Date post: | 04-Apr-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | julia-radanova |
View: | 245 times |
Download: | 0 times |
of 132
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
1/132
CENTRE FOR APPLIED LINGUISTICS AND SPECIAL LANGUAGES FACHSPRACHENZENTRUM
WELFENGARTEN 1 30167 HANNOVER
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC / SPECIAL PURPOSES SERIES 2005
Nils Hoppe
withEric Lai
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
2/132
!
"#$%
&'()
"*+,+"
"*!*
!
!!
"
'""-"!
.""!"
" "! !' "!'
/ ' !- " '"
&
(
"'!
/-!""!!
(01-2334
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
3/132
5-!6'""'
"""'7
5-"'"
"!!)8-!
!
+!$
9,"8
:!
!;$
* 9 - "
"'"8
"'"'">"'8
! " 9 "' "
""'-"!!!>
>
+$ >-!-*-8
>!!'>-!""!"
8
>!!!"'-"'
# $)!-?1+
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
4/132
!"
!> !
!>1"-$
/ " "'-
-
!!!!!"#$$%&'(
"'*!!
5 * !-
-
!!)*+,-"*.'#$/0'/1&
!!!
5""' @-
*"!!
!
5-'-"
-"''!""'"
!'""'
59
"'$
!!".233'#$41&"5.233'#$41&
5 " ! " >- ' "
"!"'AB
5 ! "' " -
'"!5 ' !
! " ! " "'- '
"
!!6.!...(
C"'8!"'
5-'""
#
$%%&&
&'
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
5/132
5D'"+( #"$+"# ##5# #2;"$" #2#"+!&2 #22"+&$"% #2%"&E #2E"+&F #24"5& G #2F";&H #%&; I #%#J+!#3 #%2J1J#3 #%%5"## #E;" ## #E#?!C#2 #E2?*C #% #E%?+C& #% #EEJ"'#% #E4(':#E #EF+!+"!& #E #EG(+",&+!#4 #EH+!+)"#4 #4$" #42&K#G 2#&"#G 22&" #G 2%" #H 2E?"5 #I%" 2# %#52# %##? 2# %#22# %#%22 %#E2% %#4J2E %#F"* 24 %224 %2#&52F %22@& 2H %2% 2I %2E+ %3 %24;+!!&%2 %2F%% %2GJ*L"&%% %2H)%E
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
6/132
%2I& %4 %2#3"M5!&%H %2##N5 %H %2#2 E3EE2
E#5E2 E##/E2 E#2 EE E2M$5E4 E2#& E4 E22MEF E2%M$?EG E2E&!>M"EI E%?42 E%#M?42 E%2?42 E%%J4E
E%E! 44 E%4+ 4G E%F-KJ!4I EE5"+++F% EE#&" F% EE2@!! F4 EE%+5> FF EEE; FF EE4++FH EEFG3 E45"$5G# E4#+- G#
E42-MMG2 EF? G% EF#5"+(G% EF2"? GG EF%!?GG EFE!!+ H# EF4J+H% 4"H4 4#(+J! H4 4##MH4 4#2J! H4
4#%(J!HH 4#E5 I# 4#4I4 4#F+I4 4#G IG 4#HIH 42IH 42#&+!5 II 42##II 422&+#3# 422#1#3# 4222C #3F
422%J#3G 422EC #3H
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
7/132
42%&J+ #3I 42%#I 42%2? ##H
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
8/132
#H#H %3'A#IIEB #34@(9JM##IG4A#IG4B IG
@(9JM2#II2A#IIEB I%'!O'+A#II2B 42;NJ?M-?A#IH4B 22-2F"J+A#IH4BE3P;-A#IH#B2F@J;A#IG#BE#C;A#IGHB 4%A#IFGBGEC-1CNA#I%#B %EC'CA#IIFB GG-GHC'!C'CA#II3B2GCOA#IE%B4FC'!"!1A#IH%B2I-%#-%2CJNA#IFGB 2ICCDA#IHEB %I-E3
C;J#HGG2IC;A#I3EB%3C;@@&A#IGIB 2ICDN#HH3 %#-%4C?A#I%GBGH5?'A#II3B 42-4E-F#!'CA#HI%B 2G19K+!5#IH% GF?;M"A#I2IBH3+#H%4 GIM"(M"A#II4BGI"A#I2EB E3DA#IEHB %E'?;@-#HIG %H?'/A#IH4B 2F#HGI %G!C1A#IG4B %H-%I?;!'MA#IGHB%E?M";C;A#I4IBF#?(MJ#H4F2H?'?#HGF%4?M5A#IHHB %I?C-;'A#II#B 2H?!5:A#IH3B E3?A#I%2B E4-EF-4%-FE?++;A#IG4B HF?++A#IGGB##4?1#HEH%#A#IGGB2H
;A#I44B 2I-%#/A#I42B%E+A#IGFB2F((+-(CA#IHGB 22A#IG4B %%C#HF2%%"';D#I3E2G#IF2 %GCC'A#II%B %3*A#I%EB%I5:A#IIHB2F(+A#II%B E3(DM"&A#IE#B%I(!N/'CNM&A#IHGB 2F(!;A#IGIB2F-%F-%H
(M2A#IIEB E3(1A#IFGB G2(M@+A#IHIB F2
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
9/132
1M'#HG%2G15J5A#IHFB 2G-%E1CD1+A#IFEB 4H1A#HI2B %3-%#1D#I%2%H1!/O'A#IHIBF21"1A#IGEB %#
1&?OA#IG3BF215(#HGI%#1KA#I#3B GH-H%11@+#HGI 2I11A#I#E@#4B H#1/#HE3%FK;D+"A#IGEB%EKA#II%B GEKC'NA#IH%B 4EL>CA#II%BG4LM"A#IEEBHE!CA#IH#BEH'&"A#II#B2H";+A#IG2B ###D'A#IHFB4E
A#IF4B FE"?A#IF%BH31#HH3 %4!+A#IHIBE3!A#IE#B %E;9M9#HE%I#;'?'#HH#E#;J!;/#IG4 2H;-J-C';A#IH4BE3;?(5A#IG3B%%;J(CJ';-M1A#IIFB 4H-F3;CJA#I%EB %I;&9CA#IH%B 4E-4I;?#IH3 GF;)M2A#II%B2F;!A#IG%B F#;&+A#IG#B H%MA#IIFB 2%M";"DA#IG4B%HM"M"A#IE3BHE&?#HF2%4++A#IHGB %H-%I-E3+&A#IHGB E#+5JJ#I2H 4F+A#IFHB2F+!?+'A#IH4B 4E+;?#I#H2G+(CCA#I4%B 2F+#HEF%#
+!#H4FE#J?#HHEI#J1!!#HFIHIJ1#I2E I3JK#I4F #3FJ;'A#IH#B#3FJ;A#IG4BHIJ+#HG4HIJ#HHI#3IJ/"'-KA#II%B2GJ>++@C')LA#II%B %%JN1;#HFF%FJ;D(CJ';-CML>L'-M1A#IIFBF2J!1"A#H2HB%%J;#HGH E3
J"'+A#IHHB 4E-F#J!!A#IGIB%%J#HFF F4-G2
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
10/132
)I2)G%#HG4%FA#I%FBGGCCA#II#B H%"&A#IHGB 42-4E+;M"D5A#II2B4G1#HG32GA#IG%B %%
(A#II4B GE+A#IIFB H2-K*D;#HH3%F!'A#IH%BE31#IH44H"+A#IG3B HH''(!1-;'1A#IHHB%%JM-C#IG4%4'JA#IF2B H#+'A#IG#B 2G-2H1D#HG% 2H-%EA#I%#BG4)#I%#F3)1CCEENM-A#II%B %3
N:;9!A#I33BH2N5(!15&A#IHGB%I/;A#II2B%I/;;A#IHHB 4I/"1#H4I2G//?A#IH%B %2/KA#II4BF3/'+CA#IEGB2H/'?"A#HIGB G4/1"?A#I4GB2G/1#H%% FE/+D,+1CA#IH%B 22-2F/?++A#I%4B HGQ;CA#II4B F3-F%QCA#II4BF2
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
11/132
!#IFG #32K#IH2 FH#IG#FE
!#I432FC'#I#EHHO+#I%% GE#IH4%G#IHI%G#IH#IG?#IG# ##H#IHE #E5>43K#IFG HF-HG-#34K#II# ##EK#II4 43K+!IIE#3G"#IFGI4"#IGG IH-#33
+5)+#II#I2+5#IFE I2-I%?#IIFH2+#II3 G2#IG2 %1J I"J#IFIIE#IFHHG9!#GI2GH(G1#I4G I2-#3%-#3E1J ##1J#IIH %5+#I2I#3#5#I%H #3FK#HG% E%-E4-#I#F###"JO?J#IIF#3%#II3 2F#IFEHH(C2333E;?#HF# ##H;1#IH%I#&+#HF#HI-#3G-#3H-#3I++#HIG ##G++-JC2333 E+IFIG4+"#IG% E2+1#IIGG4
JJ#IGF 2%J1%J+#IGF 2%J#IHHIE(#IGI %H-E3#IIH %?#IG4 2%IGF#3GI4F#3GIFG#3GII%IE#IHIFH#IF##3E-#34(#IH2 %H#IFH###
#IGH##E-##F)!J#II2 2%)JJ#II%2%
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
12/132
)MG/#IIH %
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
13/132
'&()
'
&AB!.+"""
:- : "- ="
9 =" !9 M- "! '
"'"""""'
--""
5-"!"!""!!
""!"
!" "
" "
!
')(*
5*$=""R9"!=
9;!!''!"="9=9
!!!
""!$ =!98
=98
=98
=98
=98
=9
5- "" &!
-"! - "" !
-!!"
" " - - " =9 "
!:-!" "
"!"-
2 +-;-6.-&)+-M"O'-2333-##@2G
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
14/132
2
""'""
"
')'%*
;"!"!
!'"8
-- "'M-
"!!!!!!
""'!
!
! - "-
"$ 3 . 5 '"
! !
!!
"--!--"M
-"-!!"
C - - - -
")
@""'"-
-! - ! '
-&!2333-1J#IIH"
" "+
!!"-
" " ! " ! "
!!-
!!
5 - " !
! 5 "
- " " ! ! ! ""9
!-3%
""C
!:;
! " ! "9
% M!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
15/132
%
! - - " "
')')*(
"
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
16/132
E
> " " " "
"' "
;!$"-
"!"E
5"!"-"!C
'"-""
45!C>
""-")L
')'+*
"!9?
""1"-
) L- / -
!!"!-
"-!"-
"
"
" ; " '
&-!""!
-'
1"-""!-"'!
!"";""
- '
"*-!!*
!' * !> ! =*9!
!"--
*-!*"
!!!-&'"*
E ! " ! +$ + +-
JC23338(C23334 ))'!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
17/132
4
!""!7
---"'
; " " " !> *
C " ) L ! )- "
! ! - -
!!=9!!!
"!!:
-"
"'-43!!
5 @ - !
!'-"-"'
"""!
"-
!'--
*""
+
"!C-
' *
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
18/132
F
! " > * -
""'"
!"""
->!"F
')',-*
!" "
" ) L-
//-'G1-"
!-"5
""!"
"!
"
! "--
"'
!"
!!-!"!-
!'"
"-"!
M-""""5
!:"'!'-"
''&"
"@' !
"'""!*!'-"
>!!'
-!:"
! " ' - !
! " 1"-
'!
F 5!"""'
"'$-+-2$+-#II3G ?!"
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
19/132
G
!"!"'"
""'!"=
9 ! " " !
!"!
"!"
**"
"@""
1"!""'
!";"!
!
1-""!"--"
!"
""'!
"'!"
'
')'.*
"-!-
!>"
"8 !
C - !
'"!'$
T J!)M"!!>
!"')M
!-
T "=9
T "!!>-(
" !"
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
20/132
H
- - ! !
"
T & - '
!-!
"
"' !!
!>=9-"!
""5!-"-=""
9
""/-"
!
')'/*
! " ! !
!
!" " 8 " !
"' ""!&-"-' "
!""3
!"
!!"
/!'*"-
! ! " !-
""+
' " ""
5 !""-"
!-!!!"
- " ! ! " "
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
21/132
I
5*-""'!"
! - -
-!"
- !
1JH
J !""
!"?!-
"
'@1"-!"!!"
"-"!
5 " ! " " ' " - "
!"@!-"!
U!"!!"
""
M- ! !
" !- > !
-!
8
"!"!-
-@"
-
- ! !
!"
*!5!-
-"!!!
- ! 1J
I
'+*(
5 " "" "
-"!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
22/132
#3
'+'#%
!
" ' !
& !
" " ! "
"!!!"
"":*I
" ! 5 "
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
23/132
##
'+'+-"(
"- -
8!$
!'"
5 "-'@
C!
"!"'>
!!
-!- " " /
"!-"""-
"-!"
"1"-""
"!!!-!
!!!
;-!"--"
!:!
-"!"
! C 1 J -
1J"-
" "'-!"
!""-""'
"-!5--"
!
',(
"-"!!8
!'
5-!!'
"!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
24/132
#2
','0%1"
""".>!>
!"!!"!
"'!'!""!"-
5""!"!
!-"!$
T M!"!!!!:
" #H '
1"-"*-"
""'""!'
T ""!"
--""
"!
T ?! "8"
#3
!"!"-!"
.- !
"!'$"
5*K@
T !"."!
"!!
)#I23
!"!"
'-!'-""
!"
!"">
>5-"'!!"
!>"-
"- " !
!"-5--
"!!
!
#3 *
" - !
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
25/132
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
26/132
#E
-
!>
'"
"- ! ! - "
"!""'
5-""
J " 5 ! '
!-
"-""-
"'!*
','."&3
" " ' ! !
$ " - - *- -
! ! 8 "
8 " "'
"!'
-!"'"
!!
" *
!
','/"%%&*
- " ! " !!
-*""'"!!+
#IHE-!"--*
"ASB "
"' " " ! "8 " '
"!"-'
@@!!'
"!"
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
27/132
#4
','4"5&*%
5 - " " * "!
!-
!!!+'"
!
!
;!"""-
!"!!;
!$-"M1
--!
"'
','6%7
5 ! -
! " "" ' " "
>!!"!!
5!""-"
--!
'.&
5 "
J'!"""!
"
"1"!!
# "- " -
/""!-
"!
2"""
->*)L
@"
!8"
!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
28/132
#F
%"!""$
! " !8 "
* > ! "
E 5 !! " !>
( * ' "
5-"-"""!
"'
*'!
4*-"-"
"!-!
-!"
!!!"!'>!"
" !-! ! !
"-
F;-!""""
!"-"->
"
-"'-
!-!-
!C!"
!!
!"!"
=!9 =>9 !! " !
>:)L
ASB
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
29/132
#G
)'*8
)'*"
" "#2"!J@
?-"'-!
"-#%!"!C
"-#E!
! '" -
!-?J"
"#4--*
+#F "
#G * > " &
- " ! *
#H#I
5 ( " - "
!"!""
'!! 235-"
! " >
! "
@'2# ' * "
" " ! " >
""!>"
)')*))
K " : - "
" " " - -
## --389:-MN-C@C-2332-###2 D;".9;+.6D;".
9#IIG%48..32#8+'6=K9J!M!$>"!>"7#II6HHHI
#% #IHI9:2%8+'#II#6HI#E ..32#8#IIF?VN%#E8;
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
30/132
#H
- "
!'-!)"-"
" !!> - ;- !
"-!-" -"
!M-"
" " '! ! "
!"
8"
ASB
" - " ! /-
!&*
>"*"O
- !-
")-
!-67"""
>-!
" " $ -
"-!
!>>"8--
" ! 8 -
- -!>-"' "
>*
)'+)+
/ " " * ! ; "
&(
C5&-
)L(CM55"-!
"+)L5"
-!")L@
;!)L5"
"-"C-
2% /-JD/'-5-*.-C"D+!-!-#II%-F@G
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
31/132
#I
/- " )L"M5"
-!!ASB
)',0"-),
55- -
23 -5"!
#I22#H33"-"'-5
'""! !-
?#H -!5+(9
+-!)#H33#I22
(!'-!#F #G-
"?!'"
+""L9"&+-
-'";-!'
""=!+9
5"!"*"
C"!!"
C#F#G--5"
""'
/-- 5"=M
559##G3/!"J:(!-+!'
/ ! G33
-55"-
"-!"=-#EIE-"
"!+5-!"
5- - ) #H33 1"-
!-"#H33-5"
"58
""!5#I"
" #3FF M*-
-"#I22"##
2E C-JD;-K-*6.'C"5-#II4-I@#3
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
32/132
23
"- 5 5 -
5"ASB
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
33/132
2#
+').
+'
+''0
! " ! " ! "
"--
"*$ R"!R
>"-"-"!>
"!!'R
" !- -
*>
+'')
!>@ !'= "95"-"
" " - "
""
--"!>@
!--
-----!!"8
="9"&!
J"=-!92F/-
""
""""M!
"*5"--!"
- "- -
-!>8!!-""
5!'"!"-"
"-"
="9!-!
8"
=9 "
24 -(->-C"--#II4-#@2G2F C';M-:...2-#I4
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
34/132
22
+''+
5-!"8!
!>!*
"'!>5"
---C-!!
!C-"!-"
!2G"!>!"!!
!!>'
-"8-"!"-!-
!>-C"
$ - " C '" 9 "
"!>!9 2H !!
"-!C9"!"
*-C!8C>"
!>
*-"-
!@
=9! ASB&
!"
!"8"-
!!
- - - "
!!""-!
!"!"
" !$- ! !
"!"
-!*"
!-
! ! " !
)!!!
2G 2"=&?=;.A#IH%B#H4E-*@
:A'*AA#IH4B2JGIF2H
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
35/132
2%
" "!'""-
-=9
+'',(
5!-=9
""$"!
;!"
"-"- ,-
"""
!"=98!
!-!!!>N!
--!"-"
8"
>"
"!"'C
!"-!9-=9
=9---
!"1"
!@=
9'$
! "5 !
!"--!
@82I-
-!8 %3"
=!--!98 %#
! %2"
! !
- *
%%
2I J+#IGF-##%3 JJ#IGF-+555558?#IG4-+55555%# )!J#II2-#%G#%2 )!J#II2-#GE@#GG-!!)J
J#II%-#E%% BA#IIFB2UCF%%-""?#IG4-#%
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
36/132
2E
5!-""-
!5!
!!"&!
1- "
& - ! "$ -
"5
-$"9
*""
5 - !
!-
+''.#-
!"!-""-
! O
! - "
! " * " !
-!!
-!C!C
5C'-"!>8
!'
9 = 9 -
C1!
C19C-!
C- ""
9=9C
"!-"
"!CW23-333C-!
C - C !
!8-9
! 5 " 9 ! 9
C!
"--""
! " !
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
37/132
24
"
$=!9"!"
!!"5-!"
!&!!8!
"!-"!
=99&"!"
=!> 9 ! ! !
"
!8 "'
-'!
""-"!!
!
+''/-2&
" !" " *8 !"
*!-&-"!"
*" "-
""!-!"
-!"
:-!'*
'"!8
!8!
"?!""*!!"
!"AB
+')
AB"!"(-
!!!-
C23X4338"C=59"
5 -
/!!!!"
- *- *- - (- !
- " - > " !
" *- " !"
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
38/132
2F
+')'*"
'"-
!"'
8"
!--!8
!!)!>-9"
C!!'-
$-"
%E$-
!%4C'
"!"$
*C!''%F
'!> !
!"-!"
"-*""!-"
!8%G"""!
5'=9-!
5!@ !""
"8!""-"
"!!""
!!8-*@!
"-!
@'@""-
@- %H
"!-
-%I'"-"9
E3'
$9=9"!C
!!
%E "0&A#II%BEJ#HG-%4 *'*A#IH#BUCFIE"!#I43-#%-!
#II3-#328A+2.A#IH4BUC4H#%F ;.A#IH%B#H4E8*@:A'*A#IH42
JGIF883@2+;@>A#IHGB29J22%8B6,A#IIHB2J4#%
%G 83A#IGIB#JIG2%H =.8;;.A#I4%B#UCE3#%I =..
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
39/132
2G
! ! $- " ""
=" "!NS!X23 9E#
' '" ! ! - ! !
" E2
-"!
- 3.+; A#HI%BE% ! ' !
X#33":8
X#333"!'="95"
"
5'=9-
5-''8
'/
=-#-333-9"!
*EE"
>E4-"-*!
"-!"!$"
!!"""-
EF-!'
EG- ! "'-
! ' ! - !> "
" !" !
)EH
5-!8EI!
! ! ! !
-!=943"!
="9 '' "
!8!"!!'
"!"4#
E# :2+'
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
40/132
2H
5-"!*"!
"-"@!!!842
!! 4%"
''-"
''"!>- 4E"44/!'
--!
=9!'-4F"'4G"
"$*"
""
+')')9*
! -"
-1
!"!5-- -
!!--"
'!$
!-"!
'!X#33C-C"'O'8
CX33'2#1-'!$C
--
""5'
*-$-#-233
!"'H334H!"
!8"
'"""4I!>*-
""!@
"*->-
!*$!
#-233--"""!
@ @ ! " !
8'
42 A8:#H4F4DCHF34% 2+=*;A#IEGB#J24H24I4E *=+A#IG#B2UC#F%#FI44 :3.*
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
41/132
2I
@-"@
"-"-5-'
" F3"-- - "
@ -
'"=!9-"
"-!!
=9=95-
!!-!9-
9-
@@!!"!'
5-"!9F#&-
"!!9-!"!
!9@"!!
=!9"-!"
C ! 8 - "
-9-"!
F2
+')'+
- F%
!!5"
="!-9'"-
FE!>!
'"!&->
!5-'"!
- ' ! '
- !
5
- 9 &!- " "
F3 C=#HGIE%##F# ;:@A#IFGB2JGH4GHGA#IFHB#JH##H#GF2 ;*"&A#IGIB#JIF4F% ;:#HGG2FFF8;+3.3A#IH%B2%EFE BA#I44B2UC%2G%%%
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
42/132
%3
!
!"-
-F4"!
"'!--
""""
-!-"
"!FF-3.+;
9!'!8
"!"
" ! " "
-"FG
" - ! ! ! !
!>
+')',
! " * " ! !
- ! '" '
"!8-"
' 5 !
'"9-"
"!!
-"5
-!!!'"8!
> ! ' ' ! !
C "
*@-"!!
"5--
-"'""
"
!"!!>
>!'""'
-!!'
-FH"
F4 5!FF @'*A#II%B29J%3#%3EFG B;;+A#II%B%JGHIGIEFH .#H#H#CDFH#8BA#HI2B22G%%8;A#I3EB#%34-"
!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
43/132
%#
'" ' / =9
---@-"
'"
8 FI!"'"
'"!
" !>! 5
-!!G3&!"!
!!-!
'-
5 - "
! "! 8 ! !
$-"""
- ! ! - " *
!-!G#
/-!*-!
- 9 " ""
-!!!
-""8-!
"- ""=" "
G2*'
$8 G%
- GE
" =9 8!
" * -
- ' ! $G4 !
""
!>@
5!=9"
!"!""=
!9$GF"*!'"-!-
FI BA#I44B2UC%2G8;+3.3A#IH%B2
%EG3 BA#HI2B22GG# A#IGEB#J#F#G2 ;@*#HH34+?%EEG% A#HEH#1%H#GE B68#HGIE?2#FG4 =#HEFF1#GF A#IGEB#J#F##FF
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
44/132
%2
GG " ! *"
!'!-
!&"!"
- " "
" - > 9"""
-9"'--
-'-'8
" ' - '
- !"
"
N5("!
!)L--!
- ) ' " =9 GH
"=9-GI!"
H3 8 !
--
H#& ! - !
'$H2
""
! ""! "!
"!H%!""
+')'.%%&*
* !"-!
=.-"-*
"8"@HE
- "- " - !
-9"$
"*'!!-"!
!$"!!
*!!1
GG ;+3.3A#IH%B2%EE#GH #4#GI #H2H3 2EH# 2#2H2 #F#H% 22HE 22A.A#IH%BUCGIF
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
45/132
%%
!-
!"!->H4
+')'/
!!5'-
!-"C!C9-$
=55!-59CHF5
"!!!!C!- !C'
!5!*!-!-
!!C$-C"!
-'"5!-'"C"!"
-!"HG
! ! =9 "
!
-!"/-
!!!HH=9
-5=
$9HI"='9I3"!
!!
!!!I#
+')'4#2:*
"!!"$
-""!"'"
5-&-
"'"""
"- 3.+;-I2
X#33-!'!""-!
""
H4 A..86.A#IG3B#/J2E#HF B;#HF2##CMHFI-#HF%#M"JE3#HG A#IG%B#/J#332#3##8!B.A#IG4BUC#H3#HIHH :3A#H2HB%D+E%2HI *AA#IH4B2JGIF8-*8;A#IHGB#9J%%3!*+
+8.3B'*+A#IHHB29JEHF.I3 :D==C;+."E&A#II%B#9J4#%4E2I# :33A#IGIB29J%%E%E38A#IGHB29J%HF%I%I2 A#HI%B#UC24F
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
46/132
%E
&-"'"-!
@@5"C!C9X4-333!
C"X4-333-- I%O!
C"8!!
" ! ! !
!"
+')'67
5 !- '@
!---
@/-"-@
"X#33 "' O'- !
'2#-1-"!-
"' ' ! *
1 ! " X#33 '" "
"" "'!! 8
" " ! !
5!"
5--!!"
-!"
-" IE5!
!""'"!-'-
$ C " " ! "
"-"$"
!"!
- " I4 - " =! ! ;
--9"!"
'"!!"'?8
" !'@!
IF "- "-
5'!
8!-
! ! ! !
I% *.#HG%2I2G#2GHIE
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
47/132
%4
! @IG!"C
!"C!"CC
5 !"C =!9
""C!C
"5
=!9'"!C
+')';*
!"!!
"""!->!8
!-!-!
A#HF2#2CMGEH8#HH3#F?2I3IH >A#HF2'II A+A#HGF2?EF%8-#IH4-HG2#33*
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
48/132
%F
5-""!
- - "" 9
'""!!!""
!!-""!!!"
!'""#3%
#=
J>-->-
5-@>1
"'@!" #3EC
>!*""!
"!"> @*#34
-"$!>!*""
-""-*"
=9#3F!"**>
-!!
-> '-!
")--!
"'>-!>!
->
!5-
!5-!
/!*-
!>@'"#3G
*
!$-"
!> 9 ! ! !
#3%I2)G%#HG4#3E2#HE3%C%%E#34'97#HH34UC?%EF#3F83A#IGIB#JIG2IGH#3G:.@#HFFJ##3I
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
49/132
%G
* / ! -
!!#3H
0&
& ! " ! -
'!C
'C-!!C5
C'-"!>!
9- C9
#3I5"9!
"""-!"
! ! ! - !
" > &
"=9"!!$
- 5 ! !
!
!-"!*
" !- "
"!-"
!>"""
/#IH4-"
!>"!--
"" ##3C!
!! ###1!
!>"!!"-
!!C
!
!>##2!9 !! "
"'!>
! " ""
! ! ! ! /
!J-!-
"!
#3HB.#IF2%J%HF#3I.#HGI4UC?E2EF##3 #IH4-%4#%4#!!#IHI-#3H### 5!-%42E##25!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
50/132
%H
/!-!
5 ! ! 8
!'*
+')'>?%*
5-!-!
! ##%-
!'"!1
""##E-!
-"!"-!
"-"!!##45--
"'"
+')'@
-"!""!"
"- -
' !""
'--"
"---='9&
- " ! "
! "' 8
!!-
5=*9"=9
!$
" ! !
!##F!"
$-!! ##G&-
!"##H
"-"'!!
##%FA#IG4B#4E#FG883A#IGIB#/J
2IE2IG8*+A#IHHB29JEHFEI###E=B=A#IHGB29JF3#F#F##4+AC'*#HIG+2EH8!+A4I##F#I%2#EG43%##G (#IGI-H28(#IH2-#4###HB3*;"&A#IG4B#JG#F
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
51/132
%I
8!-"!!-
"'##I
/"!
-! C
!"!!-
"- - ! ""
=@9$#23
!
"!"
!!/@
'-!
C=!9
" ! 5 - !
!!"
!5!-!"
""!"!
M""!
!!#2#!!
!*#22C"!!!
!#2%
='98"
=!9#2EM!!
"
!#24"!=
"9 #2F"!"$
!*=9"'
+"
$!!'-!
!-!-!
##I ;;A#IHEB#J43E#238..>A#IE#B24##2#=B=A#IHGB29JF3##22B7A#I%EB2LC#[email protected]>A#IHGB29J4EG8
A.6A#IHHB29J#3HD.!#2%;:A#I%EB2LC#G#2EB3*;"&A#IG4B#JG#FG23#242A#II2B2#2H#2F 5!#%H
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
52/132
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
53/132
E#
5--
!-"""! #%G
--"!"!
!--!
-!$
!-#%H5!
!!!!"!'$
"=!>95
"'!!8!--
!-"!! #%I1"!!
--!'"
!!#E3
!!>!*--"
$-""=9
#%G=..3#H4FFDC%G3#%H+A+#HH#F24##%I:C:*A#IG#B2LCFGI#E3=**A#IHGB%J4F4
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
54/132
E2
,',
,'
,''=9-
!=9=9-"O->
!-"!"'
-"""8!*!"
" "8 " "-
'"=9-
"C-!
" !-!
"!5 !-"-
!$
"
"!"""
""9-!"
;"
'" " ! - "
-""
" " @ $ " !
"!!-"""
! " ! ! ASB 5 "
!- "-
"!"
%4+"#IG%
#E# ;-D&-L-*-;+--#IIG-#@E-I@2I-#E4@#4%-2#I@22#-24#@2F%
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
55/132
E%
" - " !
9 !
"ASB
-2%!
" !
5">*!>""9
!"!=98
""!!K#HG%>
'L-!
""""
" -! " ! !
" " " -
"=9 "!-!
" -
*! " *! "
=9 -
!!"
*""$
!!>>!-
" ! * = 9 !!
*! >- *! - " " 8
"- K #HG4 =9 " - - !
" *! " ! M-
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
56/132
EE
" > "' ?' !!;;
A#IGHBI3E!=""*
"9-!*!
" " ASB !> !'
!*!!!'*-!*!
-!"-!!
""C'-#II#
*
!!"""'"
"'""'
!*C'-#II3
" : ! " " ' -
!"-"
"!--!
">!"-"
! ! " - * C'-
#IH4 * !" "
*""!!
>!""""!
!=!9(-#IGE
,'')
"!=@!9
" " '
!-""
!-"!
! !
-"!'!
!"-!"!!
"" "' "-"
" ! "
!'-!"
!!>
=!9-
=5J9-!!'
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
57/132
E4
"9=9-
=5/9
""
=@@"9-!!K#HG%-
" " - - ! >
> " " !
! - "
!!"@
"#I%2ASB"'!
!-!!
"""
,')?
,')'*
5 ! #I2H " ;9 +- (" ;
?'$!!!8!
'8-!-"
" !8 ' M" ;
?9 > @ - !
'!"";?-!
;"!!!"=
9-!-!
' 5 - > !
'1-"
; ? 5 " $ " " "
M">!$"!
" " R - "-
*-A!A#I%2B4F2
"
) - ! !
-"'"' 9
" "
!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
58/132
EF
'4GI@H3!=
! 9 -
=""!!!
!"91$
=A5B"!-
"!'!!S
!!!""
C"""!
>!5"""
!!"$O>!-"9*$/
!RO'!"
! " ! ' > ! / - "-
!R"!"!5
!!"5
"*9
,')')-?
M"--
"=9CA!!@"
""' !!
"$
"8
!!3!8
8
!.!!8
!!9
*' ! ' !
5- "
8!=9-
- 3 ! * "
3$9"
'=!9"
!!!-
="S"9!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
59/132
EG
!
- ! " C
!>-!
- ' !
"!!
!" * ! @
!""'8
"-*
" * '* ""!=9
!"!
" !- ! ' " =
"9->9*!>
!-*"-
""!-
=9-*"!'!
" ! !- ! ! !
"!!*
,')'+?0"
5 - !
5 ' "- !
! ! 5 - * "
!!"
---"'
""!"
!">
- !
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
60/132
EH
@"-!">
>-?$
=---!"
! S 5 S 6 *
""!>7"""
!""!
!'!*
!"C
*>9.3!.;A#IH#BUCF24-F%F
?-"!">
" " "
! M- "
'
">
/ - "- " !'
" !
!*"!&""
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
61/132
EI
,')',*%="?
M"!!>-""
>!/!-
#II4 C- = "9 !
!"-!!>
" "9 >8 "
">!
"!=9!!!"
!!>! $
-9"-
->-"-
/- #I4#C " !> "
-""
!>->O"
-
!"!-
5!""""'=9!
-!
5 - >8 -
! > " " -
9"!5-
" -" "
!-!!-
?$
"-!-"!
!9!-- -
!!
!@!"
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
62/132
43
9>"!9
5>-"
> !! - "-
""-"
! !! :!
K#II45!!
! @ @ ! -
-!!
!@
!&!-#II4-23@2#
- ! !>
"-!
"!
ASB8!!"'ASB
" " " ='9 ! -
" "
" - ! !
!!"!"ASB5
"=9'!"
@='9!!
- ! = ' 9 ASB
- -
"!=!'9
=9ASB--"=
9/-#IIF-
!' = !'9 = !'9
- "- " 9 -
" " / !
" "-"-
!=9-!-5
-'-"="9=>9-
>!9=9
+ !
!-"""'
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
63/132
4#
=@9
!ASB
0
?! 9 '
> - #II%- %F#@IE
>!
'"""
-::''+
! " ' -
!-"
'"!'-!
!!'
=' 9$ !- #IG3- 4 M"- !
"@-"""
" " 8 ! =
9+-#II2-2328'"
! !- ! -
"!!?"'-#IHF-H5-
"
!!
"!!'
'* ""-""-
!5!-"
"'>-!=9
=9! !'"8"
!"!!
! " * ! - " >
'!-!
"
""'"!-#IG3-F
M"!"*-?"
!'-#II2-!!
! " " ! > " @
"
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
64/132
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
65/132
4%
="!
"5"""-
"!-!*
!"!9
A!A#I%2B"-"-!
"5'!"!
!"*>!"
!!"!
/! 1 !;A#IGHB#
G2H-G4#@21""@$
= ' "-!" " "
- !-!
-!'-
"- *"-
""-
-"""
!9
" !"
-"- >
" ! * ! ! > >
" " !
/!9">!
! ;-"-
""E%%
""""/!9"@R-!"
!!#IG3#IH3
/!9$!
"
!!/!9
5 - > " ! "
! > ! L !*
!$
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
66/132
4E
=AB "@'" ! /! S !
-"-
"!9:!*+=
A#IHHB#EG%-43#
5'!>-;A#IH%B#E#39;+!@A#IH%B#
423 ASB- > " " >
! =9 - - " =5 !
67S- "!-9$!>-;A#IH%B#
E#3-EE2C""-"
! ="!9
ASB-->"@>
"!-!!
!5
" > = 9C
!+.A#IHFBGH4-H#F-"
=@!
9
,'+'+#
)"""-
23@=95
!"=3AB!=+A#IH4B2#3-
" : !-
! ! "
-'*=!9
=9- ! /!- ! -
=9!="!!SA!
"BS!! 9.!>A#IHGB#2E#-2H3
(
C6!A+.A#II3B1
!=9'
=
- " "
9 1 =9
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
67/132
44
- ! ! ! 5
-F#G@#H$
=A5B!-
!""""
!"=9=!9
!"->!"
!CS
!!
"!!
! "-
-"
9
C
-!*
"@"*=!9-
=9=->!9"*
!!"@!!'-! !!
@=9
"" ".+*
! *- !
8'!=!9
"""
'-!>
"
,'+',(%&
"!'!9
'*!!!
""$"
!9""!"
>@" 2
"!* 9ASB'
--*
!*=9'-#II4-G@3G
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
68/132
4F
! !
!:KM"O' =!6:
:#I2H2EHMO%%I!"';
+">"""-!'
-"!-"!
!"@''5"'
"'";+
'->"''R
+-#I4%>""
"!8"
':K$
=&"'"'!""
!5""AB-"
!!
"-!!-
1!"
9
5-" 1;!
GA#IE%BI2-KO-""
'-!""";
C""-
O9-!"
' 1 O !
;C!""
/:K#3H$
=KO"!"""
-!"" CHC!
" 1-"""!-"
"9
* ! - !"
>-*-#II2-#E%5
!!!
"&
!-+M"-=
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
69/132
4G
'!!9"
'!=
""!!9=!F
6 A#II2B 2MJ2H2- 2I4 '+ *
@=9
!"
>-!"
"-"
!!"!
M 1 M1 M = 9 ! @
M-!
!-"!-';C-"
'!"5-
"!!8"9"
* ! " ! " K "-
> =-!
=9
!- -
*-*!*=9
=9'-#II4-G@3G-""!
!
9 - ! " "
*"!9
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
70/132
4H
"/9"!#II#=+"'"-
99
O!5"C!
= !9 = "S "
S9E%%5
!"8
!9-!-*@-
=!"!A!B9!.
#IH4#4GJE2E-EH#CK
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
71/132
4I
!CK9
=9 !>*
>96!7!
" " -
! " "
!"$!!"
9"'-
!=!
9'-#II4-G@#F-
!"@!@"!
8
! > 5 - 5 > - =
!"S!'"!
'
""
!@'"!9
!>-;A#IH%B#E#3-E%3$
=C>'"-!-
'!"-"
-*5"!
!-+""9
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
72/132
F3
! +9" "
">9!'
?=! 6>!7=E2H
1"5--
!'*"
"->!2!9A#II4B223GASB-I
"&!;A#II4B2F%%ASB-*A#IIFB2##
"-!'"
! ! " ! 1
!
> ! = 9 ! E2E- !
"-
!=9 2!9A#II4B8-#II-"
"-"
!"-" ->!"
!1
@=9='9-"""
C(D
@ !>
! 1"- *>-
!"""!E%2
' C-#IH%- % " "
'-""-!""
"'-
"-
'"
! " ! " !
=!9$>:K '-
!-!"=!
9 .!*
#I%##GEMEE#-EEE
! ' " ! ! !
Y" "-
!"
! ' / -
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
73/132
F#
"
=9!5"
!!"'"!
-#II2-!!
! - " '
"-!!
:->""
@=9!!!9
-#II#!'>
" ''-" "! ! "
! @8 !- ' "
=9+-#IHG
!
A!;A#I4IBF3E8
!3 A#IG%B #2G !
! ' -
@!!C
!'-6!A+. A#II3B2
F34-FE%"&"
=!'95!
9'-"''!"
@=9
0*"
K"'.@-
'*
! " ! L :!*+
=A#IHHBEG%-4321$
=5 ! - - ! "
8!!
-!!*5"-
!"9
5='9-"!!'
! ! ,5 ! '
-1->!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
74/132
F2
CHC!
"I!;A#II4B2F%%
!32G+A#IHIB4%-
-
!"!
!:"&8;:+
';.EDE+'* A#IIFB 2##
-"'>1-9
!-=@@'-
"-9-!>!!
!=9-!'
@'!-""-!"
' ' "
-!-"
'-!
"!
O- ! ' "
"$C-#IH3#IH2844-
-'"
=!9)"-1!-#IHH"-'>
+K8.C!.=BA#IHIBUC
G#-I4!!$
=""A!B
>!""
-!-!
'-9
5 ! *- 9 !
-'11""!
'!
->
.>!AGA#IG3B#33E;!
")"'-J#3%%$
=5!!M"O'-
- ! - !
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
75/132
F%
"K!1;>9
9
--!! !'
"!"
!=S9!
C"@/'9= !"
" " ! @
*9I"&!;A#II4B2F%%-GEI8
,',&
,','*""
1-"!"
!"!-!
!ASB1"""
!* AB " ASB
ASB5-"!
!!
5""-
-"
"--
*1"-!"
!"!"$
*!-!"-"
"=9 ! -3
..ASB
2""!'
-">
- " > =9 " "-
'' -">"'"-
-"5
"9-
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
76/132
FE
!!-!!!!"
-5*
3.-!!"-
" 5 " " " - -
"!""'"
#IG#
- -
""!"
!" ASB !
-""!
!"
!!"
!!A#IF4B#UC2%2ASB-
"- >
! @A!
-!"!!5
@""-"!-
"-"!"
*!!=9""
""!!"C'-#II3-EFF@GC
"-!"!=9=9
2.!#H%%#3C##2'9"
/#II2 " =M" SA!BS "
9%#%!*
!'!!
ASB!
-
&!!
!"9!
ASB!!=9-
!!ASB
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
77/132
F4
,',')(9%%&
/!-!
#""!!!"
"!5
'!"-
"C'-#II3-E4F@I
2/"'-"
!5--
!!!!"!-
=M ! " 9 / " - ! - ! " !
-""
%"'9#HIG "#IEF
9 ! 5 " "
!" "
!;!""
" >! - "" 5 >
-:!B#HFF!!
""9ASB!
!!-"
" ! ASB "-
!!ASB
!!
! ' -
"!>!-
" ! " !
!!"!/
9"*
-!9!!!"--
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
78/132
FF
,','+=
" > - "
! " "'9 !*
!&!
!!-!""""
!"
>""!
">
J!+5>-!+-
" " + #IGH ! #IG2 !
! ! ! "
!"9!+
' " @ * M"
#IFG #IGE- ! ! ; K /
> ! ! !
"!!!
> + "
!>1"-"!
+'""
!!5!""!
>"'--!-
9"C
>- ! - -
! " > 1
-"!"!
>
- " - =
! > " >
-"9-+
=9
,',',$&
+ " " "
"
-"!"-
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
79/132
FG
!-5-
" > "!> +
-"#4>
-2#4333F4!"
'#IHF-
"=@9-"
-!!5
-!!!
> ! - "
*">ASB
5-$"!'-
!!'"
!'- +
!H4
8*"!#3"
' -
+-"-
!'!*!
! -
!"'-*!
"*$"
--'!C"
""- !!
"-"- >
>-->!9
!!-
>"'""
+9'8-#II%-G
"
!"9
--#II%-#H
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
80/132
FH
,','.
+ "
!"-"
'">
9"$'"
8!">
" * ' 8 ' !8
=@9
EF"C*"D
5-!"
!!"
" ! + -
! $ !
"!#IHIASB8
!!""
" ! 8 ! ! M1
= 9 ! ' !
K#IH2-4ASB
E%F
+"""
!'"ASB-
"!! @
! ! @
>5""
-
@ ! !
$"!"
!!>--
>-@!!
""
"!>!"!
" - - !
M!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
81/132
FI
EF%&
+--! !
1"-!
---'
-#II%-HH@I%!8-"
!5=9
! "!
" ! !
>!ASB!
!ASB8!ASB
!-!
!"
>*ASB
" + 9 ! !
!-")L"*"ASB
5--"!"-@
9 !-!> *- @
" ! X#3333 " X%3333 #II%
@ "!
"I%$
=5--"
""!@
9
EFC?(D
+=9
M " "
>" 9 5 - ! ! 5
!-"-
"+!
>- !"
! '+!5"!
>!-"
9 ? " K
J"#IHG-+!"!!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
82/132
G3
5->
"
,','/"
+
" " " -
"""M"
M""#IGE!
! >8
""
M" !> ASB
5"
" ! = > ! 9
>!"-
!"!!
"!@1"- "" H3
@ !> 8 9 @
" !
+""@
" ! ! - @
-""!!
" !
-""!
!
! 5 !
"!"F
!5
-"-
" > !
"">
!J!5
#II2-!!=AB!@!!
*!!">9-
-!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
83/132
G#
@- ""'"
" ! - !
> !
! > "
- '
-""!!"
"!-"!=9
-!>
!
M"!
!!5-"-!*
"
!"!&"
" M"
,'.
,'.'&B
!!>"'!-"
!-
""-
-
- ! ! J
!'"8-"-"
--!""
>!"5-
'!"9$
" " " " - ""
"=98"=955
"!!!
-"5"--
"""-=M9
! " >
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
84/132
G2
9 = 9 =!
9"@$"!
! =! 9 - #IHI +!
>'
!!-"@
!--"
!"=9*5"
!!-$
!"ASB
= 9 - ' ! -
)+#II3-+555-!
-"
)'!
-"
! !
-"-!!
*
,'.')B??
" "-
!-;"
! "- " " ! "
"-!"!
!:9ASB5!-
! " " - " "
!!ASB-!
5"!!!
! 9
8.!A#IFGB#FE4M-!"
:"!ASB
! " ;' #IHI" 9 =! !
9
'$
"!"=9"!
" " ! ! :!B
ASB
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
85/132
G%
! *- '
"!!""
!!"ASB
!- - = ! " 9 /
1-#IHE-#2EASBM->
!"@'-"
-"
!> *
-"
! " -
9"!"
9!-"!
,'/0
,'/'&&
1" " = 9R -
-"'--!"
R!!!"
"R!!
'!R
*!"-!-5
"' " " "
-9"-"
""!
""-"-
5 --"
!!!M
@=95
9 9
! " -
"! -
!!!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
86/132
GE
5!8A#II4B22IF"-"!
-"(-
= '"- 9
- ' " "' S
A-"!-
'!'!
5-*
;9#EF@G
J !
"-'
" - - "
! =9 ASB
"!! !* 5--"
!"!"
!+
9-
!!5 9!A#II%B#
/J%%G- "! 9
-+JJ-"
"!-
" ! - ! " ! !
>-9/!"
- .!!"-
-!!!
-!A#IFGB%32"
! @" " 1"-
*!!!!"
* ! 8 !
!8"
"5!-
-EIO+#I%%
!>--
>
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
87/132
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
88/132
GF
!!-'
+!"
-"*"'
""1"" '
5!>""-!)
" " "
5- " #HI3 ! /
C/C-#HI3-""!--
"!!"
")!'"
!9
'/-"-
-'"!"/
9-!=
-"-'''9+
L- #IHE-H4E5 " 9
'"-!
!-9=3* 6 #IH% FIH 2 H%# - -
!!9.A.B!
B!#IH3F#F2I4F
-!=!9"
- " ! - " 9 -
J-F42C
! !-
" " - ' !
" ! !>! ! !
!-!
=! 9-#IIE-
F%E-! !
-"=!9
""!
- !>
/--""!
!- !
/-"-!!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
89/132
GG
' 9 ! "
,'/')0
"'!"
9 "
5 "- ! " /
!!"-!
!M"!
"'
! & - - "
!!""!
"!
5 ! ! !
!!5>!
""!
,'/'+%0&
" 9 N!
@ " ! ! !
91"-;+!;A#IIFBE
J#33H-"'
!5--!>-
; C'- "@'" "- " = 9 " ! !
!'!>!
"""""
! =- 9 1"- !
"9"
'.!A#I%FB2J#2%G"!1$
=AB =- 9 !!
"5'"-!
5$"""
'!R9
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
90/132
GH
"
"MK-;+!;
/!!*">/
>9 !#GI2 5
"-"- '-
"!!""!
9A#I#3B23
5 ! " " "
!"=
'9="!>AUB9*'--"
='9"""5--
! * " = ' 9 " ' - " =
'9"!-""
-"R-"='9
" 9 R 5 !
"='9''"'
"';!AA#I%GB#
LCH#H
5!-""'!-"
!9
@!!"-=ACB"
"-!9""
> ! > * " " "
- ; C- " "
! " " ! =
"!>L9!
!>
( K >- "
!!--
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
91/132
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
92/132
H3
"!"-"!!
! - -'"
' C
"!
!!A*A#IF%B2J#4#
""!""*"
=* J ! 9 ! "
! 1 - " -
"-"J
!"*!'"""!
="!!
'"!"
'""9"
"!5" !--*"'
!> *"
-"-M
*!!8!"
!"
/'!!!
'"
"""
! !A
A#I2IB2LC%%#5!'L-
'";-"C"""$=;;-
"- ; Q-" ! 9;
"!!;-"""
"8-"
"!=9"--"
@!"!"!!
&"-""1"-
"-"!5
"'"-!
!""
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
93/132
H#
,'/',%%
" -"-"9
9--"
- " ! !
95!!'!"
" '" - " 9
"R5-"*
!!"
+!--
""!!
!!
!/--
! "
'" ' ;
!-"
!!
5!"
" ! "
9*!"! *+!:A#IF2B#
/J#4# " " ""-
" " - " '
!9!'"
>!!"
&-+K*
!'"-=A/B-!
!-""*
R9"@>*!>
!!"*
""C"-
!A#I#E@#4BJ2E2-"!"-
!!!!JK-=
!9
9
"!
" ! "
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
94/132
H2
-!!-=!
S9-=5!S9-!"
" ! " =9
"8-""
!>"
--!=A#IIFB%J%H4'"=9
" - !
"/!!
! -!- !
!- !'
- - !
!!
!"=9!
5@,!-3A#I33B2UC
#G3=9"'=!9
" ! ! " "
'"!8!""'
"-"!-"!8
""'"!"!
'"!
"-"- !
"#?#IIF""
""--"!- -!
! "!
''$%8--
5 ! "
8 ! - ' - !
?@J&; ' "
%##
""-!
#28!'!#4!8-
'"-!-"!!
--"
1"-+';U#IIF-"--
"-!!!"
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
95/132
H%
'"!* 3)-"-
!'"-!-"
!! ..!"
" !' ! " !
-*!!8"-
3 " " ' 3- '
!..-""
*"!!;;A#II#B
#UC2H%$'!!*!!
R" !
= 9
"ASB-!"*
!'$"!!!*!
""!"R
,'/'.#
*
/!"!1"-
!5!>.=A#IG#B2J
##4F-"
!!'!@
!"
""1
"-!"'"
=!"'"9!
""
""5*'
/ ""
&-"
->9
'!
!!5!9A#I#3B23K-!-!
"
=K9"+'!
?
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
96/132
HE
=9K!1
9"!=AB"!
!""!-
-!9!"'"!
"
5!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
97/132
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
98/132
HF
--'
!!-
=9 "
*"!!'
"''-""8'"
-'"!'""
"*-#4F39K-2E
5!-"-
*
!8!
M-"!
!!3D"
!!"*"-
!+C"!>
!3D8!!"'
!!""
1"-!!K#IFG-H
"=>-"
$!!""
!!!!*8!!
" 3-"
9
!!
"! A==A#IG4B
#H2"1"!
-@!"!"3"
">!@!
"9'- -!!$
"!!
"'!ASB
/.
!$"'-
!!'!=!9"
="9""@-
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
99/132
HG
" ! '"":
!!5"
"*=9=9!=.9!
!-"-!>*
- . * 8 - !
'-!1-
*@!!8
->!-*"!>!>K
#IFG- H C - - ! . .
3331-"
- > !! "
-.37!!2.A==A#I%4B
EF2 5 / ' " ! ""
">
>'"-
-"!!
1""-!-"
! " "
!! "-" !
' ! ASB ! "
""!!
>--ASB-ASB!!
!
*@!!"
.!!!!5-
"-!"ASB"
!!'!"
5 - " " =.9-
- - " *
=39-!!=.9
"*= .9
" #IFH "
-!!-
"!!"
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
100/132
HH
- !- "
- ; #IFH- 4H2- !
!' ! "
C' #I#E- #4G# 5 = A#IG3B #%2- "-
4! ? ? #IF4 ! =
'!9"*
'" '" !>! ! =!'9
1!=!9
*+'
=.-!!!
-""
"!!"
- "- !> - " !
!
-#IFE-#F##=>9@'"
*:!95!
- -!!
"!!"'"8"
!
!$=5"9->-=!"!
1"'"!"95!
.*!"-
! C . " !* ! !
!"!>
-!"9>
!!ASB
.''+-$#%&
C " =.-!"
-;'-?-@?-M5
!"!
85"!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
101/132
HI
5"!'
C!>$'!-!
!!-"!*"
!"""
"!!>8!"!-"-
!-"!"""!
;'!"
:33#HFIJ#J#HE-1#E1"-&
+#HF#-44-"'#F
""'"-
"1"-!"
!** ! ! !1
8'"5:=#HG4J2J
#4E- - +9 " $
!!""#F"!
- -'" " 1'
8''
9 5 =!9' :
A#IG4B2JIGE-"""*
!!!'!"
;'$!
" " "
=D3
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
102/132
I3
""!;->
:"'"!"!-
!*- '"!!-
" " - - !9
=9 ! ! ! " !!
' ! > 8 !!
5!""-=9
"
5""!=9
!! """"
""--"-"
!""-"!@
90
!-9-
8 C ""
"!$'"5>
!"--
..5>/=!9*
!""$!"
:#I2E#HJ#F3''
""!O
>'"--""!
!-!!!"
!-"
"'!!C8-
:"0#$J%&A#IHEBUCE4F&'
"! ! @
! " 8
""@&
"-
!"
?&
=9- -
! " ! "
''!"
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
103/132
I#
!8-
:A#HHE#EUC?2G%-"'"'!!
!"!
5 ! " "
:-"!
-"!
" -! "
!*9
.'',&
"--!!!$
+);-?'+-;
7
! ! " " !
8!!
!!
6 ! - ! $ "
1;1#IH%--
-!-5
"--"!5-!
!1"!
$*!!>5
-!'-
!
"
5! .5=9"
"@'""!>--#HE%#3D233
!:$
!
!5-
-"!--
'"*-'"""""
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
104/132
I2
/!-
"-
!"!
M-"-!-!
8 "
!333"
/ > ! "
-: " - = !
9"!)#II#-!!
1""!+5
)+#II#!"4+5
#IFE > ! '
-!5
-!)-!
*- " " !
! !
!"
#2#IFH-!>-"
1
3.:"C
!!
1!!
!'"*"
"
.3"!1#I4G-25
.-!
"!!"!!-333-
="!"
--!>!
!!'95
> ! " =9
-:8->-'=5"!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
105/132
I%
-!R9;"!!
!!>1-!-
!!!/-
- !
-"- .3+5
#IFE-F-.
! ! . !
' ! .. !"
""--!!
5"-!"-
'"""
!C!
!!"$!
!"=!'9"!5!C8-
:"0#$$0&A#IIEBEJFH%=9
!C
!!""
!!!"=9=9
--"-
&!!"
= ! 9 ! - ! -
'!
0
5!@ " ' " @
- ! $ " ;" 1
#F3I@#FGF- =! " ' !
-!>"9C
!5- ":'
-../
"!"--:
" 5 - ' "
'
!-ASB!
-"!!''
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
106/132
IE
!!!!
8!''"!
"!8"!
"'--!!C-"!
-"-"'
' 5 ! - -
2.ASB!
"'-!-'-
&-" '
= 9 E J #IHH- "
!4--
!-
!--
"!""@ -
-"""!
"!"
! 8 ! " "-!
'-"'"!!!
' ' * ' "-
!!
&
)! #/
. !!8!!!!
" '" " " " ""
! #/ " ! ! !!
II%- " ! !-- 5
""$"
!--!>!!!-
#IF%C>-"-!-"!"J
#IFI2##H)-"$RASB
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
107/132
I4
)"-"!"!!-"
!!!8-
"-=O9-K
#I24-!
5 - "- !
!
- - ! 1"
"!8
!-
>-!!
;-'"!
.''.
!"3..!1!
"#IFG"
$ - ..
!"
/'ASB"!"=!9-#!
!" "
" ! !
-!-#2F*-
!"
"*"
!
.''/
!!'$
C ! > - - C " $ 3
=9C-"-
8-C"! C-"!
- '=
9!#HF#-H--C-
-8"'9-"
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
108/132
IF
-'"-C9
'5$8
88!*8'"
!-C"!
9-!"!C9R
" " !
- " -
"-"""
"!*!-"-
*
J!"!-
" - " 9
39C"!"-'-.$C
=9/-"-C!*'"
""!!
=!9ASB"""
5-E#=/!-
"-'"!!!-
""!" .
!9"!-!
""'"!!!!-
'--"
'"5--4#'
!""9
'!'!
.!!"'"!
!-"-!"
?+!+
3!-!
!"!!
" =9 ! " ! " !
""!-""'-
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
109/132
IG
- ! ! !
$CCC
-9!""
""!-
"!C8-:"##$4K&A#IG4B2JFHE
"=9 '! ! !*
J#IHH-E4!R"=O9!$!
!"
'!!!9"
!!!
'"!
'"' A==6
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
110/132
IH
/ = 9 *
''Q * Q! !
= 95 ! #2 " "
8"''"
.'=!9
E#"#
" ! "-
-!-!
' =9 .$ " - - 9
1-->
C!8
#F"!!"
!
-!!."#IGG-4E
5
5 !
"#IGG-4G
.''6
- "" ! =..
9 L !
5-!
..!"
8-"
!-!
"#E
.')
'!$!
-
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
111/132
II
.')'*%
! " " ! -
- & - - - - -
-ASB->!
1 " ! -
.')''&
*
" " ! "-
-"! " !K--
! !
! 8 1 M - !
!"!
" " -
@ !
"!""/
!""'"1
!->"@-!>
"" ! !-
!!"-
! - " "- ! ! ! ! "
! " $ "- - -
!"- ! !
#FE#- " * ' >-
-$'-="9
=9!:!"
="98-"!
!->
! " 5 " >
"-!-@
--""!8!"-
! ! !
-"-!="9-!
" ! !
. - - ! "
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
112/132
#33
..3!""!
"#IGG"=9-!!"#IFG
?&
""C#!#IH#-
4#G-- $-
.>!!1-
--!
"->!-"
!!""!""-
-
- "-& "
:! -
:"!
..2E2)!
J#II2 ..!!"
=9-C2#=
!"95
"5!"-C
22=!"
" 8!!8
9":"!
!"$@!
. C. 3D 42 %
!"$8"
!
!!""!!>""!
--"-"
! ! 8 ! "
!"
""!"'>
)"!"
!!"
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
113/132
#3#
- '- !
" ?+! +- - -
@(E-!-4G!
..
.')')*
" "!$# 1-2
C-%J-EC
.')')'!
5!"'-
! =9"$'
- ! " ' ! " 8
! ' - -
" ' " "
"!>"
! "
"!"'=9!!
"!-"
@- " "
@>-!ASB
/ " ! " " $ - -
!-
-=+33
"L-&'.(9
=39!-
=639!!5"
=!9!8"!=!9
* ) !
=9"!!!M-
5 + #I2I ' = 9- ! "
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
114/132
#32
-""!!!"
!2H"'!*
!-"-!""
"
3&+#HF#-4H5
"-!-""-
" ! "
-!!#IFG"!--
!8"
"9--
!!"-!-!
"->-
"@'"-!5!
!!$!!
!""-!-!
="L-&9"'"C!
->
-!C!>"!
=9 ! * ! 5
'-"$Q-
C-!!!"
"-!"'5
!-!C!-8
3D-"!-!
=" " R9 5 - " !
!!*9->! -"
*-
=;9M@"!
!.8*
=*9 " " ! !
""
C"!!!-
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
115/132
#3%
-""!!!"
JO?J#IIF
!!-!;!?+
#IF4 " !
""!
+ !" #H !
-!!!1;>9
;"-"
" $ =9 =9
@. " "
" !
ASB6.!"-!
" -! - "!>
''!
N 5>"
!! >
"">!->
"8"!!
*-1#I4G-%-=/
">"'"
! ! ! @- * "
" 3."!>8
*D+!
"- - " 3.- !
=!9!"--!@
!-*'"-!!
$!@$
=[[[[9""'-!!'
!'
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
116/132
#3E
C!"=!9*!!>
!'"
-=O![[[[!'![[[[[[9
' ' + !
''
1#I4G-E!#IF#=!.-
!- !"'
!!'!9ASB"
-!
-!5"!
.!=98
!=9'
""
!99"
""!
!-!"
5!"--@ASB!-
-!!-"!
- @ -
"""--"
!5 C'-!'"
ASB !
!ASBC!--'
-'!-'"!>''
E!5"!
*'!!"
" C --!!
8'
-"!'!"-"!
1!"""!'-
!"1'=9!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
117/132
#34
' "- !!
'!!"!"5
!'" &
-"!""!
"!'5!.!8
""
9 ! -
"!
!"--C''"-"''"-
-C!
8'!!!!.+
A#IIEB%JGI!1-
!! '
!"!!
E3+.'""
"!'">-
!!'-:
"' - '/ ! !
--"!"
!"
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
118/132
#3F
5"!!'"!/
"-"!
?+!+
5 "! 5 #I%H- " "
" " - ! #0.- "
-"!5-"!= 9--
-!"!!
!-!*!
5!
! ASB" "-!
!!5!!!
8!
!:9#I4FE3J#42""!!
" " !> " " ! ! "
!!!$ !C
":+A#IH#B2JE22!!
"'$!
"!!5"
"9"*!
R5
!$
5!"!-*!!
"""-"
'-
!
.')')')1&
" =9 " =9 =!9- "
-"-!"!
=9--
" ! ""!!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
119/132
#3G
" ! ' ' "
!-$!""
-'"8
--!!!
+ " !-
"-
; " ! -
>"-;-"!
!8- " - !
- ! ! >
"!!!!C-
-!"!
8>
>-!--
- @ > 5 !
!!'
/ ! !
!""!!!*
!!-9-!
C =9 '
!!&+#HF#
" "-
!
"--"&
#I4F!IFG-:
2#)L
!
.')')'+#
C#I4F!IGF
!!K+!IIE-$
""8! .+
.-'"#2
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
120/132
#3H
=!!99!!'
"=!9$-ASB!-
9!
C !"8
"!!"-!-;"
1-=!"'
!-"9/-"-!""
>-!!
8 '" ! ! 1
#II#-!!!"
-""-
=9--!-!"
""!!"8
""""-
!"
J
.')')','1&
C 8 ! & + #HF#- 4G 5
!"-!-=9!
"
!.=9
" =;9 " - -
8"1-"-
" " " =! 9 " !
!"-"-=39-
" ! ! M " !
3!!
"!!--
!!;-!
!-"!"!-
!>=9-"
!!"
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
121/132
#3I
=.9!
1- =9-
:!- "-- =9
!-""":-"!
=98!=9""
=!9
C&+#HF#-4G-!
"!"!!-
! '" ! ! & -
-"!-=9-
!"!- =9"!
-"!
"""-
:*#HHI2%UC?#FH-";"!!#HH#-
!"-"K#HHG"!-
!?!-!-
!!"
-""!!
-ASB8"!"=9'"
"!!-
!&!!-!$-
"=9;!-
'"!"-;--"
C!"9
.')'+*#&
'""
.')'+'*
" - #I#F- " !
#IFH=9"8
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
122/132
##3
J!!8C8&!!?8C'81(
"!"
" """"!!
!!
""--"!!
" ! !! =' "9
-!9
- " : "
!'"!-
!!-"!
""'"9"'
"!"
" "" "
=!::9"-!"8"!"
"'3.!-
"
'.-;"'* "
!
1"
!##
=3
.S9:"
=?9!=9!!
"$--"'
- " ! > "
! " =9 " "
-'""!*-!=9
&!""
> " " " ;-
!>!--
'" " " ' -
"-!$ ! =!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
123/132
###
9-2# '"!
! "8 ! ! = ! " "9
"'"9-2#!K'
'K9!-K!!'8K-"-
8"=!
"!!! '!9">"
! - - '
" M - =9 ' " '"
=.A#IG2BF2F1
""!
=95"*!
#4#
=9-%#9.3.
--"!"
-!'""9
"-#I#F-###!"
'$Q9""O9O'"!"
"-!'-Q9- "!
""O"8!""!5
--!"-""
"-"--!-
#IFH- %2-"-
"-*
"!!'"
""!!")!@"!
!"/
"*!-!!
"""-"""='
"98-%#!=!9
!"-'-"!
!"
=+9C-E#-=.''
39=9"!!"$=9
E23" !
Q'O98"
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
124/132
##2
=98"'-!:
!!-"!
"=9=9
E2$!-""!
"C-E%-'$
'..-- 3
..$!-'
A-!/#IH#-#%-**
#%#'-"H
#%# " ":
""" -"-B
" " !! ' - EE
-"5!
/ ! = 9
J!""!
=C9"
!""!!-"
"""-4#8@"
" @" 8 ' " =!
95!"""
"8"!!!
-4%$"
!!=95"
!'-!!
=2 . 9 5 =. 9
8 "
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
125/132
##%
95!5
! 5 -! ' !'""
-!-55!=9"!
!!!$'
"!"'8
! !
!-##-"-""!-
'!!
!-F-*
-="
"9 9 " = 9$
:!"!!--
'*Q
!!'"-
" " "
!!"""9
!"="99
C- " 9 - 9 " " - "!'- "
!!C"!!!
9
#%%&
C-H-"!!!=-!
--+3
3D9'""!''
!!8!!"-"
-"
5!!!Z9=;"9!!
$!!
" ! "
!!
1&
C-I-"!!33
!3.
.3-!! 3
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
126/132
##E
-.3.
5"!' . !
..!=9
8-!..
-!!":
"!*8!-"
-!--'"
!"!5!
"
$-!
!
5!!!!"!
=;"!!9$"-=
!98 ! " ! : ! " -
*-C-I%-=!9 =!9
!="!S9
I""!"!
=!'9-!-
"
! " #E - "
K#II#2F8!-#3-= 9!"
" ! ! " - - "
>
0
"!!$-#4-
-#F"! #F!!$
"*!#IGH"--#F/"
#4-"=9-#F-
-#IGH
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
127/132
##4
-#4=9#4E"3+&('
9
=9"!?'A==A#IGGB
44"' "'
"$=9--=
#4=9-'"!
-" .
+"
-#! ..
"!!82338%
! ""-
..-E
!9
! !- " ! 8 !
5!"$"C-'"
!'"*-!*3++
* " ! 3+ " " 8
"'!'"!5
!!$"
"-"!#F-
8-"-!
- ! * ! :
Z--*-!-
-!
#4# "=3"3+&
33.98#42=
333'95!
" " "
!--"5"
!"##
C#4#!-C!"9
$ C9 *
!""!#4#-"=9
!!!"9"!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
128/132
##F
!!#4"-!"
95=!!9
!-#F#!="!!
98 - #F2- = " 6
7S!!S"S!"!"!"
-'S
"!!9
#IGH$ 3!#-
8 3 ! - 2$
!!-!8!"'
" --
!"""
"" =98!
!'8 .+.%"!
="-'"*
-'"S"9
-"-C%2=9
""'!"!
1
! #I#F- !
"!'"!"=
.'.+.. 9
2##="9'!$=
!'!
9QO"O=5"
X#339".!!'$!Q9-
'>!--O"
-'"!-Q
" ! C" !: "! !
>
!'#E9
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
129/132
##G
!
""!-22#+!
'"!-!!!'"-
= S'"!!S
-+ '.',!!
S9!"-
-"
'" ! !1 " =9!
//9'/
"'"! -/"!
/1-
!$!!!"-
-*"-!"
!!!!
= 9 ! "
8"=9!
" !!"
'" " " "
=9- ! " " !
=9 = :9 ! 8 =9
=9"
5 ! ! - 2E% = !
!!""
"9"'""
"!-'"-
#E9
#&
/ ! ! -
!"!!!
! -
+
+#HIG"
".-9!
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
130/132
##H
!"$!
!O""
-2H-""
"!--
-
! - ! "
C9";-C
-"'
9-
- "! -
" !
"!-
!
'
K9 "'"$!
8-!K
-!
K9@K!!-
!-'8'
K"!
.')'+')0
" " ;?
#HF#!-
! ""
'! $5
!9!'"!#2'
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
131/132
##I
"'
'" -"'
"!" !'
"!!C-!
5"""
! ! !' 5-
"-5""'--5
!#2.!9
7/31/2019 English for Law Handbook
132/132
"-"!!-
42!""!
""!!
@"C !8 "
""
/!>4%
1'-'-!
!Q""O""
"!
?=9#3=3"-
.9$ - " - ! -
"- 1 - E%+
!"'""!>+'
.!"-E
?-#28
?@