English 306A; Harris - University of Waterlooraha/306a_web/F10Files/SyntaxF10.pdf · English 306A;...

1

English 306A; Harris 1

Syntax

Word patterns


Syntactic arguments

Syntactic form• Linear Sentence patterns• Grammatical roles• Phrase structure rules• Hierarchical structure

Syntactic functions• Event schemata• Semantic roles• “Energy” flow

N V

NP VP

S

Homer preens

Homer preensDOINGAgent: Homer


Linear Sequence

English basic sentence patterns (p.89)

V1

V2

V3

VCOP

VCOMP

VT-COMP

IntransitiveTransitiveDitransitiveCopulativeComplementTransitive-complement

1 argument (Subj)

2 arguments (Subj, DObj)

3 arguments (Subj, DObj, IObj)

2 arguments (Subj, Comp)

2 argument (Subj, Comp)

3 arguments(Subj, DObj, Comp)

2


S → NP VP

Homer preens.Homer loves his blanket.

Homer throws the dog a bone.

Homer is incredibly sexy.Homer goes to the bar.

Homer throws a bone to the dog.

V1

V2

V3

VCOP

VCOMP

VT-COMP

NPs VPs


S → NP VP

Homer preens.Homer loves his blanket.

Homer throws the dog a bone.

Homer is incredibly sexy.Homer goes to the bar.

Homer throws a bone to the dog.

V1

V2

V3

VCOP

VCOMP

VT-COMP

NPs VPs

NPs

AP

PPs


Basic English phrase structureS →

NP →

AP →

PP →

VP →

NP VP

(Det) (AP)* N (PP)

(Deg) A

P NP

(Aux) V (NP) (NP) (PP)*VPCOP → (Aux) VCOP AP

NPPP

3


Phrase Structure Rules

X → Y X “is a” Y

X Y X precedes Y(X) X is optionalX* X iterates: 1 - ∞ XsX X or YY


S → NP VP

Phrase Structure Rules

Hierarchy

Linear Sequence


Structural analysis

Adjective

blackboard

Noun

Noun

black boardN

NP

A

Lexical Syntactic

AP

4


Phrase structure

Syntactic analysis

N

NP

Det A

the black board

AP


Phrase structure

Syntactic analysis

N

NP

Deg A

the black boardvery

Det

AP


Homer is sexy

Sexy Homer

5


Linear Sequence

Sexy Homer

N VCOP Adj

Homer is sexy


Hierarchy

Sexy Homer

N VCOP Adj

NP

AP

VPCOP

Homer is sexy


Hierarchy

Sexy Homer

N VCOP Adj

NP

AP

VPCOP

S

Homer is sexy

6


Hierarchy

Sexy Homer

N VCOP Adj

NP

AP

VPCOP

S Copular verb phrase

Homer is sexy


Hierarchy

Sexy Homer

N VCOP N

NP

NP

VPCOP

S Copular verb phrase

Homer is a sexpotDet


Hierarchy

Sexy Homer

N VCOP N

NPPP

VPCOP

S

Homer is in troubleP

NP

Copular verb phrase

7


Linear Sequence

The preening Homer

Homer preens


Linear Sequence

The preening Homer

N V

Homer preens


Hierarchy

The preening Homer

N V

NP VP

Homer preens

8


Hierarchy

The preening Homer

N V

NP VP

S

Homer preens


Hierarchy

The preening Homer

N V

NP VP

S

Homer preens

Intransitive verb phrase


Linear Sequence

The loving Homer

Homer loves his blanket

9


Linear Sequence

The loving Homer

N V Det N



Hierarchy

The loving Homer

N V Det N

NP NP



Hierarchy

The loving Homer

N V Det N

NP

VP

NP


10


Hierarchy

The loving Homer

N V Det N

NP

VP

S

NP



Hierarchy

The loving Homer

N V Det N

NP

VP

S

NP


Transitive verb phrase


Linear Sequence

Homer’s eating habits

The big bald guy eats crap

11


Linear Sequence


N VDet NAdjAdj



Hierarchy


N VDet NAdjAdj

NPAP AP

NP



Hierarchy


N VDet NAdjAdj

VP

NPAP AP

NP


12


Hierarchy


N VDet NAdjAdj

NPAP AP

NP VP

S



Structural ambiguity

I saw the man from the store.1. I was in the store, I looked out the window, and I saw the man:

“from the store” modifies ‘saw’.2. The man is associated with the store, and I saw him: “from the

store” modifies ‘the man’.


Structural ambiguitySame linear sequence, different hierarchy

I saw the man from the store.

Pro

NP

V

VP

N

PP

S

P Det NDet

I saw the man from the store.

Pro V N P Det NDet

NP NP

NP

NPNP

VP

PP

S

13


Pro

NP

V

VP

S

Pro V

NP

NP

NP

VP

PP

S

I saw the man from the store. I saw the man from the store.



I saw the man from the store. I saw the man from the store.

Subject Object Comp. Subject Object


Patient PatientLocation


Sentences

Homer preens.Homer loves his blanket.Homer eats.Homer eats crap.The fat bald guy eats crap.The fat bald guy eats vast quantities of

artery-hardening crap.The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone.

14


Verbs


artery-hardening crap.The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone .


Arguments


artery-hardening crap.The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone.

V1V2

V1V2

V2

V2

V3


Sentences

Homer is sexy.Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.Homer is in the kitchen.Homer goes to the bar.The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper.Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.Bart throws a bone to the dog

15


Verbs

Homer is sexy.Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.Homer is in the kitchen.Homer goes to the bar.The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper.Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.Bart throws a bone to the dog.


Arguments

Homer is sexy.Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.Homer is in the kitchen.Homer goes to the bar.The collar belongs to Santa’s Little Helper.Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.Bart throws a bone at the dog.

VCOPVCOP

VCOPVCOMP

V2

VT-COMP

VT-C0MP


Semantic roles


Patient Essive

16


Semantic roles


Patient Essive


Semantic roles


Patient Essive


Semantic roles


Agent Goal

17



Semantic roles

Patient Possessor


Semantic roles


PatientAgent Receiver


Semantic roles


PatientAgent Goal

18


Semantic Roles

The entity who possesses something.Possessor

The time an event occursTime

The entity undergoing the action; the object of the experiencePatient

The route over which movement happensPathThe end point for a movementGoalThe starting point for a movementSource

Anything predicated by the (main) verb “to be”Essive

The place an event happensLocation

The entity that receives something from the actionReceiverThe entity that experiences the stateExperiencer

The entity that performs the actionAgent

DefinitionRole


Event schemata

BeingHappeningDoingExperiencingHavingMovingTransferring Com

plex

Simple

x


Semantic Roles

Time

BEING, HAPPENING, DOING, EXPERIENCING, HAVING, MOVING, TRANSFERRINGPatient

PathGoal MOVING, TRANSFERRING

Source

BEINGEssiveHAVING, TRANSFERRINGPossessor

ALLLocation

TRANSFERRINGReceiverEXPERIENCINGExperiencer

DOING, MOVING, TRANSFERRINGAgent

Event SchemataRole

19


Simplex event schemata

BeingHappeningDoingExperiencingHaving

E.g.sHomer is large.Homer is a safety inspector.Homer is in the shower.

Complements

Subjects

Subject NP ≈ PatientComplement ≈ Essive

Essives

Patients

VCOP


Subject NP ≈ Patient

E.g.sHomer fell.Homer ages.Homer stumbled.



Subjects

Patients

V1




Subject NP ≈ Agent

E.g.sHomer eats.Homer yells.

Subjects

Agents

V1

20




Subject NP ≈ Agent(Object NP ≈ Patient)

E.g.sHomer eats.Homer yells.Homer catches Bart.Homer kissed Marge.

Subjects

Agents Objects

Patients

V1

V2

Subjects

Agents




Subject NP ≈ Experiencer(Object NP ≈ Patient)

E.g.sHomer laments.Homer loathes Flanders.Homer saw Chief Wiggum.

V1

V2


(Contrast: Homer watched ChiefWiggum.)



Subject NP ≈ Experiencer(Object NP ≈ Patient)

E.g.sHomer laments.Homer loathes Flanders.Homer saw Chief Wiggum.

Subjects

ExperiencerObjects

Patients

V1

V2

21


Subject NP ≈ PossessorObject NP ≈ Patient

E.g.sHomer has three kids.Homer has a keen sense of smell.Homer has chicken pox.Homer owns a dog.Homer possesses a hatbox.



Subjects

Possessors Objects

Patients

V2


Complex event schemata

Simplex occurrence (Happening orDoing) with explicit reference tomotion.

Start = SourceEnd = GoalRoute = Path

MovingHappening/Doing

Transferring



Simplex occurrence (Happening orDoing) with explicit reference tomotion.

Happening + Source/Path/GoalDoing + Source/Path/Goal

MovingHappening/Doing

Transferring

22



Happening + Source/Path/Goal

Subj NP ≈ PatientComplements ≈ Source, Path, Goal

MovingHappening

Transferring



Happening + Source/Path/Goal

E.g.sHomer staggered home.Homer staggered home from

Apu’s.Homer staggered home, down

the sidewalk from Apu’s.

MovingHappening

Transferring



Happening + Source/Path/GoalMovingHappening

Transferring

Homer staggered home, down the sidewalk from Apu’s.Patient SourcePathGoal

23



Doing + Source/Path/Goal

E.g.sHomer climbed out of the window.Homer climbed up Mount

Splashmore from base campto the summit.

Homer ran screaming across theback yard to Flander’s.

MovingDoing

Transferring



Doing + Source/Path/GoalMovingDoing

Transferring

Homer ran screaming across the back yard to Flander’s.Agent Path Goal



Having Moving+MovingTransferring

A complexschema already

Happening or Doing+ Source/Path/Goal

MovingDoing

MovingHappening

24



E.g.Bart found a wallet.Homer won $1.76 from the

Springfield Lottery Corporation.

Having MovingHappening+MovingTransferring

VT-COMP

V2



E.g.Homer won $1.76 from the SLC.

Possessor

GoalReceiver

Having:

Moving:Happening:

Possessor

SourcePatient

Patient

PatientPatient

Having MovingHappening+MovingTransferring

VT-COMP



E.g.Homer sold the dog.Homer sold the dog to Moe.

Having MovingDoing+MovingTransferring

VT-COMP

V2

25



E.g.Homer sold the dog.


Possessor PatientSource Patient

Having:Moving:

Agent PatientDoing:



E.g.Homer sold the dog to Moe.



Having:Moving:

Agent PatientDoing:

Possessor

GoalReceiver



E.g.Homer sold Moe the dog.



Having:Moving:

Agent PatientDoing:

PossessorGoal

Receiver

26



E.g.Homer told his wife a story.



Having:Moving:

Agent PatientDoing:

PossessorGoal

Receiver


Homer sold Moe the dog. Homer sold the dog to Moe.

VT-COMPV3

N V Det N

NP

VP

S

Homer sold Moe the dog Homer sold the dog to Moe

N

NP NP

N V Det N

NP

VP

S

N

NPNP

P

PP

Transferring

Subject D-ObjectI-Object Subject CompD-ObjectPossessor PatientSource PatientAgent Patient

PossessorGoal

Receiver

Possessor PatientSource PatientAgent Patient

PossessorGoal

Receiver


Syntax

The sentencethe verb and its argumentsthe subject and the predicate phrase

Event schematasimplexcomplex (simplex + relocation)semantic roles

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