English Exam Review:Key TermsAssonance takes place when two or more words close to one another repeat the same vowel sound but start with different consonant soundsFor example:

• "men sell the wedding bells."

• "I feel depressed and restless"

• "Go and mow the Lawn" Consonants: Resemblance of sounds between words

• Example: Shelly sells shells by the seashore Alliteration: repetition of consonants Example: "But a better butter makes a batter better

• "American Airlines

• "Park Place"

• "Best buy"

Accent: basically a rhyme, anything that is stressed. Blank verse: NO fix number of lines. No rhyme- also known an rhyming iambic pentameter. No rules- used for verse drama. Rebel, breaks the rules. 10 syllables each line, but no rhythm. Free Verse: Rhythmical but not metrical. Does not follow a proper rhyme scheme. No artificial constraints. More of a rebel than Blank verse because its FREEEE! Caesura: stop or pause within a line

• Example: "I heard a Fly buzz-(<--Caesura) When I died- (<---Enjambment) Enjambment: runs over of a sentence from one verse to the next. Hence it does not stop. Sometimes dashes sometimes it just carries over. No periods. ("I heard a Fly Buzz") Usually doesn't have a punctuation mark at all. Not complete thought. Like a broken sentence

• "The woods were littered with leaves of gold

• Glistening in the crescent moon"

End stop: Similar to enjambment but with punctuation. Conclusion of thought.

• Example:

• The woods were littered with leaves of gold.

• A crescent moon shone down and the leaves glistened. Chiasmus: 2 or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structure in order. Mixes order or ideas.

• "Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You."

• "You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget" Couplet: 2 lines that rhyme Euphony: Pleasing harmony of sounds - lyrical poetry

• Loveliness in the sounds created • Dylan Thomas poem - Do Not Go Gentle into the Night • Can be used with other literary devices- alliteration, assonance, rhyme • Emily Dickenson,• John Keats

Foot: Iamb(Unstressed/stressed) Example:

• "The Way a Crow

• Shook Down on me" Trochee Example: opposite of Iamb (stressed/unstressed)

• -Happy

• -Hammer Dactyl: Da-da-da- (/ UU)

• Carefully,• Changeable• Merrily

Anapest: (UU/)• Understand • Interrupt• Comprehend• Get a life• In the blink of an eye

• Contradict

Spondee: (//)• Football• Shortcake• Child hood• Break down

Pyrrhic: ??? Mock- Heroic

• Something that could be funny but treating it as serious• Example

Hyperbole: Exaggeration!!! Example:

• "Thou shalt die"

• "I had to wait eternity" Hypermetric: a verse with one or more syllables? Line: often addressed to the reader Lyric: Song lyric. Expression of personal feelings Metaphor: comparison made literally by a word or less obviously by a combination of adjectives and nouns.

• Comparison without like or as.

• " beauty is truth, truth beauty"

Simile: comparison using like or as (I wandered Lonely as a cloud) Meter: rhythm of verse. Example Iambic pentameter ??? Odmadpeia Onamadapia:" I heard a fly buzz" Oxymoron: Seems almost like a contradiction. Keats was known for using it.Examples:

• "Sweet unrest" • " seriously funny"• "Tragic comedy"• "Oh heavy lightness, serious vanity"• "Oh loving hate" Shakespeare

Persona: speaker of a poem. Narrating voice

Personification: Giving human like characteristics • "Dancing Daffodil"• " Waves waved" • -Poem: "I wandered lonely as a cloud"

Rhyme: Cloud, crowd. Hills, daffodils, trees and breeze

• Email Prof- is the sheet the only terms we need to know

Sonnets: 14 lines, iambic pentameter Stress: syllable uttered in a higher pitch than others Stanza: a group of verse separated from other groups verse Villanelle: consists of 5 3 lines stanza, quatrain (four lines), possessing only 2 rhymes repeating the first.

• Elaborates scheme of rhyme and line repetition; two rhymed sounds (a and b), two repeated rhymed lines (A1 and A2). Exact same line is repeated. (A1s = repetition of the same line, same as A2)• No formally dictated metre, though usually in a "song-like" trimeter, tetrameter, or pentameter • Think Chorus in a song

Exam review short stories

"The Swimmer"

Characters:• Neddy Merill• Lucinda Merill• "Lucinda river"

Synopsis• Starts on a Sunday afternoon• Goes from pool to pool which he titled the "Lucinda river" after his wife• A lot of his friends left him, house is sold, drinking problem, lack of memory. • Turning point: is when Neddy realizes he is out of sync with the world.• Gap between perception and how the world really is.•

The Purloined Letter: Edgar Allen Poe• Dark gothic style• Detective fiction

Characters:• Prefect police/ logical thinking - is the detective

• Dupin - finds the letter- listening to the story, acting like he didn't know where the letter was. • Criminal and detective contrast each other- criminal is very smart, detective - very thorough (took apart chairs).• Letter was in the minster's apartment in plain sight. Dupin found it in a letter holder in plain sight.

Main theme: differing types of intelligence. Battle of wits. About stealing a letter from the queen. Family Furnishings: Alice Monroe

• Very different from the swimmer• Everyday life• Relationships with memory.

Synopsis:• Gaze on the own narrator• She became a story teller• Story is about how she remembers things, and fictionalizes things also•

Characters • Main character: Narrator?• AlFreda - Family Friend

Themes:

• Home• Prosperity • Mortality• Alcoholism • Separating truth from fiction• Reality/ perspective

The Yellow Wall Paper: Charlotte Perkins Gilman• Gothic narrative• Feminist social reformer - feminist activism • About depression/ nervous conditions/ mental illness• Response to the way these kinds of illnesses (women's mental illnesses) were "treated with a male dominated medical system. • 19th century medical practise• Hysteria - was always a condition for women and story responds time period

Main characters:• John: husband - Also doctor who constrained her. • Women in the wall

• Nurse- sister- in- law Themes:Setting: Nursery/ also medicalConflation: mixing and bringing together of two separate things together.

Two figures were put together (husband and doctor)Male authority - creeps into the women's perspective of selfFemale voice is silenced by domineering male voice/ perspective

Nursery/ mental hospital/ prison: all become oneIn the end the narrator and the women become one

Images:• Wall papers vs written paper• Wall paper took on personality/ living paper/ came to life. As wallpaper becomes a character, she begins to detach herself from forms of authority (John). She perceives the women in the wallpaper and then trusts her husband less and less. • Privacy of the dead paper relieves her. • John prevents her from writing - "he hates me write anything"• Women was creeping • Dead paper no feeling

Ice wagon going down the Street: Mavis Gallant Characters

• Peter: main character• Sheila: is his wife. They have a falling out and are eventually not together • Agnes: office women

Synopsis: • About his wife a lot at first and then about how Peter moves, gets another job and then the story focuses more about Agnes. • Sheila was all about a lot of impression. Dressing like a queen. Trying to impress people. • Peter has constantly switched jobs.• Memories of marriage are scattered and that is why the story jumps around also. • Agnes- first thing that comes to his mind is her gender and he thinks of her as a girl not a women. • Agnes thought something romantically had happened between them, however "nothing" happened, although audience is left guessing.• Transformation: originally he was all worried about how he thought of himself and then by the end he is interested in how Agnes sees him. • Why title could be seen as acceptable- Peter is generating fiction/ thoughts that she might have had back in Saskatchewan

Why I live at the P.O: Eudora Welty • Regional writing

• Colloquial voice - a kind of language that mimics every day speech. • Author got idea because of a photograph that she took during the depression in the back of a room. • First person narrative

Distinctive characteristics of writing style• Shows the way people talk defines where they were raised, class status, level of education.• Author could have used correct grammar but chose not to, to convey the characters level of education and socioeconomic situation. This is also called region speech

Character:• Stella-Rondo: marriage - the child, who the daddy was? Family accepted it, while sister didn't. • Papa Daddy: • Uncle: • Sister: doesn't have a name. nothing except position in the family

Story considers

• 2 layers of truth- tension between the spoken and unspoken. Structures of family life. • "I Looked like this" (we don't know what they mean by this, but it is very expressive. Something beyond the language said. She doesn't fill the details for us, so that the readers must fill in the blank• Interaction between family and character. They do not believe sister, which makes her leave. The mother exhibits stiffness towards her.• Significance of post office: gateway to the outside world. Family lived only within the home. It is an isolated spot. • The main question is whether or not she was exiled or she choose it.• And although she says she is happy to be from them, we aren't sure because she has only found isolation and quiet. • Underlying method: What is said is not always the whole truth. • The family is bound by a particulate narrative and doesn't like questions. It is almost like the family knows it is not her child but would rather except it than explain otherwise.• Character/ sister wants to ask questions, but is silenced so she leaves.• Stella-Rondo lies throughout

Borders: Thomas King

Main characters:Laetitia: main character. Left traditional home to go to Salt Lake city.Her mom: secondary characterNarrator: Little boy, still in native character Summary:

• About them crossing the national border and not able to because she doesn't claim that she is Canadian or American but "Blackfoot". S

• Laetitia: originally she was just saying that she wanted to go, but her little brother told the mom, so she felt like she had to (because of pride). Her mom didn't want her to go. • Difficulties between countries• Until it was a big publicized deal/ the news came.

Sunrise on the Veld: Doris Lessing• She became a social and political activist.• Post colonial English

Veld is an open area where the animals grazeAfrikaans: is a language spoken by certain African in south Africa. Story reflects itself with the Afrikaans language The instance of the boy finding a dying buck was something that happened locally, but, it had a universal meaning that everyone in the world can relate to.Everyone dies.The story is about the circle of life Narrative of maturation: 15 year old boy is the main character.Goes from total self- absorption, total optimism of future to arrival at a place where those feelings are compromised. MASSIVE TRANSFORMATIONSimilar to the story with Peter.Boy was all about himself, and then realized that his actions have consequences. Process of being mature.Adolescents and transformation.Story establishes a colonial context. Not just about growing up but about a white British colonist. The character is a model of imperial subjectivity. Presented as an individual and Boy reflects the overall imperial power which comes in and does not consider the effects of their actions on the people Myth:

• Metamorphosis- character is beautiful only loves himself and is punished by a goddess to only repeat what other people say.

Expression of superhuman strength- total ability - total power. And always about "I/ him" Dying of the buck forced him to come to the realization that he couldn't stop the situation. So he felt weak and became angry that this is the way people are. And his character felt empathy for the first time.The buck destabilizes and confuses the character At the end he is a new character. In the beginning he is narcissist and ends on empathy.

Exam Review: Poems

POETRY!!The Red Wheel Barrow: William Carlos Williams

• Imagism is Minimalism opposite • Poem is focused on one point- images• The structure of the written poem looks like wheelbarrows. • The word wheelbarrow is being broken in half in order to fit the poems structure• The Stanza resemble wheelbarrows. • Color- Red(wheelbarrow) and white(chickens) are contrasted• The number of words per line stay the same throughout.• The mysterious line - "So much depends upon" questions are raised as to what the author is talking about. What depends on it?

Poetry: Marianne Moore

• There are short lines that display visual images• Everyday functions that make them appear unique and beautiful• Contradiction: begins "I too dislike it" • Syllabic verse: focused on the syllables per line • A lot of enjambment and caesura • A lot of breaks- fragmented• Poem is a process- giving shape to things

I heard a fly buzz: Emily Dickenson On the Poet:

• American poet• Her writing is canonical (only after death).• Titles of her poems are given in brackets, because she never gave them titles so publishers just took the first line and made it the titles

About the Poem• Short poem- few words in this piece of writing but there are a lot of devices used - caesura etc, which make it multilayered complex and dense.• She is the queen of Caesura which Is a strong pause in a line, used along with enjambment• Assonance was also used a lot: repetition of vowel sounds: example: uncertain stumbling buzz• Sibilance: repetition of the S sound specifically • Half and slant rhyme: room and storm (half rhymes) Partial similarity almost rhyme.• Another example: firm and room • Slant rhyme makes us expect a full rhyme.

Her dashes interrupt the rhyme and Iamb. It seems to be a caesura. Set the mood of the whole poem. The dashes at the end of the line serve a visual purpose, which she didn't need to do because her sentences still continued. It is like unconnected bridge. Bright Star: John Keats

• Lyric poem- 14 lines- sort of a love poem• This poem was Shakespearian: 4 sections with 3 quatrains and a concluding couplet

o Italian: is two section. The first an octive with the second being a sestet• Use of apostrophe • Iambic pentameter because it is in sonnet form • Rhyme scheme: ababcdcdefefgg• Turning point also known as volta• Strict and intricate rhyme scheme - which it follows throughout• Traditionally the sonnet has an argument. First part problem, then there's a turn and the ending offers a resolution. • Paradox: He wants to be two things. Fixity and constant movement.• The poet wishes to be as steadfast as a bright star- but he doesn't wish to be alone in the night looking down on the beautiful earth. Contradiction.• Half-rhyme: unrest and breath• Rhyming couplet- breath and death (gg)• Repetition and simile• Speaker seeks permanence - at the volta it says "yet no, still fast"

God's Grandeur: Gerard Manley Hopkins • Italian - iambic pentameter• Variations show that the language is struggling again structures of the poem and that this perhaps mimics life and God.• Language seems to have a life of its own because it struggles.

I Wandered lonely as a cloud: William Wordsworth • Could be an example of how poetry is a solution to a problem and how humans are losing touch with nature.• Poem focuses on different figures such as daffodils• Personification is discussed - when a figure is described as similar to human

o Example: daffodils having human traits• Only once the poet is removed from nature, then he feels like he is one with it. • Poem promotes nature and how people overlook it.

Winter Solitude: Archibald Lampman

• Canadian poet from Ontario• About the role poetry plays in helping people under stand the role nature plays • Opportunity to feel a strange peace• The poem is trying to realize enclosure in a place of exposure

Meter: Iambic tetrameterStanza Form: Sextain (six lines)Ryhme scheme: ABABCCGenerally credited as founding the movement of English Romanticism Metre: Iambic tetramenter

• Line 1 contains elision ("-uous" = elided syllable) • Line 5 contains metrical substitution spondees in place of iambs• Line 6 contains metrical substitution: tochee in place of iamb (trochaic inversion).

Butterfly Bones: Margaret Avison

• Canadian poet from OntarioForm: English/ Shakespearean sonnet

Metric: Iambic pentameter with irregularitiesStanzas: 3 quatrains + coupletRhyme scheme: ABABCDCDEFEFGGMetre is recognizable but has a lot of variations • Cyanide jar is to the insect as a sonnet is to a poem. • Poem associated with death- the insect has been trapped. Living creatures are transformed into something that is for display. • Again the idea that the language is struggling against the form- which is related to the insects struggling in their last moments before they are transformed.• The poem follows its own rhythm

Blank Sonnet: George Elliott Clark• No rhyme scheme• Because there is no rhyme scheme (sonnets need them), it is a blank sonnet• Metre: iambic with irregularities• Reference to race • Terms resist iambic pentameterHow are "blackness" and whiteness" interacting in these lines? What do the "blackness" and "whiteness" refer to?

• A reference to race. The poet is framed as a falling black figure, overwhelmed by a world of whiteness, all at the same time.• The last two lines here "The white reverse…" the expanse of page that follows every poem. The line suggests that the text keeps continuing to include a white reverse/ expanse of whiteness at the end of the poem. Final silencing of the poets voice. The text has disappeared. • The final line contains substitutions "blackness" is a spondee (//) , image is a Trochees (/U)

• White reverse cancels the blackness of each image

Pity This Busy Monster: E.E. Cummings• No meter

• Slavic verse• No recognizable form• No rhyme scheme• Grammar mistakes on purpose• Punctuation mistakes on purpose• Excessive closeness because space is eliminated • Promotes technology and innovation • New word- "manunkind" opposite of mankind - made it up• Title tells us to pity the busy monster, but are told later the monster does not need/ deserve our pity.• Poetic devices: Caesura, a lot of enjambment

Make it New: Roy Miki• Free-verse• No Rhyme• Japanese Canadian Cultural issues• Title "make it new" is a slogan associated with the modernist movement- Esra Pound wrote about this first• No capitalization- grammar is incorrect• Poet is doing something ironic by making this his title

Do not Go gentle into this good night: By Dilon Thomas • Villanelle • Lyric poem- elaborate scheme of rhyme repetition • Very songlike• No formally dictated meter• Poem of injunction- commands someone to do something• Rhyme scheme to expect the closure of each line • This poem is about resisting that which is inescapable- it is about death. Saying go- while the lines are saying do not go.• When people know death is coming- do we choose to move forward to do we choose to rage.• Dilon Thomas- Literary bad boy- and drank himself to death at age

One Art: Elizabeth Bishop• Vilanelle • When you master something you have control over it, but when you lose something it is out of your control. (ironic).• Being a master of losing something (how can you be?)• Repetition of the word disaster works against what each line is saying• Title suggests that writing and losing are one art- can become one art because writing is a way of getting something out.

Author:• American Poet

• She had a lesbian lover who killed herself and this is what the poem is about.• The art of losing one art- • She talks to herself• She wrote multiple drafts before coming to this point

"Elizabeth:" Michael Ondaatj• NO set meter• A lot of monosyllabic words: one word/ syllable - example "bum, bee"• Hard to tell what is going on in this poem - creepy• Identity of the speaker is unclear- poem starts in the middle of a story• Daughter of Henry • Poem is about what it means to write history and truths can be twisted.• Similes are used• The poems gives more questions than answers• A lot of mysterious ways that she describes things in simile- creates disjunctness- much of the goal of the poem is to mystify or conceal • A lot of repetition• Carries connotations of inappropriate sexuality • There are japs in time• Weird descriptions "she has big teeth"• Irony in the end. • Message: things are often intentionally left out of history.

Sailing to Byza: William Butler Yeats

• Form: Ottava rima - used for heroic subjects• Yeats was a master of professional lyric poems• Tried to move away from forms that romantic poems used• Poetry was an experiment to see if old poetic forms could be made relevant today

• Line between form and content and how it is blurry and how these two things depend on each other.• Byzantium is a city in ancient Greece - • The Byzantium had already been changed to the name Constantinople - however the poet used the old name• Why would he still use this name? it is still used to refer to an important place• Themes: Spiritual journey and mortality• The poem is about a journey- describing it- Mortality is another theme. What it means to live and die• The relationship to art and nature.• Poet does not want to be a man but instead a monument- wants to last longer- ties to mortality• He is living in a dying form- Artifice and eternity were highlighted/ emphasized because of meter. Perfect Iambic pentameter but when it came to those words it was different• Talks about how life survives in a poem • Yeats emphasized that spiritual life lives on in a poem.

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