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ф МІНІСТЕРСТВО АГРАРНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ ТА ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВА УКРАЇНИ Харківський національний технічний університет сільського господарства імені Петра Василенка English for Electrical Engineers Методичні рекомендації та практичні завдання з дисципліни «Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням» для студентів енергетичних фахів Частина 3 Затверджено на засіданні кафедри мовної підготовки. Протокол № 8 від 12.04.2012 р. Затверджено на засіданні Методичної ради навчально-наукового інституту переробних і харчових виробництв ХНТУСГ. Протокол № 8 від 17.04.2012 р. Харків 2012
Transcript

ф МІНІСТЕРСТВО АГРАРНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ ТА ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВА УКРАЇНИ

Харківський національний технічний університет сільського господарства імені Петра Василенка

Englishfor Electrical Engineers

Методичні рекомендації та практичні завдання з дисципліни

«Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням»для студентів енергетичних фахів

Частина 3

Затвердженона засіданні кафедри мовної підготовки.Протокол № 8 від 12.04.2012 р.

Затвердженона засіданні Методичної радинавчально-наукового інституту переробних і харчових виробництв ХНТУСГ.Протокол № 8 від 17.04.2012 р.

Харків 2012

Семененко Л.О.

English for Electrical Engineers: Методичні рекомендації та практичні завдання з дисципліни «Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням» для студентів енергетичних фахів. Частина 3. – Х.: ХНТУСГ, 2012. – 36 с.

Рецензенти:Ємельянова Є.С.

Ільєнко О.Л.

кандидат філологічних наук, доцент, завідувач кафедри мовної підготовки (Харківський національний технічний університет сільського господарства імені Петра Василенка)кандидат філологічних наук, доцент кафедри іноземних мов (Харківська національна академія міського господарства)

«English for Electrical Engineers» – методические рекомендации и практические задания по английскому языку, предназначенные для студентов второго курса энергетических специальностей. Включают в себя тексты профессиональной направленности из оригинальных источников, текстовые, фонетические, лексические и грамматические упражнения для развития всех видов речевой деятельности.

© Семененко Л.О., 2012

© Харківський національний технічний університет сільського господарства імені Петра Василенка 2012

Contents

Unit 1. Ohm’s Law

Unit 2. Current Flow

Unit 3. Instruments and Measurements

Unit 4. Magnetism

References

p. 2

p. 11

p. 19

p. 28

p. 36

1

Unit 1

1. Read the text and find the answers to the following questions.1. How is Ohm’s law stated?2. What formula can Ohm’s law be expressed by?

Ohm’s LawWe know that current is the amount of electrons flowing

past a point every second and that a force known as the e.m.f. (or voltage) is pushing them. We also know that the conductor will try to oppose the current, by offering a resistance to the flow of electrons.

Ohm’s law, the means by which these three topics (current, voltage, resistance) are linked together, is probably the most important electrical concept that you will need to understand and is stated as follows: the current in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage applied to the circuit, and indirectly proportional to the resistance of the circuit, provided that the temperature affecting the circuit remains constant.

Ohm’s law was named after the nineteenth-century German physicist Georg Simon Ohm, who researched how current, potential difference and resistance are related to each other.

In simple language we could rewrite Ohm’s law as follows: the amount of electrons passing by every second will depend on how hard we push them, and what obstacles are put in their way. We can prove this is true, because if we increase the voltage (push harder), then we must increase the number of electrons that we can get at the other end. Try flicking a coin along the desk. The harder you flick it, the further it travels along the desk. This is what we mean by directly proportional. If one thing goes up (voltage), then so will the other thing (current).

Equally we could prove that if we increase the resistance (put more obstacles in the way), then this will reduce the amount

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of electrons that we can get along the wire. This time put an obstacle in front of the coin before you flick it. If flicked at the same strength, it will not go as far as it did before. This is what we mean by indirectly proportional. If one thing goes up (resistance), then the other thing will go down (current).

Ohm’s law can be expressed by the following formula:)(Resistance

)(Voltage)(CurrentR

VI =

Ohm’s law is a very simple and useful tool for analyzing electric circuits. It is used so often in the study of electricity and electronics that it needs to be committed to memory by the serious student. There is a trick to remembering how to solve for any one quantity if the other two are given. First, arrange the letters V, I, and R in a triangle like this:

If you know V and I, and wish to determine R, just eliminate R from the picture and see what is left:

If you know V and R, and wish to determine I, eliminate I and see what is left:

Lastly, if you know I and R, and wish to determine V, eliminate V and see what is left:

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If you are comfortable with algebra, all you need to do is commit V=IR to memory and derive the other two formulas from that when you need them.

2. Now read the text once again looking up any word you do not understand in a dictionary and answer the following questions.1. What is the electric current?2. What is the electromotive force?3. What is the resistance?4. What three topics are linked together in Ohm’s law?5. What did Georg Simon Ohm research?6. What example is given in the text to illustrate Ohm’s law?7. What simple method for remembering Ohm’s law do you

know?

3. Decide if these statements are true or false. Quote from the text to support your decisions.1. In the nineteenth century the German physicist Georg Simon

Ohm investigated the relationship between current, potential difference and resistance.

2. The resistance of a conductor is a measure of its opposition to the passage of an electric current.

3. According to Ohm’s law the current in a circuit is directly proportional to the resistance of the circuit.

4. From the Ohm’s law formula we can say that the current in a circuit is indirectly proportional to the voltage applied to the circuit.

5. The more the resistance of the circuit, the less the current.6. The more the voltage, the more the current.

4

Pronounce correctly

4. Read the following words with qu:[kw] question, quote, square, equal, equality, quiz, equipment,

quite, quiet, squirrel, quirk, queen, quid, quit, quick, equivalent;

[k] briquette, bisque, toque.

5. Read the words given below paying special attention to the ending –ing.

Flowing, pushing, following, affecting, writing, omitting, increasing, travelling, going, flicking, expressing, opposing, offering, referring, resisting, understanding, meaning, forcing.

6. Read the words paying attention to the stress :

offertopicincreaseSimonlanguageobstacleconceptstudent

opposeresearchincreasereduceprovidecommitarrange

probablydifferenceequallyfollowingformulaanalyzememory

resistancedirectlyrememberdetermine

Increase your vocabulary

7. Find these words and word combinations in the text and try to remember them:

affectas followscommit to memorydeterminedirectly proportionaleliminate

name afterobstacleoffer resistance toopposepointprove

5

go downgo upindirectly proportionallawmeans

remainresearchsolve forstatestrength

Prefixes say a lot8. Make new words using the prefix re- that has the meaning

do again and translate them.Example: write – писати rewrite – переписати

Open, read, construct, new, distribute, charge, do, join, consider, appear, sell, pay, apply, number, lay, produce, production, cycle.

9. The prefixes in-, il-, im-, ir- give words the opposite meaning. Translate the words given below and use some of them in your own sentences.

Indirectly, invisible, indefinite, inefficiency, illogical, illegal, illiterate, impossible, immovable, impolite, immoderate, imperceptible, irrational, irregularity, irrotational, irreplaceable, irresponsible.

10. Match the words in A with the words which have similar meaning in B.A. Every, to oppose, to link, to state, to mean, following.B. Next, to resist, each, to imply, to connect, to formulate.

11. Match the words in A with their opposites in B.A. Probable, directly, resistance, simple, true, up, similar,

responsible, desirable, remember.B. Down, conductance, undesirable, irresponsible, improbable,

indirectly, false, forget, complex, dissimilar.

12. Put other, another, the other into the gaps.1. Could you give me ____ example? 2. There is only one glove

on the table. Where is ____? 3. He has ____ plans. 4. An electron

6

and a proton attract each other because one is positive and ____ is negative. 5. The movement of free electrons from one place to ____ is referred to as current flow. 6. An object, which has gained 6.24 x 1018 electrons, has a negative charge of one coulomb. On ____ hand, an object, which has given up 6.24 x1018 electrons, has a positive charge of one coulomb. 7. The battery produces a negative charge at one terminal and a positive charge at ____ end. 8. Conductors are used to carry electricity from one place to ____.

Word range13. Which sentence best illustrates the use of the word in

italics taken from the text?1. We know that current is the amount of electrons flowing past a

point every second…a. A voltmeter measures the potential difference between point

A and point B.b. Could you point a pencil, please?c. I didn’t understand the point of his joke.

2. There is a trick to remembering how to solve for any one quantity if the other two are given.a. I prefer quality to quantity.b. V is a known quantity in this equation.c. Jack has a very small quantity of English books.

Revise your grammar

Contact clauses14. Translate the sentences with contact clauses.

1. We know like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. 2. The molecules every substance consists of are in a state of constant motion. 3. What is the title of the book you have spoken about with you friend? 4. The book contains the electrical circuit data you will need to be familiarized with in order to carry out your work as an electrician. 5. Make sure power is disconnected before repairing any electrical device. 6. If a

7

machine has low efficiency, this does not mean it is of limited use. 7. Metals we need for these experiments are semiconductors. 8. Farmers know energy savings on a farm mean more money in the farmer’s pocket. 9. If electrical equipment you are working with is damaged, do not use it. 10. We know electric potential is energy of an electric charge expressed in volts. 11. There are several devices you need to be careful of. 12. There are two categories materials may be divided into conductors and insulators.

15. Join each pair of sentences, making the subordinate clause a contact clause.

PatternI bought a book yesterday. It will help me solve this problem.The book I bought yesterday will help me solve this problem.

1. You are working with a device. It is safe and reliable.The device ____________________________________

2. We are going to visit a power station. It is situated in California.The power station _______________________________

3. I want to use a device. Unfortunately it is out of order.Unfortunately the device _________________________

4. The letter hasn’t arrived yet. I posted it three days ago.The letter _____________________________________

5. Professor Brown lives in a house. It is very old.The house _____________________________________

6. I have to use a machine in my job. It costs over a million pounds.The machine ___________________________________

7. We live on the Earth. It is magnetic.The Earth ______________________________________

8. Electricity is a form of energy. We use it every day.The form of energy ______________________________

9. Most of the electricity is produced in our town. We use it.Most of the electricity ____________________________

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If, when + Past Participle16. Translate the following sentences.

1. When asked she answered at once. 2. The magnetic characteristics of a material can change when alloyed with other elements. 3. If invited, we will go there. 4. In 1600 William Gilbert discovered that such things as glass, diamonds, and wax, when rubbed with a cloth, attracted light objects. 5. A permanent magnet will position itself in a north and south direction when freely suspended. 6. If given the book, read the article about electricity. 7. A permanent magnet is a material that, when inserted into a strong magnetic field, will not only begin to exhibit a magnetic field of its own, but also continue to exhibit a magnetic field once it has been removed from the original field.

17. Translate these sentences paying special attention to the verbal predicate.

1. The unit of power is the watt. 2. Hydrogen and helium atoms have one and two electrons. 3. Current is defined as the flow of electrical charge from one point to another. 4. A fuse is used to prevent overloading of electrical circuits. 5. In solids the current is carried by electrons. 6. James Clerk Maxwell wrote his first scientific work when he was fifteen years old. 7. Newton’s great book “Principia” was published in 1687. 8. An electric current is flowing through the conductor. 9. Any charge that is moving at some angle to the magnetic field is subject to a force. 10. Some specialists believe that oil will soon run out, perhaps even in the next 50 years. This means we will be using other sources of energy in the future. 11. The laboratory is being equipped with new instruments. 12. Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since the 17th century. 13. If you have seen lightning or combed out your hair or rubbed a balloon on your head, you have experienced the effects of electrostatic charges. 14. The locations of the Earth’s magnetic poles have changed many times during the history of the Earth.

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18. Complete the text with the correct form of the verb given in brackets.

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton (1) ____ (be) born in 1642 in England. His father

(2) ____ (die) two months before his birth. When Isaac was three his mother remarried, and Isaac (3) ____ (remain) with his grandmother. He was not interested in the family farm, so he (4) ____ (send) to Cambridge University to study.

Isaac was born just a short time after the death of Galileo, one of the greatest scientists of all time. Galileo (5) ____ (prove) that the planets revolve around the sun, not the earth as people thought at the time. Isaac Newton was very interested in the discoveries of Galileo and others. Isaac (6) ____ (think) the universe worked like a machine and that a few simple laws governed it. Like Galileo, he (7) ____ (realize) that mathematics was the way to explain and prove those laws. Isaac Newton was one of the world’s great scientists because he (8) ____ (take) his ideas, and the ideas of earlier scientists, and combined them into a unified picture of how the universe (9) ____ (work).

19. Use the correct form of the adjective in brackets. Translate the sentences.

1. I have ____ (little) time than he. 2. This is the ___ (short) way to the power station. 3. Yesterday I obtained ____ (far) information concerning this matter. 4. She was waiting for me in the ____ (far) corner of the park. 5. Silver is one of the ____ (good) conductors. 6. The ____ (bad) is over. 7. The ____ (small) the impedance (повний електричний опір), the ____ (great) the current for a given voltage. 8. The box must be as ____ (light) as possible. 9. The grass was twice as ____ (tall) as in the rest of the field. 10. Water is 800 times as ____ (dense) as air. 11. This device is twice as ____ (expensive). 12. The ____ (much) energy a substance has, the ____ (much) molecular movement there will be, and the ____ (high) the perceived temperature will be.

10

Unit 2

1. Read the text and find the answers to the following questions.1. What kinds of circuits exist?2. How is the total resistance in a combined circuit

calculated?

Current FlowIn order for current to flow, two conditions must be met1.

First, there has to be a potential difference (voltage) to force the current to flow and, second, there must be a continuous circuit (circle) for the current to flow around. When we start to look at circuits, we see that there are different combinations: series circuits, parallel circuits and parallel-series circuits.

If a number of resistors are connected together end to end and then connected to a battery, the current can only take one route through the circuit. This type of connection is called a series circuit (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Series circuit

If a number of resistors are connected together so that there are two or more routes for the current to flow, as shown in Figure 2, then they are said to be connected in parallel. In this type of connection the total current splits up and divides itself among the different branches of the circuit. However, note that the pressure pushing electrons along (voltage) will be the same through each of the branches. Therefore, any branch of a parallel circuit can be disconnected without affecting the other remaining branches.

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Fig. 2. Parallel circuit

A series/parallel circuit combines the series and parallel circuits as shown in Figures 1 and 2. To calculate the total resistance in a combined circuit, we must first calculate the resistance of the parallel group. Then, having found the equivalent value for the parallel group, we simply treat the circuit as being made up of 2 series connected resistors and now add this value to any series resistors in the circuit, thus giving us the total resistance for the whole network.

Notes1 to meet conditions – виконувати умови2 treat the circuit as being made up of – розглядати коло як таке, що складається з

2. Now read the text once again looking up any word you do not understand in a dictionary and answer the following questions.1. What two conditions must be met in order for current to flow?2. What is a series circuit?3. What is a parallel connection?4. What does a series/parallel circuit combine?

3. Under the table there are six statements about circuits. Sort them into two groups under the following headings:

Series circuits Parallel circuits

a. There is only one path for the current.

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b. There are several paths for the current.c. The current is not the same at all points in the circuit.d. The current is the same at all points in the circuit.e. The potential difference across each component is the same.f. The potential difference across each component is usually

different.

Pronounce correctly

4. Read the following words with the letter s:[s] test, density, lists, pass, sun, start, see, some, scale, false, site;[z] visit, position, resistor, branches, as, chosen, these, phase;[ ] usually, visual, cohesion, adhesion, television, casual, Asia,

corrosion.

5. Read the words given below paying special attention to the ending –tion.

Isolation, installation, protection, deflection, combination, inspection, connection, explanation, friction, condition, position, production, motion, definition, information, reflection, proportion.

Increase your vocabulary

6. Find these words and word combinations in the text and try to remember them:

a number ofbranchcombineconnectcontinuousdividenetwork

parallel circuitrouteseries circuitshow (showed, shown)split up (split, split)totalvalue

Suffixes say a lot7. What part of the speech are these words? Translate them.

13

Temperature, agriculture, pressure, enclosure, manufacture, closure, composure, miniature, measure, structure, pleasure.

8. Complete the following sentences using the words from exercise 7.1. Atmospheric ____ is high today.2. The ____ of this series/parallel circuit is complex.3. We are specialized in electrical engineering and computer

technologies for ____.4. The ____ is given in centimeters.5. The ____.of energy saving devices is growing rapidly.6. He can keep his ____.7. It gives me great ____ to present the next speaker.

9. Match the words in A with the words which have similar meaning in B.A. Among, to force, to split up, to affect, to combine, value, to

treat, whole.B. Quantity, to influence, total, to unite, to consider, to make,

between, to divide.

10. Choose the word which best completes each sentence.a. Measure b. measurementc. measurable d. immeasurable

1. In the MKSA (meter-kilogram-second-ampere) system of units, length, mass, time and current are the fundamental ____ quantities. 2. Throughout history, many official systems of ____ have been used. 3. His contribution is ____, almost impossible to put into words. 4. To solve this problem it is necessary to ____ the resistance in the circuit.

e. Combine f. combination5. Their invention is the ____ of power engineering and computer technologies. 6. These chemicals ____ with air to form a liquid.

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11. Complete the passage using the following words and word combinations.a. providesb. low potentialc. generatord. consist ofe. light and heatf. current flow

g. which supplies electrical energyh. electric circuiti. conductsj. convertsk. switchl. in order to

Circuit ElementsCurrent moves from a point of high potential energy to a

point of (1) ____. It can only do so if there is a path for it. This path is called an (2) ____. All circuits contain four elements: a source, a load, a transmission system and a control.

The source (3) ____ the electromotive force. This establishes the difference in potential which makes current flow possible. The source can be any device (4) ____. For example, it may be a (5) ____ or a battery. The load (6) ___ the electrical energy from the source into some other form of energy. For instance, a lamp changes electrical energy into (7) ____. The load can be any electrical device.

The transmission system (8) ____ the current round the circuit. Any conductor can be part of a transmission system. Most systems (9) ____ wires. The metal chassis of many electrical devices are used (10) ____ conduct current. Similarly, the body of a car is part of its electrical transmission system. The control regulates the (11) ____ in the circuit. It may limit the current, as does a rheostat, or interrupt the current, as does a (12) ____.

12. Put in order to or so that into the gaps.1. ____ know which tool to use for which job, it is important to

be familiar with the basic types of electro-technical systems. 2. He arrived early ____ he could work alone. 3. I always go to the library ____ find information. 4. Compressor, gas turbine and alternator (генератор змінного струму) are mounted on the same

15

shaft ____ a part of mechanical power of the turbine can be utilized for the operation of the compressor. 5. I came here ____ get a good education. 6. The solar power station uses the Sun’s energy ____ produce electricity. 7. Several resistors are connected in parallel ____ there are several routes for the current to flow. 8. We need an electromotive force ____ drive electrons through a conductor. 9. Students gain their practical training at a farm ____ they improve their professional skills. 10. You should use Ohm’s law ____ solve this problem

Word range13. Which sentence best illustrates the use of the word in

italics taken from the text?1. Therefore any branch of a parallel circuit can be

disconnected…a. Power engineering is a branch of electrical engineering.b. A new branch appeared in the tree.c. You should understand current division in a two-branch

parallel circuit.2. A series/parallel circuit combines the series and parallel circuits

as shown in Figures 1 and 2. a. He always combines the forces of all the team members.b. Combines or combine harvesters are machines that both reap

and thresh grains.c. Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water.

Revise your grammar

Complex Subject14. Translate the following sentences.

1. The watt is known to be a unit of power. 2. Charles Coulomb is said to have measured attraction and repulsion of electrical charges quantitatively. 3. The battery is believed to be charging. 4. An electric current was found to flow between the electrodes. 5. When a coulomb of charge (or any given amount of charge)

16

possesses a relatively large quantity of potential energy at a given location (location - ділянка), then that location is said to be a location of high electric potential. 6. And similarly, if a coulomb of charge (or any given amount of charge) possesses a relatively small quantity of potential energy at a given location, then that location is said to be a location of low electric potential. 7. If an object is moved, then work is said to have been done. 8. Conductors that let electricity flow freely are considered to have a high conductance and a low resistance. 9. Insulators that do not allow electricity to flow are known to have a low conductance and a high resistance. 10. The water seems to be boiling. 11. The delegation is reported to have left Kyiv. 12. He proved to be a good electrician. 13. This formula is thought not to be true for certain materials. 14. The resistance of materials in the superconducting state seems to be zero.

Phrasal verbs15. Put one of the following phrasal verbs in its correct form

into each gap:

a. break downb. carry outc. comb outd. go downe. go outf. go up

g. heat uph. name afteri. run outj. split upk. turn onl. turn off

1. You should be a qualified specialist to ____ this work. 2. In order to ____ or ____ an electric light, we generally use a switch. 3. If one bulb breaks in a series circuit, all the lights ____. 4. If too much electricity flows, the fuse ____ and quickly melts. 5. The static electricity is made when you ____ your dry hair with a plastic comb. 6. Chemicals in the body ____ our food into useful substances. 7. Coal, oil, and gas can ____within 100 years or so. 8. Our University ____ academician Petro Vasylenko who devoted

17

all his life to agricultural engineering science. 9. In a parallel circuit, the total electric current ____ among the different branches of the circuit. 10. If two quantities are indirectly proportional, it means that if one quantity ____ the other ____.

16. Translate these sentences paying special attention to modal verbs.

1. A magnetic field can pass through materials like air, water, paper, and glass. 2. Scientists think pigeons and bees are able to use the Earth’s magnetism to help them find their way. 3. A material that can be attracted by a magnet is called magnetic. 4. Electromagnets can be switched on and off. 5. Because it is difficult to store electricity, large quantities of it must be made as it is needed. 6. There has to be a potential difference to force the current to flow. 7. I ought to visit my parents more often. 8. May I smoke in the laboratory? 9. Only trained people were allowed to use this equipment. 10. Only students with the correct licences will be allowed to drive a vehicle. 11. We were to start work at 6. 12. You must come and see us.

17. Revise the infinitive functions and translate the sentences given below.

1. To carry electric charges by means of ions is the property of electrolytes. 2. To discover the electron was very important for electrostatics. 3. To conduct electric charges is the property of conductors 4. To obtain a larger electromotive force in a circuit, and hence to increase the current, cells can be arranged in series. 5. The heating effect of an electric current is used in fuses to safeguard circuits against excessive heating. 6. An ammeter must always be placed in a circuit so that the current to be measured flows directly through it.

18

Unit 3

1. Read the text and find the answers to the following questions.1. What instruments are used for measurement of different

electrical quantities?2. What should electricians know for selecting the right

instrument?

Instruments and MeasurementsElectricians are responsible for measurement of different

electrical quantities. Some must be measured as part of the inspection and testing of an installation (e.g. insulation resistance). The most common quantities that we often come across1 are shown in the table given below

Quantity InstrumentCurrentVoltageResistancePower

AmmeterVoltmeterOhmmeterWattmeter

But before using any meter, we must always ask ourselves these questions:

• Have we chosen the correct instrument?• Is it working correctly?• Has it been set to the correct scale?• How should it be connected?

Although we know a multimeter to be used for measuring different quantities including current, the actual name for an instrument that measures current is an ammeter. Ammeters are connected in series so that the current to be measured passes through them. The circuit diagram in Figure 3 illustrates this. Consequently, they need to have a very low resistance or they will give a false reading.

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Fig. 3. Ammeter in circuit

If we now look at the same circuit, but use a correctly set multimeter, the connections would look as in Figure 4.

Fig. 4. Multimeter in circuit

For general purposes we can use a multimeter to measure voltage, but the actual device used for measuring voltage is called a voltmeter. It measures the potential difference between two points (for instance, across the two connections of a resistor). The voltmeter must be connected in parallel across the load or circuit to be measured as shown in Figure 5.

Fig. 5. Voltmeter in circuit

If we now look at the same circuit, but use our correctly set multimeter, the connections would look as in Figure 6. The

20

internal resistance of a voltmeter must be very high if we wish to get accurate readings.

Fig. 6. Multimeter measuring circuit

There are many ways in which we can measure resistance. However, in the majority of cases we do so by executing a calculation based upon instrument readings (ammeter/voltmeter) or from other known resistance values. Once again we can use our multimeter to perform the task, but we refer to the actual meter as being2 an ohmmeter. The principle of operation involves the meter having its own internal supply (battery). The current, which then flow through the meter, must be dependent upon the value of the resistance under scrutiny3. However before we start our measurement, we must ensure that the supply is off and then connect both leads4 of the meter together and adjust the meter’s variable resistor until full-scale deflection5 (zero) is reached.

Notes1 come across – зустрічати2 as being – який є3 under scrutiny – який досліджується (вимірюється)4 lead – вивід5 full-scale deflection – відхилення на всю шкалу

2. Now read the text once again looking up any word you do not understand in a dictionary and answer the following questions.1. What does an ammeter measure in the circuit?2. How must it be connected?

21

3. What does a voltmeter measure?4. How must a voltmeter be connected across the circuit?5. What do we use an ohmmeter for?6. What must be done before we start the measurement by means

of an ohmmeter?7. What can a multimeter be used for?8. How is a multimeter set correctly?

3. Decide if these statements are true or false. Quote from the text to support your decisions.1. Different instruments are used to measure electrical quantities.2. It does not matter how to connect electrical instruments in the

circuit.3. Both an ammeter and voltmeter must have a very low

resistance.4. There is only one way which can be used to measure resistance.

Pronounce correctly

4. Read the words given below paying special attention to wh:[w] when, what, why, where, whether, which, while, white;[h] who, whose, whom, whole, whoever, wholly.

5. Read the words paying attention to the stress :

testingpowervoltageseriesfigurereadingmetervalue

belowinvolvesupplyadjustuntil

measurementinstrumentactualillustrategeneraldifferenceparallelaccuratevariablescrutiny

responsiblecorrectlydependentresistor

22

Increase your vocabulary

6. Find these words and word combinations in the text and try to remember them:

accurateammeterchoose (chose, chosen)come across (came, come)consequentlycorrectdeflectionensureexecutein parallel

in seriesinspectioninstallationinvolveleadmeterquantityresponsiblescalevariable

Suffixes say a lot7. What part of the speech are these words? Translate them

and use some of them in your own sentences.Quantity, majority, electricity, gravity, quality, density,

popularity, productivity, complexity, activity, responsibility, capability, necessity, humidity, changeability, durability, falsity, possibility.

8. Read the text below. Use the word given in italics at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

ExampleAlthough instruments exist to measure individual individually

Although instruments exist to measure ____ electrical quantities, most electricians think that a cost-effective (економічно ефективний) ____ is to use a digital multimeter. Digital meters are ____ capable of measuring current,

individually

solve

23

____ and voltage, both in a.c. and d.c. circuits and across a wide range of values. Modern multimeters are considered to be reliable due to their accuracy and ____.

generalresist

durable

9. Match the words in A with the words which have similar meaning in B.A. Inspection, to come across, to choose, correct, to set, purpose,

majority, to perform, to involve, to ensure, scrutiny.B. Aim, to fulfill, to select, to meet, examination, right,

investigation, to guarantee, to adjust, most of, to include.

10. Match a word in A with its definition in B.A B

1. Ammeter

2. Multimeter

3. Ohmmeter

4. Voltmeter

5. Wattmeter

a. an electrical instrument that measures electrical resistance

b. an instrument for measuring the electric power in watts of any given circuit

c. an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit

d. a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit

e. an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit

11. Complete the passage using the following words and word combinations.

a. numeric valuesb. semiconductorsc. have used

e. accuratef. calibrated scaleg. display

24

d. circuitsMeter Displays (Analogue and Digital)

There are two types of display, analogue and digital. Analogue meters have a needle moving around a (1)____, whereas digital tend to show results, as (2)____, via a liquid crystal or LED (3)____. For many years electricians (4)____ the analogue meter. A continuity tester (тестер для перевірки на обрив кола) and an insulation resistance tester are still of the analogue style. However, their use is slowly being replaced by the digital meter. Most modern digital meters are based on (5)____ and consequently have very high impedance, making them ideal for (6) ____ readings and good for use with electronic (7)____.

Word range12. Which sentence best illustrates the use of the word in

italics taken from the text?1. If we now look at the same circuit, but use our correctly set multimeter, the connections would look as in Figure 6.a. There is a TV set in front of the sofa.b. The device must be set in the right way.c. This set of tools can be dangerous if you use them

improperly.d. Your set of responsibilities includes being able to speak

English.2. There are many ways in which we can measure resistance.

a. This way, please.b. Could you tell me the way to the railway station?c. There are two ways of connecting batteries.d. I can ensure that he is a good specialist in many ways.

3. The circuit diagram in Figure 3 illustrates this.a. The circuit of the city walls is three miles.b. The larger the planet’s orbit, the more time it takes the planet

to complete a full circuit around the sun.c. The circuit is the path along which the electricity moves.

25

Revise your grammar

Complex object13. Translate the following sentences.

1. I want you to state Ohm’s law. 2. We would like him to take part in the conference. 3. I want the work to be done at once. 4. We consider the current to be the amount of electrons flowing past a point every second. 5. The laboratory assistant watched the students measure the resistance of various metals. 6. They believe him to be a qualified specialist in the field of power engineering. 7. Scientists suppose the total electric charge in the universe to be equal to zero. 8. We know a voltmeter to be used for measuring the potential difference between two points. 9. They saw the students make an experiment. 10. I know her to have graduated from the university three years ago. 11. Engineers use insulators to stop electricity leaking into places where they do not want it to be.

14. Join each pair of sentences using complex object.Pattern He entered the laboratory. I saw it.

I saw him enter the laboratory.1. Her son is good at English. Everybody believes it.2. The exam is rather difficult. She considers it.3. The weather is rainy. I expect it.4. Jack wants another cup of tea. I think so.5. She said these words. I heard it.6. The device began to operate. The students saw this.7. I heard somebody. He mentioned my name.8. An ammeter measures current by series connections. I know

this.

Do so15. Translate these sentences.

26

1. We can measure the current by means of an ammeter and a multimeter. In most cases we do so by using a multimeter. 2. When Robert was asked to measure the voltage, he said that he had already done so. 3. He told me to put in a new battery. I did so, but the radio still doesn’t work. 4. We will try to carry out the experiment once again. Our chances of doing so are much better than they were last week. 5. Christine asked them to wait for a month. They did so. 6. While investigating electricity and magnetism Michael Faraday was just interested in finding out why things behaved the way they did so.

16. Translate the word combinations given below.Insulation resistance, insulation resistance tester, voltage

measurement, multimeter leads, current measurement, meter leads, installation testing, circuit diagram, resistance values, transformer operation principle, electron number, electric current causes, conductor resistance, circuit voltage, resistance measurement, current source, source current, current impulse, current resonance.

17. Complete the questions with the appropriate auxiliary verb.1. ____ you chosen the correct instrument? 2. ____ the meter working correctly? 3. ____ power measured in watts? 4. ____ you study electrical installations last year? 5. ____ you study Electrical Measurements next year? 6. What ____ the circuit diagram in Fig. 4 illustrate? 7. How long ____ he been using this analogue meter? 8. When ____ Isaac Newton born? 9. What ____ Thomas Edison invent? 10. Who ____ responsible for measuring different electrical

quantities?

27

Unit 4

1. Read the text and find the answers to the following questions.1. Where can magnetism be seen?2. What kinds of magnets are there?3. What properties do the lines of magnetic flux possess?

MagnetismThe term “magnetism” is derived from “magnesia”, the

name of a region in Asia Minor where lodestone, natural magnetic iron ore, was found in ancient times. The Chinese observed the effects of magnetism as early as1 2600 BC2 when they saw that stones like magnetite, when freely suspended, had a tendency to point a north and south direction.

Magnetism is hard to define – we all know what its effects are: the attraction or repulsion of a material by another material. But why does this happen? And why do we only see it in some materials, notably metals and particularly iron? The physics behind this3 is too complex to go into here4, but it is useful to remember that magnetism is a fundamental force (like gravity) and it arises due to the movement of electrical charge. Magnetism is seen whenever5 electrically charged particles are in motion.

Materials that are attracted by a magnet, such as iron, steel, nickel and cobalt, have the ability to become magnetized. These are called magnetic materials.

There are two kinds of magnet: the permanent magnet and the electromagnet (temporary magnet). A permanent magnet is a material that, when inserted into a strong magnet field, will not only begin to exhibit a magnetic field of its own, but also continue to exhibit a magnetic field when it is removed from the original field.

Magnetic fields from permanent magnets arise from two atomic sources: the spin and orbital motion of electrons. Therefore, the magnetic characteristics of a material can change

28

when alloyed with other elements. For example, a non-magnetic material such as aluminium can become magnetic in materials such as alnico or manganese-aluminium-carbon.

Did you ever do the famous experiment at school where you took a magnet, placed it on a piece of paper and then sprinkled iron filings over it? If you did, you would see6 that it looks a bit like the diagram based on a bar magnet (Figure 7).

Fig. 7. Bar magnet

Each one of these lines is called a line of magnetic flux and has the following properties:

• they will never cross, but become distorted,• they will always try to return to their original shape,• they will always form a closed loop,• outside the magnet they run north and south,• the higher the number of lines of magnetic flux, the

stronger the magnet.The strength of the magnetic field at any point is calculated

by counting the number of lines we have at that point and this is then called the flux density measured in webers per square metre. This unit is given the title of a tesla. We define this by saying that: “If one weber of magnetic flux is spread evenly over a cross-sectional area of one square metre, then we have a flux density of one tesla (1T)”. In other words the flux density depends on the amount of magnetic flux lines and the area to which they are applied.

29

Notes1 as early as – ще у2 BC – до нашої ери3 behind this – що стоїть за цим4 to go into here – щоб тут розбиратися з нею5 whenever – кожного разу, коли6 would see – бачили

2. Now read the text once again looking up any word you do not understand in a dictionary and answer the following questions.1. Where is the term magnetism derived from?2. When did the Chinese observe the effects of magnetism?3. Why does magnetism happen?4. What materials are called magnetic?5. What is a permanent magnet?6. Under what condition can magnetic characteristics of a material

change?7. How is the flux density calculated?8. What does the flux density depend on?

3. Decide if these statements are true or false. Quote from the text to support your decisions.1. Lodestone is a natural magnet.2. It is easy to define magnetism. 3. The scientific concept of magnetism is as important as the

concept of gravity.4. An electromagnet is a type of magnet whose magnetic field is

produced by the flow of electric current.5. Tesla is a unit of a cross-sectional area.

Pronounce correctly

4. Read the words paying attention to the stress :

lodestone

Chinese

magnetismcontinue

30

cobaltalloycarbonpaperfilingwebertesla

observeeffectsuspendassumedefineremovearise

naturalmagnetitetendencynotablypermanentdensityevenly

exhibitatomicdistorted

5. Read the following polysyllable words.Discovery, phenomenon, especially, majority, ability,

diameter, essentially, mechanical, alternative, substantially.

Increase your vocabulary

6. Find these words and word combinations in the text and try to remember them:

assumecrosscross-sectional areadensityexhibitfilingfluxfundamentalhappen

lodestoneobserveoreoriginalpermanentspin (spun, spun)spread (spread, spread)suspendterm

Suffixes say a lot7. The suffixes – ful (meaning full of) and –less (meaning

free from) turn nouns into adjectives. Example:

use – користь useful – корисний useless - некориснийMake adjectives from the nouns given below according to the example and translate them.

Power, force, colour, thought, change, pain, grace, success, taste, care, truth, meaning.

31

8. Which liquid is colourless, odourless and tasteless?What is useless without electricity?

9. What part of the speech are these words? What meaning does the suffix –ics have? Translate the words.

Physics, dynamics, electrostatics, electronics, mathematics, acoustics, kinematics, dynamics, mechanics, cybernetics, thermodynamics, aerodynamics, genetics, politics, economics.

10. Choose the word which best completes each sentence.a. Physics b. physical c. physicist

1. Wilhelm Eduard Weber is a famous German ____. 2. Isaac Newton’s achievements in mathematics, optics, and ____ laid the foundations for modern science and revolutionized the world. 3. Weight and volume are considered to be the ____ properties of a substance.

d. Dense e. densely f. density4. We know flux ____ to be the magnitude of a magnetic, electric, or other flux passing through a unit area. 5. Oxygen is quite a ____ gas. 6. Monaco is the world’s most ____ populated country and second-smallest independent nation.

g. Power h. powerful i. powerless7. Computers are now more compact and ____. 8. 30,000 homes were left without ____. 9. Any person who is unable to control or influence events is ____.

11. Match the word in A with its definition in B.

A B1. Physics

2. Electrostatics

a. the study of quantity, structure, space, and change

b. the social science that studies the production,

32

3. Mathematics

4. Economics

distribution and consumption of goods and services

c. the branch of science which studies matter and energy and how they interact with each other

d. the branch of science that deals with the phenomena arising from stationary or slow-moving electric charges.

12. Match the words in A with the words which have similar meaning in B.A. Ancient, to derive from, to continue, to exhibit, to spin, flux,

original, loop, title, to calculate.B. Circle, old, to go on, primary, to rotate, to count, flow, to show,

to come from, name.

13. Put across or through into the gaps.1. It is necessary to do the following: to measure the current in

the circuit and to measure the voltage ____ the circuit. 2. An ammeter is always placed in series with the resistance or other circuit components ____ which the current is to be measured. 3. A voltmeter is always placed in parallel with the resistance or apparatus ____ which the potential difference has to be measured. 4. In a series connection the charges must go ____ every device, and the energy given to the charges by the power source must be divided between the devices. 5. Ohm’s law states that for a given conductor the current is proportional to the voltage ____ the ends of that conductor. 6. An electromagnet is produced where there is an electric current flowing ____ a conductor, as a magnetic field is produced around the conductor. 7. The resistance of a conductor is the ratio of the potential difference ____ it to the current flowing through it.

33

Word range14. Which sentence best illustrates the use of the word in

italics taken from the text?1. The term “magnetism” is derived from “magnesia”, the name of a region in Asia Minor…a. A cross-sectional area is an important term in mechanics.b. The academic year consists of two terms: autumn term and

spring term.c. His term of office as President is 5 years.

2. Materials that are attracted by a magnet, such as iron, steel, nickel and cobalt, have the ability to become magnetized

a. 98 per cent of the mined iron ore is used to make steel.b. I need to iron my dress.c. Steam iron is an electric iron that emits steam from holes in

its flat surface.d. Iron is a strong, hard magnetic silver-grey metal, the

chemical element of atomic number 26.

Revise your grammar

15. Complete the text with the correct form of the verb given in brackets.

Every magnet (1) ____ (have) two poles. This is where most of its magnetic strength (2) ____ (be) the most powerful. These poles (3) ____ (call) north and south. When the north pole of one magnet is placed near the north pole of another magnet, or the south pole (4) ____ (place) near the south pole of the other magnet, the poles (5) ____ (repel). When the north and south poles of two magnets are placed near one another, they (6) ____ (attract) to each other. The attraction or repulsion of two magnets towards one another (7) ____ (depend) on how close they are to each other and how strong the magnetic force is within the magnet. The longer the distance between the magnets is, the less they are attracted to or repelled by one another. When a magnet (8) ____

34

(break) into little pieces, north and south poles will appear at the broken faces. Each piece (9) ____ (have) its own north and south poles.

16. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the Infinitive and its constructions.

1. All circuits to be worked on must be tested to ensure they are dead. 2. If there appears to be a malfunction during the operation of the meter, the following steps should be performed to isolate the cause of the problem. 3. A conductor for which this relationship is true is said to obey Ohm’s law. 4. Specialists consider an electromagnet to be useful in cases where a magnet must be switched on or off. 5. He seems to know English well. 6. Materials such as rubber are good insulators and are used in appliances and home wires to keep the electricity from creating a short circuit. 7. Large electromagnets are known to be used for sorting metals, picking up old cars and other huge pieces of scrap iron and steel (scrap iron and steel – металобрухт). 8. Here is an example to help you understand what is going on. 9. We know magnetism to be the force where objects are attracted to or repelled by one another. 10. Resistors are said to be in parallel when they are placed side by side and their corresponding ends are joined together.

17. Translate the sentences with the gerund.1. Using this appliance in an environment with a strong radiated

radio-frequency electromagnetic field may influence its measuring accuracy. 2. Switch on the multimeter by pressing “Power” switch. 3. It is impossible to solve the problem without understanding the difference between weight and mass. 4. In semiconductors the electrical conductivity can be increased by adding small amounts of some chemical elements. 5. You cannot even think of becoming an electrician unless you have a sound knowledge of the atomic theory of matter.

35

References

1. English for Specific Purposes (ESP). National Curriculum for Universities. − Kyiv, 2005. − 108 p.

2. Л.О. Семененко. Англійська мова. Методичні вказівки та практичні завдання студентам 1 курсу енергетичних фахів. − Харків, 2004. – 56 с.

3. Л.О. Семененко, О.М. Гончарук. Методичні вказівки по вивченню дисципліни та завдання для контрольних робіт студентам-заочникам енергетичних фахів вищих аграрних навчальних закладів. – Харків, 2007. − 60 с.

4. О.І. Спольник, Л.О. Семененко, Л.М. Каліберда. Physics for English Lessons. – Харків, 2002. − 38 с.

5. D.Allen, J.Blaus, N.Harman, B.Tucker. Electrical Installations. − Heinemann, 2008. − 396 p.

36

Навчальне видання

Englishfor Electrical Engineers

Методичні рекомендації та практичні завдання з дисципліни

«Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням»для студентів енергетичних фахів

Частина 3

Кафедра мовної підготовки

Відповідальний за випуск: Левкін А.В.

Комп’ютерний набір та верстка: Семененко Л.О.

Підп. до друку Зам. № Формат паперу 60х84 1/16 Обл. - вид. арк. Тираж 500 Ризограф TR 1510 № 80654645

ХНТУСГ , 61002, м. Харків, вул. Артема 44, кім.101

Підготовлено та надруковано Навчально-методичним відділом Харківського національного технічного університету сільського господарства

імені Петра Василенка


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