English Grammar CAT Edited

7/30/2019 English Grammar CAT Edited

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English Grammar


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Session I

Topics to be covered : Introduction to Parts of Speech

Nouns

Articles

Pronouns

Exercises on the topics

Practice Tests


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Parts of Speech

Sentences, clauses and phrases are made of Words. Accordingto their nature and function in the sentence, words are divided intoeight classes, called Parts of Speech.

1. Nouns (names of persons, places or things (Concrete and abstract)

2. Pronouns (words used instead of nouns)

3. Verbs (Words which describe the condition of the subject, i.e. what thesubject does, or what happens to it, or what it is)

4. Adjectives (add something to the meaning of noun)

5. Adverbs (add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective and anadverb)

6. Prepositions (words used (placed before) with a noun or a pronoun toshow how the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands inrelation to something else.

7. Conjunctions (link words, phrases, and clauses)

8. Interjections (express some sudden feeling or emotions)


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Parts of Speech

Oh dear (interj)! but (conj) why (adv) on (prep)

earth (N) are (V) you (P) angry (adj)?

God (interj)! The (adj) hungry (adj) chased (V)

the (adj) mouse (N) under (prep) the (adj) table(N) and (conj) quickly (adv) snaffled (V) it .

He is one of those thoughtless persons whodo not attend to problems until they becomedangerously huge, what a character!


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Parts of Speech

This is an oilpainting. He wanted some oilfor the bicycle. He wanted to oilhis bicycle. Minding your own business is second nature in these parts. She wanted to parther hair.

She put a partin her hair. Katrina is a partowner of the business. He went to waterthe grass. She went to get a drink ofwater. The wonderful aroma from the kitchen makes my mouth water. She feels well.

Tears welled in my eyes. ORAngerwelledup in me. Business is going well. I'm not feeling well. Well, what do you think?

She drew some water from the well.


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Nouns: Types

Nouns have two categories and five types:

1. Countable Nouns

2. Uncountable Nouns

i. Common noun (city, country, company)ii. Proper noun (Mumbai, India, Reliance)

iii. Collective Noun (team, army, herd)

iv. Material Noun (iron, water, blood, hair)

v. Abstract Noun (A. Feelings : hatred, happiness; B.

Qualities : wisdom, beauty; C. Actions: smoking,

singing)


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Nouns: Types (Contd)

III. Concrete Nouns: names anything (or anyone) that you can perceivethrough your physical senses: touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell.(e.g. spaghetti, muffins, perfume, water, book, room, pen, composer,boy, car, gold, silver, clay, stone, wood, cotton, iron, wool )

The judge handed the files to the clerk.

Whenever they take the dog to the beach, it spends hours chasingwaves.

The real estate agent urged the couple to buy the second housebecause it had new shingles (roofing).

As the car drove past the park, the thump of a disco tune

overwhelmed the string quartet'srendition of a minuet. The book binder replaced the flimsy papercover with a sturdy, cloth-

covered board.


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Nouns: Types (Contd)

V.Countable nouns:A countable noun (or count noun) is a noun withboth a singular and a plural form, and it names anything (oranyone) that you can count. (e.g. book (s), continent (s), dollar (s),litre (s), fork (s), suitcase (s), bag (s), rumour (s), shower (s), journey

(s), machine (s), sight (s). In each of the following sentences, the

highlighted words are countable nouns:

We painted the table red and the chairs blue.

Since he inherited his aunt'slibrary, Jerome spends everyweekend indexing his books.

Miriam found six silverdollars in the toe of a sock. The oak tree lost three branches in the hurricane.

Over the course of twenty-seven years, Martha Ballad deliveredjust over eight hundred babies.


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Nouns: Types (Contd)VI. Uncountable nouns:is a nounwhich does not have a plural

form, and which refers to something that you could (or would)

not usually count. (e.g. water, sugar, salt, money, music,electricity, happiness, excitement, accommodation, land, research,advice, equipment, laughter, rice, applause, evidence, leisure,rubbish, baggage, fruit, lightning, scenery, behaviour, fun, litter,shopping, bread, furniture, luck, sightseeing, camping, gossip,luggage, stuff, cash, harm, machinery, thunder, clothing, health,

money, toast, countryside, help (but Thanks. Youve been a greathelp.), news, traffic, crockery, homework, pay, transport, cutlery,housework, permission, travel, violence, pollution, housing, damage(harm or injury to property or a person), jewellery, progress,weather, education (but I had a good education _used in lessgeneral sense.), knowledge (but A Knowledge of Spanish is

essential) , proof, work (A job; employment :but a work of art,the works of shakespeare, a steel works) . An uncountablenoun always takes a singular verb in a sentence, and we usethis/that and it. (e.g. This milk is off. I will pour it down the sink.).Uncountable nouns are neither singular nor plural.


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Usages: NounsProper nouns are regularly singular, but may

be made plural when we wish to speak ofseveral persons or things bearing the samename; e.g., the Washingtons, the Americas, etc.

Proper nouns can be used as commonnouns and hence preceded by an article.e.g.(I) You need a Chidambaram to address the ills

of American Economy. (II) We dont need an

Emerson or a Thoreau to keep our nationalconscience alive.


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Usages: Nouns Certain materials (nouns) differ in strength, purity, etc. Hence it is

acceptable to make the nouns plural, and say teas (e.g. fruit teas, decafteas), tobaccos, paints, oils, candies, clays, coals.

Certain nouns haveno corresponding singular and therefore itimperative for us to assign them plural verbs (aborigines, amends,assets, thanks, obsequies, premises (building), fetters, proceeds, alms,goods, belongings, clothes, congratulations, earnings, odds, outskirts,

particulars, remains, riches (wealth), surroundings, thanks, troops, tropics,Arms, (Usages: i. The goods were found to be defective. ii. Mybelongings have been destroyed in a fire. iii. These trousers needcleaning. (but This pair of trousers needs cleaning.). (iv) Theunexpected riches of Georgian culture have surprised the world. (v)These premises are used by the local football team.


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Usages: Nouns

A few interesting facts about nounsA.Cousin is never followed by brother or sister.B.Poor people is a slang use. It should be the poor

.

C.Signature should be used in place of theabbreviation sign.

D.Food taken once is meal and not meals. Mealsmeans both lunch and dinner and we cannot takethem together.

E. Vacation is one term. Hence it is singular.F. Tickets mean the number of tickets. Ticket

means the mode of entry.


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Usages: Nouns

A few interesting facts about nouns

G. English teacher/professor is slang. It should be theteacher/professor of English .

H. Noun or Pronoun after One of should always be plural.

I. Room in a compartment or on a bench, etc. meansunoccupied seat. So, vacant room is incorrect usage.

J. Witness means knowledge brought in proof. Evidencedenotes means of proving an unknown or disputed fact.

K. Family members is a slang use. The correct form is

member of the family.

L. The use of double possessive should be avoided. It is betterto write the son of my uncles friend than my uncles

friends son.


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Usages: Nouns A few interesting facts about nounsG. The use of (s) is usually limited to living things, of is used in

the case of lifeless things, e.g. the girls leg; but the leg of thetable.

H. When two nouns indicate common possession, (s) is added tothe later one; when they indicate separate possession, (s) isadded to each one of them: e.g. (Mohan and Sohans father;

Mohans and Sohans father)I. Your date of birth is an improper construction. The correct

construction is, the date of your birth.J. Likewise, the state of his health is a proper construction. And

his state of health is not.K. Entry to the cinema is by ticket is a proper construction and

Entry to the cinema is by tickets is not.L. This Minar is built of bricksand stonesis an improper

construction. The correct construction is, This Minar is built ofbrickand stone.


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PERSON PERSONAL POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE /EMPHATICSubjective Objective

1st Person I, We Me, Us My, Mine, Our(s) Myself, Ourselves

2nd Person You You Your(s) Yourself,

Yourselves

3rd Person He, She, It,They

Her, Him,It, Them

Her(s), His,Its,Their(s)

Himself, Herself,Themselves

TYPES OF PRONOUNS


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Pronouns: TypesII. Demonstrative Pronouns:A demonstrative pronoun ("this," "that,"

"these," and "those) points to and identifies a noun or a pronoun."This" and "these" refer to things that are nearby either in space or intime, while "that" and "those" refer to things that are farther away inspace or time.

This must not continue.

This is puny; that is the tree I want.

Three customers wanted these.

III.Interrogative Pronouns :An interrogative pronoun ("who,""whom," "which," "what, . "whoever," "whomever," "whichever," and"whatever") is used to ask questions.

Who wrote the novel Rockbound?

Whom do you think we should invite?

To whom do you wish to speak?

Whoever told you so?

Whatever are you doing?


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Pronouns: Types

(IV) Relative Pronouns: You can use a relative pronoun (who,""whom," "that," and "which, "whoever," "whomever," and"whichever) is used to link one phrase orclause to another phraseor clause.

You may invite whomever you like to the party. The candidate who wins the greatest popular vote is not always

elected.

In a time of crisis, the manager asks the workers whom shebelieves to be the most efficient to arrive an hour earlier than usual.

Whoever broke the window will have to replace it.

I will read whichever manuscript arrives first. This is the question the solution ofwhich has baffled

philosophers of all ages.

The moment which is lost is lost for ever.
http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/bldphr.htmlhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/bldcls.htmlhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/bldcls.htmlhttp://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/bldphr.html


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Pronouns: Types

(V) An indefinite pronoun :("all," "another," "any," "anybody,""anyone," "anything," "each," "everybody," "everyone," "everything,"

"few," "many," "nobody," "none," "one," "several," "some,"

"somebody," and "someone.) is a pronoun referring to anidentifiable but not specified person or thing.

Many were invited to the lunch but only twelve showed up.

The office had been searched and everything was thrown ontothe floor.

We donated everything we found in the attic to the woman's

shelter garage sale.Although they looked everywhere for extra copies of the

magazine, they found none.

Make sure you give everyone a copy of the amended bylaws.


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Pronouns: Types

VI. Distributive Pronouns: Each, either, neitherare called Distributive Pronouns because theyrefer to persons or things one at a time. For thisReason they are always singular and as suchfollowed by the verb in the singular. 1. Each of

the answers is worth twenty points. 2.Each ofthese horses costs five thousand rupees.3. Thesehorses cost each five thousand rupees.

*****Note: When each, either or neither are used

as adjectives; they are followed by nouns ofsingular number: 1. Each student has beengiven his or her own email address. 2. Neitheraccusation is true. BUT Neither of accusationsis true.3. Either road will lead to post office.*****


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Pronouns: Types(VII) Reflexive Pronouns: (You can use a reflexive pronoun

("myself," "yourself," "herself," "himself," "itself," "ourselves,""yourselves," and "themselves) to refer back to the subjectof the clause or sentence.

Diabetics give themselves insulin shots several times aday.

The Dean often does the photocopying herself so thatthe secretaries can do more important work.

(VIII) Intensive Pronouns:An intensive pronoun is apronoun used to emphasise its antecedent. Intensivepronouns are identical in form to reflexive pronouns.

I myself believe that aliens should abduct my sister.The Prime Ministerhimself said that he would lower

taxes.

They themselves promised to come to the party eventhough they had a final exam at the same time.


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Pronouns: Usages

Personal Pronouns:

D. The personal pronoun following but (meaning except) orthan should be in the case it would have if a verb weresupplied. (i) No one understands it, no one but I. (ii) None but heknew the truth.(iii) None but theydeserved to win. (iii) BUT (ii)

Everyone was there but him. (him is the object to the prepositionbut) (iv) Our uneducated brethren who have, under God no

defence but us (object of who have). (vi) All but himknew thetruth.

E. The pronoun whom is always used afterthan, rather than who(e.g. Professor Smith, than whom there is scarcely betterqualified to judge, believes it to be pre-roman. ***


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Pronouns: Usages

Relative Pronouns:

A. WHO,THAT and WHICH

a) WHO and THAT are used when referring to persons, whobeing used when the individual personorthe individuality of a

group is impliedand thatwhen a class, type or species isimplied. Compare: (1.He is the boy who understands Punjabi. 2.She isthe kind of student thatwe want.

b) After an adjective in superlative degreethat is used.(1. He isthe wisest man that ever lived.2. This is the best that we can do.

c) After two antecedents, one of which is the name of a person, andthe other the name of some animal or thing, use that in place ofwho or which. (e.g. 1.The lady and her pet dog that cameyesterdayhave come again today.)


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Pronouns: Usages

Relative Pronouns:A. WHO,THAT and WHICHi) Who and Which are ALSO used in non-restrictive clauses

which merely give some additional information about theantecedent. 1.(The manager sent for the clerk, who came at once(just an additional information about the clerk.). 2.TheHyderabad House in New Delhi, which is now being used by theMinistry of External Affairs (this is an additional information), is tobe sold.3. Our Annual Report, which is long (just an additionalinformation about the report), is now ready for distribution.

j) Note: In the following examples who and which

restrict/limit/define the antecedent.1. Mangoes which are over-ripeshould be thrown away. 2. This is a case which calls for carefulinvestigation.3 A boy who does not play games will never behealthy.


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Pronouns: Usages

Some more facts on Pronouns:

1. If three pronouns (if different persons) are used together in thesame sentence they are arranged in the following order:

2nd Person + 3rd person + 1st person

e.g. You, he and I must help that poor man.

2. Except when three pronouns (of different persons) are usedtogether in the same sentence and the sentence confesses a guiltor flaw then they should be in the following order:

a) We, you and they were absent.

b) I, you and he are to blame.

3. When two singular nouns joined by and refer to the same person, orthing, the pronoun used should be singular.

e.g. The manager and owner of the firm expressed his views on thedemands of the workers.


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Articles

Cases where Articles should not be useda) Before Proper nouns:1. Tagore was a truly great

poet. 2.Everest is the highest peak in the world.

b) Before Abstract Nouns:1. Wisdomis better thanriches.2. Commonsenseis a great.

c) Before Material nouns:1. Ironand Steelarecontrolled commodities.2.This pillar is made of

reinforced.d) Before a Common Noun in its widest sense:1.

Manis mortal. 2. Animalshave anunderdeveloped.


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Articles

Cases where Articles should not be used

In certain Verbal Phrases 1.He sent wordthat

he was going to Bombay.2.Dont losepatienceso easily .

In certain Prepositional phrases (Preposition

+Noun):1. The ship was riding at anchor. 2.We

can travel by road, by rail, by air.


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Articles


Before titles used in apposition to a Proper Noun, or as thecomplement of a Subject: 1. Solomon, son of David (inapposition to Solomon), was the wisest of Monarchs.2.Philip, Kingof Spain, planned to invade England.3.Zakir Hussain was elected

President of India. (Complement of a Subject) . Before languages; as 1.We are studying English.2. They speak

Chinese at home.

Before nouns like school, college, university, church, bed,hospital, prison, when these paces are visited or used for theirprimary purpose; as,1. I learnt French at school. 2. We go tochurch on Sundays. Note- The is used with these words whenwe refer to them as a definite place, building or object rather thanto a normal activity that goes on there; as,1. The school is verynear my home. 2. I met him at the church.


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Articles


Before names of relations, like father, mother, aunt, uncle, andalso cook and nurse, meaning our cook, our nurse, as,1. Fatherhas returned.2. Aunt wants to see her. 3. Cook has given notice.

Before predicative nouns denoting a unique position, i.e. thatis normally held at one time by one person only; as,1. He waselected chairman(the Predicative noun)of the Board. 2. Mr.Banerji became Principal(the Predicative noun)of thecollege.

ENDOF

SESSION I

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