

2. There is to be no talking whatsoever during the examination. a. Candidates will not ……….. b. Silence is to …………..

3. I really must be going now. a. I’ve absolutely …………. b. I really mustn’t ………..

4. She should take some form o identification with her, shouldn’t she? a. She’d ……….. b. It might be ……………

5. It may be possible for you to go there without a visa after all. a. It may not ………. b. You might not ………….

6. Don’t you think it’s time we made our excuses and left? a. Hadn’t ………….. b. Oughtn’t ……………

42. Finish each sentence in such a way that is as similar in meaning as possible to the sentence printed before it.

a. Getting the company to change their stand is probably beyond our capabilities.

I doubt ……….. b. There’s every chance of industrial action being taken by the union. The union …………

c. As he’s just gone on holiday, it looks as if the managing director isn’t taking it seriously.

The managing director can’t …………. d. A lengthy dispute doesn’t seem inevitable. It may ……….. e. An early solution is apparently not beyond the bounds of possibility. It might …………. f. Financial hardship is certainly on the cards for thousands of workers. Thousands of workers ………… g. It’s possible the looming crisis won’t ever actually materialize. It’s not beyond …………. h. It will come as no surprise, I’m sure, to learn that there’s strong pressure

to call it off. I’m sure you …………. i. The only explanation for him being so late is that his train was delayed. His train …………… j. There is no way he got the news from me as we haven’t spoken. He ……………

Key to Exercises 1. 1. can’t come 2. could run 3. can wait 4. couldn’t eat 5. can’t hear 6. couldn’t sleep 2. 1. was able to escape. 2. were able to find it. 3. I was able to finish it. 4. was able to get away. 3. 1. could 2. couldn’t 3. were able to 4. couldn’t/wasn’t able to 5. was able to 6. could/was able to 7. was able to 8. could/was able to 9. were able to 10 couldn’t/wasn’t able to 4. 1 could go 2 could have gone 3 could apply 4 could have gone 5 could come 5. 1 He couldn’t have driven her to the airport (because his car had been

stolen). 2 Ken couldn’t have gone out (for a meal) on Friday evening (because he had

to work). 3 Ken could have played tennis on Monday afternoon. 4 He couldn’t have lent Jack £50 (because he was short of money). or He

couldn’t have lent him £50 ... 5 He could have come to Jane’s party, or He could have gone to ... 6 He couldn’t have repaired her washing machine (because he doesn’t know

anything about machines). 6. 1. I must have been asleep. 2. She can’t have seen me. 3. It must have been very expensive. 4. They must have gone away. 5. I must have left it in the restaurant last night. 6. The exam can’t have been very difficult. 7. She must have been listening to our conversation. /She must have

listened to ... 8. She can’t have understood what I said. 9. I must have forgotten to turn it off. 10. The driver can’t have seen the red light. 11. The neighbours must have been having a party.

7. 1. a. He may have gone shopping.

b. He might be playing tennis. 2. a. She may/might be watching TV in her room.

b. She may/might have gone out. 3. a. It may/might be in the car.

b. You may/might have left it in the restaurant last night. 4. a. He may/might have been in the bath.

b. He may/might not have heard the bell. 8. 1. She couldn’t have seen me. 2. She might not have seen you. 3. might not have been invited. 4. couldn’t have been invited. 5. couldn’t have been an accident. 6. might not have been an accident. 9. 1. might be able to help 2. might be able to meet/see 3. might have to work 4. might have to go 10. 1. must or have to 2. had to 3. have to 4. must or have to 5. had to 6. must or have to 7. have to 8. had to 9. has to 10. have to 11. had to 12. has had to 11. 1. mustn’t 2. doesn’t have to get to 3. don’t have to 4. mustn’t 5. don’t have to 6. mustn’t 7. doesn’t have to 8. mustn’t 9. mustn’t 10 don’t have to 12. 1. must 2. needn’t 3. needn’t 4. must 5. mustn’t 6. needn’t 7. needn’t 8. must ... mustn’t

9. needn’t ... must 13. 1. He needn’t have taken an umbrella. 2. She needn’t have bought any eggs. 3. You needn’t have shouted (at me). 4. He needn’t have sold his car. 5. We needn’t have taken the camera. 6. I needn’t have rushed/1 needn’t have hurried. 14. 1. should pass 2. should have come 3. should come 4. should do 5. should have done 6. should win 7. should have won 8. should be 9. should have arrived 15. 1. I shouldn’t have eaten so much. 2. He should be wearing a helmet. 3. We should have reserved a table. 4. The shop should be open. /The shop should have opened by now. or It

should... 5. She shouldn’t be driving so fast. or She shouldn’t be doing 50 miles an

hour. 6. You should have come to see me. 7. The driver in front shouldn’t have stopped without warning. 8. I should have been looking where I was going, or I should have looked

where I was going. 16. 1. We’d better take an umbrella. 2. You’d better put a plaster on it. 3. We’d better reserve a table./We’d better phone to reserve ... 4. You’d better not go to work. 5. I’d better pay the phone bill. or ... pay my phone bill. 6. I’d better not go out. 7. We’d better take a taxi … or ... get a taxi. 17. 1. ’d beetter 2. should 3. had better/’d better or should 4. should 5. should 6. had better/’d better 7. should 8. should 18. 1. It’s time the children were in bad. 2. had a holiday. 3. was here. 4. It’s time the train left. 5. It’s time I had a party.

6. It’s time some changes were made./It’s time there were some changes. 19. should, should, would, would, would, should, would, should, should, would,

should, would, should. 20. 1. needn’t 2. don’t have 3. used not to live/never lived 4. didn’t have 5.

haven’t 6. needn’t/don’t need to 7. can’t 8. Don’t be ... don’t feel 9. had better not ... isn’t 10. didn’t have 11. needn’t 12. used not to belong/never belonged 21.

1. Yes I must 2. Yes I did 3. Yes I did 4. Yes I was 5. Yes I do/Yes I must 6. Yes you must 7. Yes she did

22. No I didn’t 2. No I needn’t 3. No I haven’t 4. No he daren’t 5. No I didn’t 23. 1. I wouldn’t have done it if I had been you 2. You ought to have known better by then 3. The doctor said I was not to play ... 4. It must have been ... 5. He was to have sung ... last month 6. He would have done it yesterday if he had been able to 7. It was ... were able to go ... 8. You needn’t have done it then if you hadn’t wanted to 24. 1. You needn’t have been 2. I need not have marked 3. didn’t need to buy 4. did not need to write 5. needn’t have rushed 6. needn’t have worried 7. needn’t have spent 8. didn’t need to pay 9. didn’t need to get 10. needn’t have interrupted 11. didn’t need to buy 12. needn’t have paid 13. didn’t need to tell 14. needn’t have had 15. needn’t have got 25. 1. can I use; 2. was not; 3. can’t read; 4. may use; 5. might be; 6. had to

leave; 7. have to; 8. must tell; 9. could have helped you; 10. must be; 11. can sing; 12. could be; 13. should look; 14. can’t he?; 15. must have been; 16. couldn’t have destroyed; 17. they had to stay; 18. if they had to write; 19. managed to get; 20. must have been discussing.

26. 1. I could tell her the truth but I do not want to hurt her feelings. 1. You could have passed the exam with a higher mark, if you had studied

more. 2. Now I can listen to that song that I like so much. 3. I didn’t know I could eat in this room. 4. You needn’t have painted the door. Father had painted it before you

came back home from the seaside. 5. Andreea must take these medicines if she wants to get well in order to

be able to go to Bucharest.

6. It must be 6 o’clock. The sun is already shining. 7. They were not allowed to use the car. 8. The old woman said that it might rain the next day. 9. My friends must be surfing the Internet now. 10. You ought to have/should have waited for your grandmother at the

railway station. 11. Larry couldn’t have solved that problem because he didn’t have all the

necessary data in order to do that. 12. I would rather have coffee than orange juice. 13. The enemy might attack during the night. 14. Shall we go and tell him? 15. What can I say? Everything is over now. 16. This will never happen again. I promise you this. 17. I wish she would stop calling me during classes. 18. Nancy had to put all the files in order. 19. It’s impossible that he shouldn’t have written anything about his

discovery. We only have to start asking his friends. 27. 1. Do you think Andrew reached the top of the mountain by now? 1. Must he clean his rifle before leaving? 2. Not all the students will be able to speak English. 3. The soldier may not leave for Satu-Mare. 4. Do you think they will come to visit us? 5. Can he be sad? 6. Mary can’t be ill. 7. Do you think they will come back home safe and sound? 8. He had to write all those exercises. 9. It is not be likely for the teacher to give us the answers to the test. 28. 1. b; 2. c; 3. a; 4. b; 5. c; 6. c; 7. b; 8. b; 9. a; 10. c; 11. b; 12. c; 13. c;

14. a; 15. a; 16. c; 17. c; 18. a; 19. b; 20. b. 29. 1. They must talk to their boss. 2. They should tell him the truth. 3. Our neighbors must have been home as I saw their children playing

football in front of the house. 4. John might have missed the bus. 5. They can’t foresee what is going to happen. 6. You needn’t have gone to wait for him at the bus stop because his father

had also gone to wait for him. 7. Michael can’t have passed the Spanish exam because his parents say

that he has never studied Spanish. 8. I have to brush my teeth every night. 9. The politicians couldn’t prevent the crisis. 10. Shall I wear the blue dress or not? 30. 1. I used to visit her and I always wondered why she had those dreadful

pictures on the walls. She might have liked them. 2. During the gale the captain was on the bridge the whole time. He must

have been exhausted. 3. You needn’t have sent a telegram; a letter would have done. 4. You should have crossed the road by the subway. 5. He might have been mistaken. 6. You should have left a note.

7. I had my umbrella when I came out but I don’t have it now. I must have left it on the bus.

8. I’ve brought two bottles of milk. You needn’t have bought milk. We have heaps in our house.

9. I phoned you at nine this morning but got no answer. 10. I’m sorry. I must have been in the garden.

I’ve opened another bottle. You needn’t have done that. We’ve only just started this one.

11. Perhaps he swam across. No, he couldn’t have done that; he can’t swim.

12. You should have warned him that the ice was dangerous, but you didn’t. 31. 1. You shouldn’t have left yesterday without your coat. It’s no wonder you’ve

caught a cold. 2. “Somebody phoned at about two o’clock but I couldn’t get his name”. “It must have been my brother. He usually phones at that time”. 3. “The doctor was a thin man with white hair”. “Then it couldn’t have been Dr. Smith because he is short and fat. It must

have been Dr. Thomson”. 4. He should have checked the brakes before leaving. 5. “I saw a tiger in the woods yesterday”. “You couldn’t have seen a tiger. There are no tigers in our country”. 6. “Did you hear me when I came home last night?” “No I must have been asleep/have fallen asleep”. 7. “I told him to turn left and he immediately turned right”. “He must have not understood you”. 8. “I’ve finished watering the flowers”. “You needn’t have watered them. Look it’s raining now/how hard it’s

raining now”. 9. “The door was open”. “It couldn’t have been open. I locked it myself when I left”. 10. “We’ve sent for the doctor”. “You needn’t have sent for the doctor. I am perfectly all right”. 11. Should I have told you beforehand how the situation stood? 12. There must have been many bottles of wine in the cellar. How else could

he have served all his guests? 32. 1. request; 2. modal verb used in front of a verb of perception; 3. present

ability; 4. advice; 5. absence of necessity; 6. permission; 7. present habit; 8. certainty

33. 1. Yes, lack of necessity; No, refusal/impossibility; 3. No, prohibition or

obligation not to do something/lack o obligation or necessity; 4. Yes, future ability; 5. No, volition/advice, moral obligation; 6. No, lack of necessity/advice not to do something; 7. No, present prediction/certainty; 8. Yes, with a slight difference: offer to help/offer showing uncertainty of the speaker that this offer will be accepted.

34. 1. No, “might” is not used for permission … if I may; 2. No, “can” is not used for probability. She must be in the garden; 3. No, “might” is not used for ability. He could have done better; 4. Yes;

5. No. Drowning is always fatal. “Can” expressing possibility can not be used here;

6. No, “might” is not used for a wish. May the best of them …; 7. No, “wouldn’t” is used only for past unwillingness … won’t open; 8. “Shall” is not used for requests; “will is. Will you pay … 35. 1. a) possibility b) probability c) certainty; 2. a) necessity b) logical probability c) necessity; 3. a) advice b) expectation c) certainty. 36. a. 6 (a tooth); b. 8 (the wait or delay); c. 4 (rain); d. 5 (wind); e. 1 (the

verdict); f. 3 (a hotel room); g. 2 (your last drink); h. 7 (your intonation/spoken language).

37. a. I don’t suppose he will have/he’ll have the common sense to ask for

directions. b. I (very much) doubt (if/whether) the package will be here on Friday. c. I think that’s asking (or, that would be asking) too much of him. d. I suppose she could conceivably break the world record at the next

meeting. e. I think they ought to be able to achieve the task. (or: I don’t think the task

ought to be insurmountable for them/they ought to find the task insurmountable).

f. I think attitudes towards sunbathing may well have to change soon. g. Would you (perhaps) like us to pay the deposit for you? h. I don’t/can’t think (that) there will be any major problems. 38. a. Quite a lot must have been stolen for the bank to be offering a reward of

£50,000. b. It can’t have been a very exciting match for half the spectators to leave (or:

to have left) at half-time. c. It must be a good show for people to have traveled so far to see it. d. It must be a good school for there to be over sixty teachers working there. e. Something serious must have gone wrong for the boss to be ranting and

raving like a madman. f. It can’t have been a major operation for her to have been let out (or: for

them to have let her out) of hospital the following day. 39. 1. certainly; 2. likely; 3. possibly; 4. chance/possibility; 5. likelihood/chance; 6. will; 7. chances/prospects; 8. heading; 9. can’t; 10. doubt; 11. could/may/might/will/must; 12. bound/certain/sure/likely; 13. certain/unavoidable/inevitable; 14. well; 15. probability.

40. a. have had to cut; b. must introduce; c. had to climb/get in; d. will/may/might have to retire; e. would have to be a genius; f. would have had to work; g. must let; h. must be/must be sitting … will have to be deducted; i. have to have been working (or have to have worked); j. am/‘m having to spend (or am spending). 41. 1. a. have gone to so much trouble.

b. wasn’t necessary (for you) to go to so much trouble. 2. a. be allowed to talk (at all) during the

b. be observed during/throughout the examination 3. a. got to go now

b. stay any longer 4. a. better take some form of identification with her, hadn’t she?

b. best (or: a good idea) if she took some form of identification with her, mightn’t it?

5. a. be impossible for you ot go there without a visa after all (or: be necessary for you to have a visa to go there after all)

b. have to have/get a visa to go there after all 6. a. we better make our excuses and leave?

b. we make our excuses and leave? 42. a. if/whether it is within our capabilities to (or: if we will be able to) get the

company to change their stand; b. is (very) likely to take (or: is almost certain to take, will probably take)

industrial action; c. be taking it seriously because/as he’s just gone on holiday; d. (well) not be (or: be possible to avoid) a lengthy dispute; e. be possible apparently to find an early solution; f. are certainly facing (the possibility of) financial hardship; g. the bounds of possibility that the looming crisis will never/not actually

materialise; h. will not be surprised to learn that there’s strong pressure to call it off; i. must have been delayed for him to be so late; j. can’t/couldn’t have got the news from me as we haven’t spoken.

Bibliography

1. Alexander, L.G., English Grammar Practice for Intermediate Students, Essex, Longman, England, 1994

2. Bywater, F.V., A Proficiency Course in English with key, London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1986

3. Kenny, Nick, First Certificate – PassKey, Oxford, Heinemann ELT, 1996

4. Murphy, Raymond, English Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994

5. Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, A University Grammar of English, Essex, Longman, England, 1993

6. Side, Richard and Welman, Guy, Grammar and Vocabulary for Cambridge Advanced and Proficiency, Longman, 2001

7. Thompson, Martinet, Practical English Exercises, vol. I, II, Oxford University Press, 1994

8. Vince, Michael, Advanced Language Practice, Oxford, Heinemann ELT, 1994

9. West, Clare, Recycling Advanced English, Jersey, Georgian Press, 2000

10. West, Clare, Recycling Intermediate English, Jersey, Georgian Press, 1995

11. Zdrenghea, Mihai M. & Greere, Anca L., A Practical English Gramamar with Exercises, Cluj-Napoca, Clusium, 1997