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English for Tax Administration 1
Lecturer: Miljen MatijaševićG10, room 6/I, Tue 11:30-12:30
e-mail: [email protected]
Session 3, 29 Oct 2013
1. Revision of the last session
2. Sources and Varieties of English Law
3. Key terms + practice
Today’s session
Revision of the last session
Separation of Powers – Legal Systems - What is Meant by
Law?
Revision questions
1. What do you know about the concept of the separation of powers?
2. Name at least 4 meanings of the word ‘law’
3. Find synonyms for: ◦ behaviour
◦ lay down
◦ law-making
◦ a written set of rules
◦ be in accordance with (a law)
Revision questions
4. Who does these actions: ◦ enact, enforce, interpret, violate, practise law.
5. Provide Croatian equivalents for the following terms:
◦ impose, neglect, infraction, coercion.
6. What is the principal difference between the common and civil law systems?
Laws are usually enacted by the legislative branch of the government. Once a regulation enters into force, the citizens of that country must conform to it. Any conduct contrary to that regulation is interpreted as an infraction of the regulation and may lead to penalties. These are given by the judiciary or institutions which are responsible for enforcing the regulation.
Translate the following passage
Zakone obično donosi zakonodavna vlast. Kada neki propis stupi na snagu, građani te zemlje moraju ga se pridržavati. Bilo kakvo ponašanje suprotno tome propisu smatra se kršenjem istog i može biti kažnjeno. Kazne određuje sudstvo ili institucije odgovorne za provođenje tog propisa.
Translation (example)
Sources and Varieties of English Law
Unit 2
PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS:
international law – national law(also: supranational law - EU)
public law – private law
Branches/areas of law
PUBLIC LAW – area of law in which the state has a direct interest
PRIVATE LAW – area of law involving private citizens
Branches/areas of law
family lawcommon law
constitutional lawcriminal lawpublic law
administrative lawlabour law
procedural lawcompany lawprivate law
civil lawsubstantive lawcommercial law
Legal Systems, Branches of Law, Sources of Law
What are the Croatian terms for the above?
family law – obiteljsko pravo
constitutional law – ustavno pravo
criminal law – kazneno pravo
public law – javno pravo
administrative law – upravno pravo
labour law – radno pravo
procedural law – procesno pravo
company law – pravo (trgovačkih)
društava
private law – privatno pravo
civil law – građansko
pravo/kontinentalno pravo
substantive law – materijalno
pravo
commercial law – trgovačko pravo
Translations
NOTE:
civil law – double meaning: ◦ (continental) civil law – legal system◦ civil law – field of law (as opposed to criminal law)
common law – double meaning:◦ legal system (sustav common law)◦ a source of law (precedentno pravo)
Legal Systems, Fields of Law, Sources of Law
Consider the relationships between the following
Great BritainThe British Isles
WalesEngland
The United KingdomIreland
ScotlandNorthern Ireland
England or the UK?
The British Isles
1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
2. The Republic of Ireland
Great Britain: England, Wales and Scotland
Certain political and legal independence England and Wales share a common legal
system, while Scotland and Northern Ireland have separate legal systems
The States
Sources of English Law
COMM
ON LAW
STATUTE LAW
EQUITY EU LAW
ENGLISH LAW
English Law COMMON LAW – substantive law and
procedural rules created by judicial decisions made in the courts
STATUTE LAW – laws enacted in Parliament (statutes, i.e. Acts of Parliament)
EQUITY – a parallel system to common law EU LAW – EU legislation and decisions of the
Court of the EU applicable in all Member States
before the Norman Conquest (1066), laws were local and
based on custom, administered by feudal courts, no
centralised system
Norman Kings – political and administrative unification
introduced a national legal system and a system of courts
Henry II (1154-89) - the common law system was instituted
in its entirety
national legal system based on case law, which developed
into judicial precedents – the basis of common law to the
present day
More on common law
More on equity• common law system proved rigid in its
practices and its remedies often led to
unsatisfactory results
• dissatisfied litigants turned to the monarch
• the monarch forwarded these petitions to
the Lord Chancellor (Keeper of the King’s
Conscience)
More on equity• the Court of Chancery was formed to deal
with these petitions
• developed into a separate system within
English law known as EQUITY, as the Lord
Chancellor was not bound by precedents
administered by common law courts, but
was rather guided by equity, i.e. fairness
e.g. where common law could only impose a
payment of damages, equity had the option to
issue an injuction or order specific performance
equity soon established jurisdiction over matters
where common law was failing, and as such
continued to exist for five centuries
More on equity
The Supreme Court of Judicature Acts 1873-1875
reformed the system of courts and brought together the common law courts and the courts of Chancery
the Court of Chancery became the Chancery Division of the High Court of Justice, which it remains until the present time
equity has its own set of precedents where common law and equity conflict, equity prevails courts fused but not the law! litigants can seek legal and/or equitable remedies
from the same court
More on equity
... in the next session!
More on Statute law
Key termsbranch of law
area/field of lawsource of law
common lawstatute law
equityEU law
substantive lawprocedural law
precedent(legal) remedy
litigantdamagesinjunction
specific performance
Thank you for your attention!