NATIONAL UNIVERSITY CHIMBORAZO

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

CIVIL SCHOOL

Topic: Summary of the units 4,5,6 and

AUTHOR: Junior Chávez

RIOBAMBA - ECUADOR

Unit 4

As far as I know, your are talking about to tenses:

To be going to + verb = Ir a + verbo -> Futuro inmediato

To be + gerund = Estar + gerundio -> presente continuo

Your confusion comes when using the gerund of verb "to go" in P.Cont.

I go to the movies -> I am going to the movies -> Estoy yendo al cine

You are expresing a current action. Here, "to go" has the sense movement;

it's not working as an auxilar verb but the main verb of the phrase.

I will go to the movies -> I am going to go to the movies -> Voy a ir al cine.

I will eat a sandwich -> I am going to eat a sandwich -> Voy a comerme un

1.- Present Continuous

Describe una acción que va a tener lugar en un futuro más o menos inmediato, pero que la decisión de realizarla fue tomada en el pasado.

Next Monday I am flying to Paris

(La decisión de volar a París no la he tomado justo en este momento sino que

ya lo había decidido con anterioridad)

Con un sentido similar se podría utilizar la expresión "going to...".

Next Monday I am going to fly to Paris

No obstante entre el "present continuous" y "going to..." hay algunas diferencias:

a) El "present continuous" se prefiere en aquellas acciones que han sido ya

programadas del tipo, reuniones, viajes, fiestas, etc, en las que hay que

poner de acuerdo a otras personas.

b) La expresión "going to..." se utiliza principalmente cuando se quiere resaltar la voluntad del emisor. Este está plenamente decidido a realizar esa acción por lo que hay muchas probabilidades de que se lleve a cabo. Posiblemente el emisor haya realizado ya alguna actuación encaminada a ejecutar la acción.

This evening I am going to the see the match between Real Madrid and Barcelona.

Unit 5

Use 1: Past actions that are now finished

The first use of the Past Simple to express actions that happened at a specific time in the past. The actions can be short or long.

John cut his finger last week. short I went to college 3 years ago. long He ate the dinner 1 hour ago. short I slept well last night. long

Use 2: Situation in the past

Another use of this tense is talk about situations in the past. I lived in New York for 10 years (I don't live there anymore).

Use 3: A series of actions in the past

The Past Simple can also be used with a few actions in the past happening one after another.

He entered a room, lit a cigarette and smiled at the guests.

What are determiners?

A determiner is used to modify a noun. It indicates reference to something

specific or something of a particular type. This function is usually performed by articles, demonstratives, possessive determiners, or quantifiers.

Determiners vs pronouns

Determiners are followed by a noun.

The man This book Some people

Subject pronouns ( I , you , he , etc.) and possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, etc.) cannot be determiners because they can never be followed by a noun.

Types of determiners

Articles

The definite and indefinite articles are all determiners.

Definite article - the

Indefinite article - a or an (a is used before a consonant sound; an is

used before a vowel sound.)

Examples:

Close the door, please. I've got a friend in Canada.

Unit 6

There is/There are is a common phrase in English, used to indicate that

something "exists"or is in a certain location. The main subject follows the

verb when there is/are is used.

There is an apple on the table.

There are some apples on the table.

Other forms of "be" can also be used with there is/there are.

There will be a party at Bill's house on Saturday.

There were four witnesses at the crime scene.

There have been two robberies in the last five months.

Contractions are possible, but they are mostly used informally in speech.

There's a fly in my soup.

There're plenty of oranges left.

There'll be a lot of people in attendance.

There's is by far the most common contraction, and it is sometimes used

inadvertently with plural subjects by native speakers.

There's ten people outside!

Asking people to do things (requests)

We often use can or could to ask people to do things:

Can you wait a moment, please? or Could you wait a moment, please?

Liz, can you do me a favour? Excuse me, could you tell

me how to get to the station?

I wonder if you could help me.

Note that we say ‘Do you think (you) could…?’ (not usually ‘can’):

Do you think you could lend

me some money until next

week?

We also use will and would to ask people to do things (but can/could are more usual):

Liz, will you do me a favour? Would you please be quiet? I'm trying to concentrate.

Asking for things

To ask for something we use Can I have…? or Could I have…?:

(in a shop) Can I have these postcards, please?

(during a meal) Could I have the salt, please?

May I have…? is also possible (but less usual):

May I have these postcards, please?

Asking for and giving permission

To ask for permission to do something, we use can, could or may:

(on the phone) Hello, can I speak to Tom, please?

‘Could I use your phone?’ ‘Yes, of course.’

Do you think I could borrow your bike?

‘May I come in?’ ‘Yes, please do.’

To give permission, we use can or may.

You can use the phone. or You may use the phone.

May is formal and less usual than can or could.

Offering to do things.

Unit 7

We use the to-infinitive:

• to express purpose (to answer "Why...?"):

He bought some flowers to give to his wife. He locked the door to keep everyone out.

We sometimes say in order to or in order not to:

We set off early in order to avoid the traffic. They spoke quietly in order not to wake the children

… or we can say so as to or so as not to:

We set off early so as to avoid the traffic. They spoke quietly so as not to wake the children.

• after certain verbs (see verbs followed by infinitive), particularly verbs of thinking and feeling:

choose, decide, expect, forget, hate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, mean, plan, prefer, remember, want, would like, would love

… and verbs of saying:

agree, promise, refuse

They decided to start a business together.

Remember to turn the lights out.

Some verbs are followed by a direct object and the infinitive(see verbs followed by infinitive):

advise, ask, encourage, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, warn, expect, intend, would prefer, want, would like

She reminded me to turn the lights out. He encouraged his friends to vote for him.