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English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

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Comparing results and predic2ons of different surveillance approaches for Lyme borreliosis Canine seroprevalence in New Brunswick as a case study Dr. Vett Lloyd Mt. Allison University
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Page 1: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

Comparing  results  and  predic2ons  of  different  surveillance  approaches  for  Lyme  borreliosis  Canine  seroprevalence  in  New  Brunswick  as  a  case  study  

   

Dr. Vett Lloyd

Mt. Allison University

Page 2: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

Faculty/Presenter  Disclosure  •  Faculty:    Ve3  Lloyd  

•  Rela2onships  with  commercial  interests:  –  Grants/Research  Support:  NSERC  –  Speakers  Bureau/Honoraria:  Academic  only  –  Consul2ng  Fees:  None  –  Other:  Employee  of  Mt.  Allison  University  

 

Page 3: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

Disclosure  of  Commercial  Support  •  This  program  has  received  financial  support  from  NSERC  in  the  form  of  

Discovery  Grant,  MITACS  grant.  

•  Poten2al  for  conflict(s)  of  interest:  •   None  

 

Page 4: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

MiHgaHng  PotenHal  Bias  

•  NSERC  does  not  dictate  or  prescribe  research  results.      

Page 5: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

Content:    1.  Different  surveillance  approaches  and  the  role  of  canine  seroprevalence  studies  

2.  Canine  seroprevalence  in  New  Brunswick  

.    Surveillance  of  Hcks  in  New  Brunswick,  2012-­‐1015.  Julie  Lewis,  Ve3  Lloyd.  Unpublished.    

Lyme  disease  risk  in  Dogs  in  New  Brunswick  Natalie  K.  Bjurman1,  Gina  Bradet2,  Ve3  K.  Lloyd1,3  CVJ,  in  press  

Page 6: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

Surveillance  for  2cks  and  2ck-­‐vectored  diseases    

November  3rd  2014  

AcHve  Hck  surveillance  

Canine  seroprevalence    

Passive  Hck  surveillance  

Human  case  reports  

Labour  intensive  and  expensive  Low  sensiHvity  

Under-­‐reporHng  

Used  extensively  in  US,  Europe  and  Asia  Limited  use  in  Canada  PaHcularly  useful  in  areas  of  emerging  risk  

Page 7: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

h3p://www.express.co.uk/news/nature/439432/Mystery-­‐of-­‐killer-­‐canine-­‐disease-­‐spreading-­‐from-­‐the-­‐New-­‐Forest  

Why  this  works:  

h3p://www.dog-­‐care-­‐knowledge.com/dog-­‐Hck-­‐removal.html  

h3p://www.wellcomeimageawards.org/2014/Hck-­‐sucking-­‐blood-­‐from-­‐human-­‐leg  

Humans  and  dogs  get  Lyme  disease  in  the  same  way  

Page 8: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

Advantages  –informaHon  on  canine  Lyme  is  rouHnely  collected  by  veterinary  clinics  using  standardized  and  validated  methodologies.  It  is  freely  available  on  line  which  is  valuable  for  public  awareness  and  educaHon.    

Pet  Disease  Report  -­‐  IDEXX  h3p://www.petdiseasereport.com/content/prevmap.aspx?currentprev=LS  

Page 9: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

New  Brunswick  as  a  case  study  on  the  use  of  canine  seroprevalence  as  a  predictor  of  human  Lyme  disease  risk  

Page 10: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

Why  New  Brunswick?  

Leiske,  D  and  V.  Lloyd  –  in  review  

Surveillance  of  Hcks  in  New  Brunswick,  2012-­‐1015.  Julie  Lewis,  Ve3  Lloyd.  Unpublished.    

Page 11: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

Why  •  Live  with  humans  •  Robust  immune  response  

•  When  ill,  similar  clinical  manifestaHons  of  disease  (symptoms)  ie  arthriHs,  lameness,  and  neurological  disease    

•  InfecHon  detected  with  commercial  kits  

Methods  

nutrasilver.com  

How  •  Recruitment  of  veterinary  clinics  •  100  canine  blood  samples  for  each  of  

the  7  NB  health  districts  •  Tested  699  samples  using  IDEXX  

Snap4Dx+C6  ELISA  and  immunoblot  •  Risk  factor  correlaHon  

Borrelia  infec2on  (Lyme  disease  risk)  in  Dogs  in  New  Brunswick  Natalie  K.  Bjurman1,  Gina  Bradet2,  Ve3  K.  Lloyd1,3  

Page 12: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

Results  

Rapid  recent  increase  in  canine  seroposi2vity  (6  fold  in  6  years)    Western  blohng  results  were  generally  consistent  with  C6  ELISAs  but  both  tests  had  false  posiHves  and  possibly  false  negaHves    There  is  no  accepted  algorithm  for  interpretaHon  of  western  blots  and  posiHve/negaHve  calls  varied  by  algorithm  

Page 13: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd
Page 14: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

So  what  does  this  mean  for  humans?  

1:6  raHo  of  human:dog  infecHons  

6,475  humans  with  Lyme  

New  Brunswick  Public  Health    

 5  

Page 15: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

Re-­‐assessment  approach  

ProporHon  of  infected  Hcks  (I)  

Number  of  infected  humans  

X   X   =  x  

x  

x  

x  x   x  x   x  

ProporHon  engorging  on  humans(F)  

Number  of  Hck  bites  (T)  

Page 16: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

X   X   =  x  

x  

x  

x  x   x  x   x  

ProporHon  of  infected  Hcks  (I)  

ProporHon  engorging  on  dogs  (F)  

Number  of  Hck  bites  (T)   Number  of  infected  dogs  

Page 17: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

Propor2on  of  infected  2cks  -­‐  I  

I  =  0.123  (NML  low  value  .068,  high  value  .159)    

Ogden  et  al.  2006  Dibernardo  et  al  2014  Lewis  and  Lloyd  (in  prep)    1990-­‐2003  2012              2014    151    364              536    15.9%    6.8%              12.3%        

year  

Number  tested  

%  infecHon  

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Propor2on  of  fed  2cks  -­‐  F  

F  =  0.614  /0.08  (humans)  or  0.974/.60  (dogs)  

0  

1  

2  

3  

4  

5  

6  

7  

8  

9  

10  

0   2   4   6   8   10  

BL/SL  ra2o

 

BW/SW  ra2o  

NB  2014  Hcks  

Literature  

Tick  size  vs  2me  feeding  

72hrs  

0-­‐24h   19  1-­‐2  days   1  2-­‐3  days   3  3+  days   2  

0-­‐24h   25  1-­‐2  days   18  2-­‐3  days   97  3+  days   208  

humans   dogs  

Page 19: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

x  

x  

x  

x  x   x  x   x  

Number  of  2ck  bites  -­‐  T  

2014  -­‐  111,677  dogs  in  NB  -­‐      6,700  (6%)  Borrelia  seroposiHve    

Ipsos-­‐Forward  on  behalf  of  the  Canadian  Animal  Health  InsHtute  (h3p://www.cahi-­‐icsa.ca/companion-­‐animal-­‐health/    and  StaHsHcs  Canada    

To  produce  6,700  Borrelia  seroposiHve  dogs  with  a  Hck  infecHon  rate  of  12.3%  and  with  60%  fed  3+  days  gives  an  esHmated  90,786  2ck  bites    

Adjustments:    Average  1.33  Hcks/dogs  (so  more  Hck  bites)  Not  all  Hcks  found  by  dog  owners  (so  more  Hck  bites)  Tick  infecHon  rate  can  reflect  infecHon  acquired  from  host  so  infecHon  rate  could  really  be  11.56%  –  so  more  Hck  bites  

Part  1.  Dogs  

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Part  2.  Extrapola2ng  dog  to  human  2ck  bites:    

Number  of  2ck  bites  -­‐  T  

To  what  extent  does  a  Hck  prefer  a  dog  to  a  human?    

This  can  be  esHmated  from  return  rates  from  passive  surveillance  programmes  or  from  the  literature.    

h3p://www.feathersandfleece.com/gpage13.htmlfgfr  

     NB  Hcks  from  humans  NB  Hcks  from  dogs  Dibernardo  et  al  (2014)    123      187    Lewis  and  Lloyd  (in  prep)  25        429    

     148      616  

19.4%  of  Hcks  on  humans  vs  dogs  Lindenmeyer  et  al  1991  :human:dog  Hck  raHo  of  1:6  (14.3%)    

This  gives  us  an  esHmate  of  19.4%  x  90786  dog  Hck  bites  17,612  human  2ck  bites  (T).      

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So  what  does  this  mean  for  humans?  

Lindenmeyer  et  al  1991  6,475  humans  with  Lyme  

5  New  Brunswick  Public  Health  

LB  =  I  x  F  x  T(h)  MulHplied  by  the  infecHon  rate  (I)  of  12.3%  and  probability  of  a  Hck  on  a  human  having  fed  3+  days  (F),  8%  

173  predicted  human  infecHons  in  NB  in  2014.    (ConservaHve  esHmate)  

Page 22: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

Discrepancies:      TesHng  at  the  Hme  of  Hck  bite    Lyme  diagnosis  not  considered    Under-­‐reporHng    Single  Her  vs  two  Hered  tesHng    SensiHvity  of  tesHng    Perdurance  of  canine  seroposiHvity    

IDEXX  tech  notes  

Page 23: English: Dr. Vett Lloyd

Conclusions  

Canine  seroposi2vity  surveillance  is  a  powerful  complement  to  2ck  surveillance  approaches    •  Inexpensive  (as  it  is  already  

being  done)  

•  Standardized  methodologies  

•  NaHonal  infrastructure  in  place  

•  Directly  relevant  to  humans  

•  InsensiHve  to  problems  with  Hck  endemnicity  


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