English Grammar - Nieizv

7/23/2019 English Grammar - Nieizv

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Unit 1 - Present continuous (Iam doing)Unit 2 - Present simple (I do)

Unit 3 - Present continuous (Iam doing) or present simple (do)?

Unit 4 - Present tensesUnit 5 - to be going to dosomething

Unit 6 - Will (1)Unit 7 - Will (2)


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Unit 8 - Will or going to?Unit 9 - When and if sentence

(When I do... / if I do...)Unit 10 - Will be doing and whave done

Unit 11 - Past simple (I did)Unit 12 - Past continuous (Iwas doing)

Unit 13 - Present Perfect (Ihave done) (1)Unit 14 - Present Perfect (I

have done) (2)Unit 15 - Present Perfect (I


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have done) (3)Unit 16 - Present perfect

continuous (I have been doinUnit 17 - Present perfectcontinuous (I have been doin

or present perfect simple (IhaveUnit 18 - Present perfect (I ha

done/ I have been doing) withhow long, for, sinceUnit 19 - Present perfect with

since, for, how long. Pastsimple with when.


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Unit 20 - Present perfect (I hadone) or past simple (I did)?

(1)Unit 21 - Present perfect (I hadone) or past simple (I did) ?

(2)Unit 22 - Past perfect (I havedone) - (I had done)

Unit 23 - Past PerfectContinuous (I had been doingUnit 24 - Have and have got

Unit 25 - Used to (I used to dUnit 26 - Can, could and be


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able toUnit 27 - Could(do) and coul

have(done)Unit 28 - May (have) and mig(have) (1)

Unit 29 - May (have) and mig(have) (2)Unit 30 - May and might

(future)Unit 31 - Can, could, may andwould

Unit 32 - Must and have toUnit 33 - Must, mustn't, need


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and needn't haveUnit 34 - Should (1)

Unit 35 - Should (2)Unit 36 - If sentences(present/future)

Unit 37 - If and wish sentenc(present)Unit 38 - If and wish sentenc

(past)Unit 39 - WouldUnit 40 - In case

Unit 41 - Unless, as long as anprovided / providing (that)


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Unit 42 - Passive(1) (bedone/have been done)

Unit 43 - Passive (2) (Presentand Past Tenses)Unit 44 - Passive (3)

Unit 45 - It is said that.../He issaid to...etc. and supposed toUnit 46 - Have something don

Unit 47 - Reported speech (1)Unit 48 - Reported speech (2)Unit 49 - Questions (1)

Unit 50 - Questions (2) (Sheasked me why... / Do you kn


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when...)Unit 51 - Auxiliary verbs in

short answers, short questionetc. So am I / Neither am I IUnit 52 - Question tags (are

you? doesn't he? etc.)Unit 53 - Verb + -ingUnit 54 - Verb + infinitive

Unit 55 - Verb + object +infinitiveUnit 56 - Infinitive or -ing?(1

like, would like etc.Unit 57 - Infinitive or -ing?(2


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begin, start, intend, continue,remember, try

Unit 58 - Infinitive or -ing?(3be afraid, need, helpUnit 59 - Preposition + -ing

Unit 60 - Verb + preposition ingUnit 61 - Expressions + -ing

Unit 62 - Be / get used tosomething (I'm used to...)Unit 63 - Infinitive of purpos

and as an attributeUnit 64 - Prefer and would


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ratherUnit 65 - Had better do

something It's time someonedid somethingUnit 66 - See someone do and

see someone doingUnit 67 - -ing clausesUnit 68 - Chance and

opportunityUnit 69 - Uncountable nounsUnit 70 - Countable nouns wi

a/an and someUnit 71 - A, an and the


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Unit 72 - The (1)Unit 73 - The (2)

Unit 74 - Plural anduncountable nouns with andwithout the

Unit 75 - School / the school,prison / the prison etc.Unit 76 - Geographical names

with and without theUnit 77 - Names of streets,buildings, etc. with and witho

theUnit 78 - Singular or plural?


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Unit 79 - ...'s (apostrophes) aof ...

Unit 80 - A friend of mine, mown house. On my own / bymyself

Unit 81 - Reflexive pronouns(myself/yourself etc.)Unit 82 - All/all of,no/none o

most/most of etc.Unit 83 - Both / both of, neith/ neither of, either / either of

Unit 84 - Some and anySome/any + -one/-body/-thin


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whereUnit 85 - No/none/any No/any

+ -one/-body/-thing/-whereUnit 86 - Much, many, little,few, a lot, plenty

Unit 87 - All, every and wholUnit 88 - Relative clauses (1) clauses with who/that/which

Unit 89 - Relative clauses (2)cluses with or without who/thUnit 90 - Relative clauses (3)

whose, whom and whereUnit 91 - Additional


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information relative clauses (Unit 92 - Additional

information relative clauses (Unit 93 - Participle clausesUnit 94 - Adjectives ending in

ing and -edUnit 95 - Adjectives: wordorder...

Unit 96 - Adjectives or adver(1)Unit 97 - Adjectives and

adverbs (2) (good/well,fast/hard/late, hardly)


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Unit 98 - So and suchUnit 99 - Enough and too

Unit 100 - To + infinitive afteadjectivesUnit 101 - Comparison (1)

Unit 102 - Comparison (2)Unit 103 - Comparison (3) - a.. as / than

Unit 104 - Superlatives thelongest, the most enjoyable etUnit 105 - Word order (1) -

verb + object; place and timeUnit 106 - Word order (2) -


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adverbs with the verbUnit 107 - Still and yet Any

more / any longer / no longerUnit 108 - Quite and ratherUnit 109 - Although / though

even though In spite of /despiteUnit 110 - Even

Unit 111 - As (reason) and as(time)Unit 112 - Like and as

Unit 113 - As ifUnit 114 - At / on / in (time)


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Unit 115 - For, during, whileUnit 116 - By and until

Unit 117 - In, at, on (position(1)Unit 118 - In, at, on (position

(2)Unit 119 - To, been to, into Bcar / in my car

Unit 120 - On time/in time Atthe end/in the endUnit 121 - Noun + preposition

(`reason for', `cause of' etc.)Unit 122 - Preposition + noun


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(`by mistake', `on television'etc.)

Unit 123 - Adjective +preposition (1)Unit 124 - Adjective +

preposition (2)Unit 125 - Verb + preposition(1)

Unit 126 - Verb + preposition(2)Unit 127 - Verb + preposition

(3)Unit 128 - Verb + Object +


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preposition (1)Unit 129 - Verb + Object +

preposition (2)Unit 130 - Phrasal verbs (getup, break down, fill in etc.)

Appendix 1 - List of presentand past tensesAppendix 2 - Regular and

irregular verbsAppendix 3 - SpellingAppendix 4 - Short forms (I'm

you've / didn't etc.)Appendix 5 - American Engli


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,

.

,

, -


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.

:

http://www.gerasoft.com/en

, EMail


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Unit 1

Present continuous

(I am doing)

(a) present

continuous, -, . :

The dogis playingwith

,


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- Why are you crying?

- I've broken my favou

Tears are runningdow

(is crying)

).

C I am(= I'


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he/she/(it)is(= he'setwe/they/you are(=we

et

Kate is in her car.She is on her way to m

- She is drivingto the m ,

, - May I see your husband? Ishe


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havinga rest?

- That's OK. He is not sleeping.

Come in.

(b) prese

continuous, - , , :

- Who is that man at the bar?

- Oh, this is James Feather, a

famous playwriter. They say, he


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writinga new play now.

The delegation is carryingon

negotiations with our firm.

Today they are havingan

excursion to our plant.

ahaving. tohave ontinuTense "to possess"(). are

havingan excursion= are goingsight-seeing.


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, ontinuous Tense.Unit 3.

(c) presecontinuous, : today, this season..:

- We are leavingtomorrowat six

- They are playingwith this team

a week.


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(d) presentcontinuous,

:

- The population of the world is

risingvery fast. ( `rises')

- Isyour French gettingbetter?

`does ... get')


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Unit 2

Present simple

(I do)

(a)

- .

.:He is not writing

(he is asleep).:He writesbooks.


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present simple:

I / we / you / they write

he / she / (it) writes

Every day my husband and I get

at 7 o'clock. We haveour

breakfast and goto the office. It

seven o'clock now, but we are

sleepingbecause it is Saturday a

we don't have to go to the officeWeget up, have breakfast, goto

the office-

,, .


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present simple, , , .

, ,

. ,

- I always put downthe new wor

into my notebook.


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- Doesshe studyFrench three

times a week?

- They do not watchTV everyevening.

- Who doesthe shopping in your

family?

- My mother does. She goes

shopping twice a week.

, :he / she -s.

s:


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- I workwith the computer every

day.My friend worksevery day

too.

(b) do / does, .

doI/we/you/they

doeshe/she/it//sh/she/it

wor


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- Excuse me, doyou speakEngli- `Would you like a cigarette?' `N

thanks. I don't smoke'.

- What doesthis word mean? ( `What means this word?')

- Rice doesn't growin Britain.

.Unit 4

(c) present simp , :


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- Every Saturday we goto thecinema. ( ?-1 )

- She doesn'toften read

newspapers.

- How often dothey cometo see

you?

(d) presesimple, , :


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- The Earth isround. It goesrouthe Sun.

- In Britain most of the shops cloat 5.30 p.m.


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Unit 3

Present continuous (I am

doing)

orpresent simple (I do)

Unit1Unit2.

(a) :

Present continuous

(I am doing)Pr


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Present continuous,

:

I am doing

Pr

past now future p

The bell is ringing,the lesson is over.

Asrin


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( )There isno rain.

The Sun is shining

brightly. Let's gofor a walk.

-Where isAnn?-She is havingher

English lesson now.Present continuous

is

(Th

da

it

Sh

tw

Pr


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:

The vacuum cleanerisnot working

It broke downyesterday.

Thdo

Yone

(b) Unit 1 , ontinuous tens


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simtenses.

, `I am liking'.

I like

( ),

continuous tenses:

want like belong know suppose

needlove see realise mean forget pre

hate hear believe understand


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remember seem

have ( ''.Unit 24)

think( '')

- I havemany books by this writ

( )

- I hate doing nothing

- She doesn't like reading

newspapers.

- This carbelongsto ourneighbours.

- They can't hear us. They are to


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far away.

- She seemsvery tired.

- What do you thinkTom will do( '')


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Unit 4

Present tenses , , presentcontinuous

(I am doing).

present simple(Ido).

She is speakingwith her

friends.

They are cleaningthe

appartment.


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, ontinuous tenses, "- " , .

:

belong know prefer suppose

see realise mean remember

hear believe cost understand

want like hate contains

seem love need forget


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, Present Simplec

I hatebeing interrupted al

the time.

The book containsmany

chapetrs devoted to the history

the country.

can+see,hear

.., , :


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- I can seesomeone through the

window,

but I can't hearwhat they're

saying.

ontinuoustenses, :

to think- ""

to see- ""

to have- , to have breakfast, to have dinneto have a good time,


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to have supper, to have troubles

..

- I'm thinkingof going to the

cinema tonight.

- She is havinga rest. She is very

tired.

- I'm seeingmy manager to-

morrow at 8.


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Unit 5

to be going to do

something

(a) to be going

do something, :

- I'm going to do my laundrynex

Monday.

- When are you going to buyme

new shoes?

- John is not going to tellher


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anything about it.

willgoing toUnit 8

(b) present continuouam doing), - - , ,

-. Unit 4.


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(c) was/weregoing to do,

( ):

- I was going to returnyour book

today but left it at home.

- They were going to swim, but t

weather was too cold.

(d) to bgoing to do something, , ,


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.

:

, He is going to fallinto

, ,


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. going to ,

(

, - Mother has bought lots of cake

for our party.

It's going to bea joilly good part


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- It's going to beanother warm

day.


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Unit 6

Will (1)

(a) will('ll), - :

- Oh, He's left the door open. I'l

goand shut it.

- `What would you like to eat?' `

havea sandwich, please.'

- Did you visit Mary? `Oh no, I

forgot. I'll doit now.'

- I'm too tired to walk home. I


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think I'll takea bus.

present simple

(I do) .

- I'll goand lock the door. ( `go and lock the door.')

will, , ( )

:

- He can't visit you tomorrow


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because his parents are comingt

see him.

( `his parents will come')

willwon't( will not):

- :I'm afraid Mr Fredcan't see you until 8 o'clock.

-:Oh, in this case I won'twai

I think I'l

I don't thinkI'll .., - :


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- I think I'llstay at home and rea

tonight.

- I don't think I'll goout thisevening. I'm too busy.

(b) will :

- :

- That box seems to be heavy. I'l

helpyou with it. ( 'I help')

- `I need a pen.' `Don't worry. I'lendyou mine.'

-


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:

A:You know that money I lent

you? Can I have it back?B:Of course. I'll bringit backtomorrow. ( `I bring')

- We've asked him to help us buthe won't.

- The bike won'tstart. ( = the bik

`refuses' to start)- :

- Thank you for lending me the c

I'll giveyou it back on Sunday. ( `I give')


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- I won't tellSally what you've

said. I promise.

- I promise I'll informyou as sooas I arrive.

- -

(Will you...?):- Will you makecoffee, please?

- Will youplease bea little

quieter? I'm trying to concentra

will.Unit 7. will going.Unit 8


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Unit 7

Will(2)

(a) , ,

- . will :

- Jim is playinggolf on week-end( `Jim will play')

- Isshe going for a walkthis

evening? ( `will she walk')


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.Unit 4Unit 5

, , .

:

Ted:I'm very worried aexamination next montJack:Don't worry, Ted.

`You'll pass'


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. (, ): .

(will/won't.

- When you ome back home, yo

noticea lot of changes.

- This time next year we'll beinUSA. Where willyou be?


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- When willhe knowhis

examination results?

- I won't passthe exam. I haven'done any work for it.

will :

probablyI'llprobablybtonight.

(I'm) sureYou must meeI'm sureyou'll make


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friends with her.

(I) expectI expectAntothat job.

(I) thinkDo you thinkwcontest?

(b)WillshallShallwill I we:

- Weshall( we will)probablgoto France in September.


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I'llwe'll:

- We'llprobably goto France in

September.

shall shan't

(shall not):

- Ishan't( I won't)be here ao'clock.

shall


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he/she/it/you/they.

, shall I... ? shall we... shall( will) (,

..):

- ShallI ordera taxy? (=

?)

- I've got little money. What sha

do? (= , -, ?)


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- What concert shallwegothis

evening to?

willUnit 6,Unit 8U9


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Unit 8

Willorgoing to?

(a)

will, going to, , .

:

.


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.

Peter:My new car hasa flat tyre.

Can you repair it?

Father:OK, but now

I'm very busy.I'll repairit tomorrow.


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.Mother:Can yourepair Peter's

new car?

It has a flat tyre.

Father:Yes, I know. He

told me.I'm going to repairit

tomorrow.


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:

, :

Mother:Ted, we don't have anysugar.

Ted:Oh, don't we? If so, I'll getsome from the shop.

( )

Ted:I'm going to getsome sugarfrom the shop.


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( )

Can I get you anything, John?

(b) , (

will, going to, :

- Do you think Jim will buythat

house?

- Oh darling, it's already 6 o'cloc

We're going to belate for the


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party.

going to(will -, , (

). ,

,

.(Unit 5d:

- Look at those black lines. TheTV-set's going to break. (the lineare there


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now)

- I feel awful. I think I'm going to

beill. (I feel awful now)

ewill .

will

(Unit 7):

- Mike willprobably arriveat

about 10 o`clock tomorrow.

- I'm sure she will likethe presen


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you want to give her.


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Unit 9

When andifsentences

(When I do.../ if I do...)

(a) :

- IfI havespare time I'll goto th

cinema.

:

I'll goto the cinema -

IfI havespare time-


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().

, will, shall

be going to . present simple(I d

- Whenwe getoff the train, I'll b

an ice cream for you.

I'll buy an ice cream for you -

- Whenwe getoff the train -


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present simple

tense .

(when?)

(under what condition

present

future. :


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- I shall tell him about it (underwhat condition?) if I see himtomorrow.

- We shall go for a walk(when?)soon asthe rain stops.

- You can have the book(when?)whenI've readit.

present perfect(I've read) , when-


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.

(a) (when- )

, , :aftebefore

while, until/till, as soon as, when (under whatcondition)


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: if, unless,provided(that),

on condition(that).

(b)

whenif. when , :

- I'm going shopping this afternoWhenI go shopping, I'll buy

some food.


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if ( when) ,

- If you miss this train, you'll belate for your work.

- If he does not come soon, I'm n

going to wait.

(c)

:


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- He does not know if he will comto see us tonight .

- I do not know, when I'llbeback

, if when, , ,

.

(object- "what


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:

- I 'll go shopping with you (undewhat condition?)ifI havetimetomorrow.

present simptense,

under what condition?":

- I do not know(what?) ifhe willcomeon time.


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what?, when-, future tense.


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Unit 10

Will be doingand will ha

done

(a) :

. :

- Mary, what about going to the

cinema at 12 o'clock?

- I'm sorry, but I can't. I promise

mom to help her in the garden.

I'llbe plantingflowers this time


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tomorrow.

- Then what about going to the

cinema at six?- Well, at 6 o'clock I'llbe cleanin

my room, but I'll have cleanedit

in half an hour, so we can go to tcinema at 7 o'clock.

'llbe planting,'llbe cleaning- Future Continuous Ten

Future Continuous(wbe doing),


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Past(was doing) Present Continuous (am/is/aredoing), , , .

will be doing continuous:

- My friend has her English lessoevery day at 5 o'clock.

- Yesterday at 5 o'clock she washavingher English lesson. (.U


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12)

- It is 5 o'clock now she is having

her English lesson. (.Unit 1)- At 5 o'clock tomorrow she will

havingher English lesson.

(b) 'll havecleaned Futu

Perfect Tense. (will have done),, - .


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:

- He says that before he leaves(this is a certain moment in the

future),

he'llhave seenevery show in the

town.

- By this time next month, all the

roses will have died.

- When you are my age you'llha

learntmuch about the weakness

man.

3


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Future Continuous Tense(will bedoing) : , :

- Here is John's schedule for thenext Saturday:

-in the morning he will be workin

in the garden.

-in the afternoon, when it is very

hot he will be repairinghis

car in the garage.

- And what is he doing in the

evening? He is taking Mary to th


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cinema.


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Unit 11

Past simple (I did)

(a) :

- I wrotea letter to my yesterday.

wrote - Past

Past simple,

.


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- Mr. Gosselyn readThe Times,

wentto church on Sunday and

accompaniedhis wife to tea-parties.

- She wonevery prize that was

open to her.- It wastwo years later that

Jimmie Langton discoveredher.

- He blushedand his blue eyesshone.

- Her aunt talkedin a deep loud

voice.

(b)


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Past simpletensec , :

yesterday, last night, last week,last month,

last year,last summer(autumn,winter,spring),

at six(seven...) o'clock on

Sunday(Monday...),

an hour(a week...) ago,the otherday,

in 1994(1966),during the war(threvolution..)


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- Mr. Smith beganteaching in a

secondary school in England in

1988.

- On Mondayhe cameto the offi

by taxi.

- I wentto Ireland in a fishing botwo years ago.

- Last monthTom and Jim visite

Scotland and climbedthe mountains.

(b) Past simptense

-ed d.


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.

:

- She walkedround the garden w

the colonel and listenedintellegently while he talkedof

peace.

- Her beauty createda sensationMiddlepool.

- He stayedin Middlepool for tw

years.- She lookedstraight into his eye


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- Julia smiledat the complacency

on her husband's handsome face

- Michael staredat them gravely

Appendix 3.

(d)

(irregular). , pasimple

-ed.:

1.,


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:

tell - told Mrs. Gosselyn toldher

about India.

give - gave He gavea little laugh

of embarrasment.

take - took She tookhim into a

small room behind the dining-roo

fly - flew The children flewto mtheir mother.

see - saw I last sawJill over thre

years ago.

2.,


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- -t:

teach - taught Her aunt taughth

how to walk and how to hold

herself.

leave - left He leftthe room an

hour ago.

sell - sold The baker soldgood

cakes.

bring - brought John broughthis

little brother to school.

buy - bought They boughtthat fr

from Greece.


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catch - caught Mr. Brown caught

the eight o'clock train.

3., d t:

send - sent He senta letter to hiaunt yesterday.

build - built Jack builthis house l

autumn.

bend - bent That stormy night tr

bentbefore the wind.

lend - lent The other day Dolly le

them money.


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4.,

infinitive Past simple:

cut - cut Aunt Aggie cutthe cake

hit - hit The cruel driver hitthehorse.

put - put Yesterday the

worshippers puttheir gifts beforthe gods.

set - set The sailors, after

quarreling with their captain,sethim adrift on the ocean in an

open boat.


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split - split The ship splitin two

under the force of the stormy

waves.

burst - burst Dolly burstinto

laughter.

let - let The prisoner lethimselfdown from his window with

a rope made of knotted sheets.

5., :

go - went Ann wentup to the

drawing-room.


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Appendix 2.

(e)

:

burn - burntburned

:

The old house burntdown The o

house burneddown

last night in the big fire. last


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night in the big fire.

smell - smeltsmelled

The dog smeltat the stranger fo

The dog smelledat thestranger for

a minute but did not recognize hi

a minute but did not recognize hi

dream - dreamtdreamed

I dreamtof my old home last nig I dreamedof my old home lanight.


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Appendix 2.

(f) past simple be(am/is/are)

was/were:

I/he/she/it wasweJulia wasqui

She wasa borMichael's eyes were


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(g)

Past simple did/didn't+ (do/open/rain ..):

- Didthey like the idea of his goi

on the stage?

They didn'tlike the idea of hisgoing on the stage.

- DidTom dance with Helen

yesterday?

No, Tom didn'tdance with Helen


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yesterday.

- She knew that she didn'tlook

well in costume.

(h),

did/didn't have:

- Didyou havea bath this mornin- We didn't haveany more flowe

in the garden.

be(was/were)

did:


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:- Washe at homeyesterday?

- He was notexactly mean, but hwas notgenerous.

past simpleUnit 12,Unit 20,Unit 21.


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Unit 12

Past continuous (I was

doing)

(a) :

Yest

was

was playing-


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,

Past continuous ,

- .:

- She was sittingcomfortably on

the floor.

- The boy was throwingstones akitten which was sittingon


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the fence across the street.

Past continuous - , , - .

:

- She was cookingthe supper.(p

continuous)= , .

- She cookedthe supper. (pastsimple)=


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.

, . :

- Red Chief was sittingon Bill'schest holding him by hair with on

hand.

He was tryingto take Bill's scalp

- He was standingin front of him

ready to strike him with a big

stone.


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(b) Past continuous

tobe . :

I/he/she was

we/they/you were

play

(c) Pastcontinuous, , -


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- . , .

- This time yesterday the Time

Traveller was talkingto a group

hisfriends about the problem of

travelling in time.

(d)


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, :

- The Time Ttraveller was movin

further and further into the futu

(e) Past continuous Past simple,, -

:

- Just at daybreak I woke up

because Bill was screaming.- When I came backto a cave I s

that Bill was standingwith his


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back to the wall.

, , past simple:

- Arthur gavethe sailor his watc

and money and the salor went

away.

(f) Past continuous

:the whole day, all day long.


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- The car was waitingfor them a

the stage door the whole day.

- All day longhe was walking

noiselessly, like a scout.

(g) Past continuous , .

, :

always,ever, constantly.


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- His photograph was always

appearing in the illustrated pape

- Ann was constantlycomplainin

of being lonely.

: (know),

continuous tens Unit 3b.


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Unit 13

Present Perfect (I have

done) (1)

(a)Present Perfect

!

Present Perfect

,


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, .

- I have brokenmy

- I can not write the ,

got no pencil now. :I have no p

(Simp


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I/we/they/you

have(= I'veetc.)

he/she has (= he's

etc.)

br

I (etc.)haven't

he/shehasn't

brokeny

ha


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- She has goneoff to the woods.

She is in the woods now.)

- Haveyou washedyour hands?

Are they clean now?)

Present Perfect

have/has + the past participle.

Past Participle -ed

(opened, decided), (broken,lost, written, done ..


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.Appendix 2).

(b)C just(

) already( , ):

- Whats the matter? Why are y

so sad?

- I havejustreceiveda letter fromy friend. She is ill.

- Do you know that Tom...?


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- We havealreadyheardabout

that!

- May I go for a walk?- You must do your homework.

- I have alreadydoneit.

- Lets water the plants! - I haveustdoneit.


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(c) gone tobeen to.

. Unit 119.

- Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat,

Where have you been?- I have been toLondon

To look at the Queen.

, ,

- Dont look for the cat. It has gotothe garden.(= The cat is not


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here, it is either in the garden its way

to the garden.)


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Unit 14


done) (2)

(a) :

Jane: Have youreadany

books by Dostoyevsky?

Mary: Yes, I have readsome.

Jane: And have youread

any books by Chekhov?Mary: Of course, I have

readhis plays and short


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stories.

He is my favorite

Russian writer.Jane: And what about

Belyaev?

Mary: I have neverheardof this writer!

, (

).


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PresentPerfect, ,

. :

- Haveyou ever beento France?

- She has beento this museum

several times.

- Haveyou ever heardhis story?


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- I have never seensuch a terrib

film.

present perfect,, - - ,

.

cpresent perfectever


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never:

- She has never reada single boo- I havn't readthe paper for the

last two days.

- She has not writtento me for ayear,- said Roy.

(b) PresePerfect

This is the first

time...,Its the first time..., ..


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- This is the first time, I have

visitedthe USA.

- It is the first time, they havecometo our new flat.


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Unit 15


done) (3)

(a)

Roy: Haveyou seen

Mary?

Ann: No, I havent.

I hope to see her at

your party.


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, Present Perfect Tense.

:

- They have translatedmany

interesting articles recently.

- Whyhave notyou gonewith

them?

- Ive completedwritingmyexercises at last!

(b)

present perfect yet


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(. Unit 107). Yet,

, .

- She has not readthe article yet

- HasMr. Smith lefthis house ye

(c) this year, this

week, thismorning, this evening, this term,

today


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..(.. ,

):

- I have not even hadcoffee this

morning.

- This yearwe have takenonly o

assistant.(

, .)

- I have hadonly one new dress t

summer.- exclaimed Jane.( .)


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(d) ,

, Present Perfect

Continuous(Ihave been doing):

- They have been talkingall the

morning.

Present perfect continuous.U16, Unit 17, Unit 18.

Present perfect past simple.Unit 20, Unit 21.


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Unit 16

Present perfect continuou

(I have been doing)

(a)

:

- Is the tea cattleboiling?

- No, it is not. But thewater is quite hot.


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- It has been boiling.

- I have been sleeping

for more than ten

hours!

Continu

I/we/they/you have

(= I've ..)

he/she/it has (= he's

b


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..)

PresentPerfect

Continuous,

(),

( ).

:


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- She has been washing

her hair, but it may be

dry now.

- Bill has been dining

with us tonight.

- Ivejust been having

such a delightful chat

with Margaret.

(b)

PresentPerfect Continuous,


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, - . (), ,

( ).

:

- I have been writingfor

more than an hour.

- Weve been staying

here nearly a week.


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- You have been making

excuses for him all your

life.

PresentPerfect Continuous

how long, for since :

- She has been having

English lessons sinceshe


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was five.

- How longhaveyou

been playingtennis?

Present

Perfect+ since/for. Unit 18-Unit 19.

Present PerfectPresent

Perfect Continuous.

Unit 17- Unit 18.


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Unit 17

Present perfect continuou

(I have been doing) or

present perfect simple (

have done)?(a)

- He is exhausted.

- He has been riding

a bicycle.

-

b-


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Has been riding- present perfect

continuous.

.,

.

b

H

p

s


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.

(b)

continuous, ,

:


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- She has been

readingall day long.

- They have been

washingthe carfor two hours.

- You have beentalkingwith her

all the morning.

-

w

- w

- e

.Unit 18


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present perfecthow long?

(c)

continuous, ,know. have known `have

been knowing'.

Unit 3b.

- I have knownher since my


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childhood.


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Unit 18

Present perfect

(I have done/I have been

doing)

with howlong,for, since(a) PresentPerfect Present PerfectContinuous , ,

.


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- I have been thinking

about it for a long time.

- They have been marriedfor many years.

- He has been readingsince

he came.

(b) Present

Perfect(I have done)Present Perfect

Continuous(I have been

doing) ,


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. . Unit 16b.

- She has been playingchess for 10 years.

- She has playedchess for

10 years.

Present

Perfect(I have done) ,


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(, always)., :

- My parents have always

livedin this small town.

- He has lookedafter Miss

Gregg for many years now.

, ,


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Present Perfect

Continuous(I have been

doing):

- My friend has been

stayingwith us for several

days.

- I have been learning

English since September.

(d) ,,be, have, know( Unit 3b


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have

Unit 24)

Present Perfect

Continuous

ContinuousPresent Perfect:

- I've lovedher since shewas a child.

- But we have beenin

conference for two hours -he said.


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(d) ,

,

, PresentSimple (I do) Continuous(I am doing).

- What areyou doinghere?

I'm waitingfor my friend.

- How long have you been

waitingfor her?


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- I've been waitingfor her for

about an hour.


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Unit 19

Present perfect with sinc

for, how long.

Past simple with when.

(a) ,since for

PresentPerfect Continuous. since

:


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- She has been watching

TV sinceearly morning.

- They have been travellingsincelast Monday.

For :

- Hehas been workingin

that firm fortwo months.

- It has been rainingfor3hours.

- They have been agruing


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about that formore than

an hour.

all day all morning all week

all my life.. for.

- It has been raining all day

long.

- She has been training allweeklong.


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(b)Presentperfect(I have done/I have

been doing), , (how long) -

( ). Howlong is it since...?:

- It's two years sinceI sawyour

flat.

-It's ages sincewe visitedthis

place.


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- How longhas itbeen

raining?

- It's been raining since oneo'clock.

(c) , when Past

Indefinite Tense(I did), , - :

- Whendid he comehome?


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- Whendid you seethis

film?

- Hewas preparingfor hisreport, whenthe telephone

rang.

- WhenI enteredthe roomI saw my mother sitting in

the armchair.

(d)How long is

it since?

- Its two years sinceI saw


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your flat.

-Its ages sincewe visited

this place.


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Unit 20

Present perfect (I have

done)

or past simple (I did)? (1

(a) :

.

. .

.

.


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.

,

.- HasMary lefther copy-book

again?

- No, she hasn't. Shehas brought- Did sheleave her copy-book?

- Yes, she did.

She left (past Simple)her copy-

bookbut now shehas brought

(present perfect)it.


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present perfect(hasbrought) . `Hehas lefther copy-book' , ( Unit 13).

past simple(left) . `Sheleftit at home',

, .

:

- We went to the Crimea for our


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holiday, but now we've comebac

home.

- She had a lot of dirty dishes aftthe party, and she has washedth

all.

(b) presentperfect(I have done) , ( ):

- For some years Chekhov livedhis estate not far from Moscow.


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- The state Florida in the USAw

discoveredby Ponce de Leon.

(c) present perfechave done), ( ) (.Unit 13) ,

past simple(I did).

- Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat

Where have you been?

- I have beento London


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To look at the Queen.

- Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat

What didyouseethere?

- I sawa little mouse

Under her chair.

present perfect past simple.Unit 21.


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Unit 21

Present perfect (I have

done)

or past simple (I did) ? (2

(a)Present Perfect Tense ,

, ..,

:


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Ann has reada lot

this year.John has writtena

letter today.

T

, (, yesterday,in 1995...)


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Past simpleTense (I did):

- John wrotea letter yesterday.

Present Perfect

:yesterday, two days aglast week,when I was a child.

PastSimple.

- Two yearsago Iworked in theinsurance agency.

- When I was a childIlikedice-


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cream very much.

Present Perfect :

ust, already, ever, never, recent

lately, not yet.

- Have youeverbeento France?

- I havejustreturnedfrom Fran

-, , Past Simple Tense


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- When was heborn?

- When didyougothere?

Present

Perfect Tense. , : , ,

.


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:

- He hasalready finished his

dinner,hasn'the?

- He hasn't finishedhis dinner ye

hashe?


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Unit 22

Past perfect (I have done

(I had done)

(a)Past Perfect Tense

had + past participl(seen, gone,opened, written,looked, ..).

(past participle) Appendix2. PastPerfect ,

1.


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:

- I had writtena letterbytwoo'clock.

2. :

- She hadalready leftwhen I cam

- I didn't know what I should wri

I hadneverwrittenletters befor


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(b)Past Perfect (I had done) - Present

Perfect (I have done).C:

Present

I'm not hungry. I've

justhadlunch.The house is dirty.

We haven'tcleaned it for weeks.

I w

juTh

Wcl


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(c) Past Perfect PasSimple:

- Was Mary ready to go to the

cinema when you cameto her?

- Yes, shehad been readyby themoment.

- Jack wasn't in when I phoned

him. He was in his office.- Jack hadjustgothome when I

phonedhim. He had beenin his

office.


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Unit 23

Past Perfect Continuous

(I had been doing)

(a)Past Perfect Continuous

be Past Perfect+ Participle 1(had been doing).Past Perfect

Continuous , .

- Although the sunwas shining, i


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was still cold as ithad been

raininghard for two hours.

- He felt tired when he came homas he had been playingfootball.

(b)Past Perfect Continuous, , -

, - .

- She had been sleepingfor twohourswhen we returned.

- It had been rainingfor an hour


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when I left home.

(c)Past Perfect Continuous(habeen doing)- Presen

PerfectContinuous(have been doing).

:

Present

How long have youbeen waiting? H

be


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( )He's out of breath.

He has been

running.

th

HH

(d) Past PerfeContinuous

(had been doing) PastContinu(was/were doing):

She had been sleepingfor threehourswhen we returned.


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( , ).

She was sleepingwhen wereturned.

( ,

).

(e)

(, know) Continuous.

Unit 3b.


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Unit 24

Have andhave got

(a)Have have gotHave got has got

have has. :

- Ihave gota brother.: I hava brother.

-Tom has gotmany books.:Tom hasmany books.


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:

Haveyou gotasister?

Haveyou a sister?

Do you havea

sister?

I ha

I ha

I do

Hashe gota flat? He


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Hashe a flat?

Does he havea

flat?

He

He

flat

(Past) go .

- When I was a student I hadafriend.

did didn't.


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- Didyouhavea friend when youwere a student?

- I liked to travel but I didn'thav

a car then.

(b)Have .

Have

. :

havebreakfast/lunch/d


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drink/

a cup of coffee/a cigare

havea swim/a walk/a rparty/

a good time ..

havea bath/a shower/a

havea look(at somethin

havea baby(= give birthavea chat(with someo


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have

have got:

- I usually have breakfast at 8

o'clock.( 'have got')- Last summer I had a goodtime

:

- I have a bath every morning.(= -)

- I've got a bath.(=

)

to do


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.

- When doyou usually have

breakfast?

- Idon't havebreakfast so early

- Did you have a goodtime last

summer?

- I didn't have a goodtime last

summer.

have ,


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Continuous(is having/ arehaving/was having ..):

- Where's Mike? He's havingdinner.


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Unit 25

Used to (I used to do)

(a) used to (used todo/used to smoke ..) , , .

- I used toswim a lot in summer bI don't go swimming any more.

- Ann used tohave headaches, nshe feels quite well.


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Used to , ( ).

- We used to livein Spain but nowe live in France.

- Thereused to bea garden in

front of the house, now you can

a

restaurant in its place.

(b)Used to +


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( ). 'I use to do'. present simple (Ido).

:

past: he used to playtennis thereused to bea house herepresent: heplaystennis thereishouse here

: did...u


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to?

- Did you use toread a lot?

: didn't usto..(

'used not to'):

- I didn't use toread a lot.

(d) , I used to do

I am used to doing(.Unit 62


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,

:

- I used toplay with Kate.( ).

- I amused toplayingwith Kate. ).


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Unit 26

Can, couldand be able t

(a) an, ,

,

.

- can't cannot.

- He canspeak English.- Canyou translate this book?

- I can'tvisit you every day.


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Be able to can,

can :

- I'm not able tovisit you everyday.

can

: can( -present) cou(

-past),


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be able to.

- He hasn't been able toworkrecently.(can has noPresentPerfect)

- She might not be able tofly toLondon.(can has noinfinitive)

(b)Could was able to:

could

can.


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- Tom couldplay football very w

- She couldn'tspeak English.

ould

:see, heasmell,

taste, feel, understand, remembe

- He spoke so quickly that Icouldn't understandhim at all.

- Though I was sitting in the lastrow, I could seethe film well.


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Could ,

-:

- My mother couldspeak fivelanguages.

,

- ,

was/were able to(


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could):

- He didn't want to buy a new subut at last we were able to

persuade him.

- She wasn't ableto pass the exa

couldn't

.- Hecouldn'tplay tennis.

- Wecouldn'tpersuade him to bua new suit.

can .Unit 31. could


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.Unit 27 Unit 31.


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Unit 27

Could(do) and could

have(done)

(a)Could

.

.

could

can(.Unit 26).


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- I could not hearhim.

ould

,

.

- Couldyou pleasegiveme a

stamp?

- Where shall we go tomorrow? W

could goto the restaraunt.


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an .

could

, an.

Could

.

- There could beanother rise in

prices next month.( =


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.)

could ,

would be able to.

- He works day and night. I

couldn't doit.

(b) ould

could have (done).

,


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,

,

.

- He could have takenthe dog ou

but he didn't do it.- Why did you choose to work at

the plant? You could have stayed

at the Institute.- You should not have taken part

this adventure. You could have


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perished.

(c) couldn't have(done).

I couldn't have donesomething' =

( ) .

- Last Sunday a party wasarranged at Tom's place. I could

have


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taken partin it, anyway, because

was busy.

- Tom didn't enter the UniversityHe couldn't have passedthe

exams.

.could/couldn't

Unit 26,Unit 28b,Unit 29c,Unit

Could if

Unit 36,Unit 37,Unit 38.


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Unit 28

May (have) and might

(have) (1)

(a)May might,

-.

. :


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Hemay bebusy now.He mibebusy now.

may might

may may not

might not(mightn't). may

-

:- Annmight not knowabout it.


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( )

- Jackmight not be readyfor the

exam.( )

(b) may have

done might have done, :

- Why didn't she answer thephone?

- She might have gone shopping.- I can't find my key anywhere.

- Youmay have lostit while you


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walked with your dog.

could may might. ,

- Where is Mike? I'm not sure. Hcould bein his club.

may might.Unit 29 Unit 30.


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Unit 29

May(have) and might

(have) (2)

(a)

:

.

,


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He may bein his office

)He might be havinglun

)

Ask Ann. She might kn )

may might, ,

- .


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.

:

- He maybe in his office. Hemightbe in his office.

may not

might not(mightn't):

- Jack might not bein his office.

(= , - I'm not sure whether I can lend


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you any money. I may not have

enough.

(= , )

:

may

I/you/he(.)

(not

might


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(b)May have donemight havedone,

.

- A:I wonder why Ann didn't

answer the doorbell.- B:Well, I suppose she may havbeenin the bath.

(= , - A:Why didn't he say hello whe


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he passed us in the street?

- B:He might have been day-

dreaming.(= , )

- A:I can't find my bag anywher

- B:You might have leftit in theshop.

(= , )

- A:I wonder why Ann didn't comto the meeting.

- B:She might not have knownabout it.

(= , )


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(c)

:

may b

I/you/he (not)

have

b

d

( ..) might k

`Couldn't


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have (done)'

`can'thave (done)',

- `Where's Jack?' `I'm not sure.He could bein his office, I suppo

but he's not usually there at this

time.'

maymight .U30,Unit 31.


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Unit 30

Mayand might(future)

(a) may might

.

:

- I'm not quite sure where to go my holidays but Imay goto theUSA.

(=, )

- The weather forecast is not ver


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good. Itmight snowthis evening

(=, )

- We can't help her. Why doesn'she ask Nick? Hemight beable help

her.(=, )

may not might not(mightn't

- Zagmay not goto the cinemawith us. He is very busy.


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(= ,

- There might not bea party on

Sunday because the parents are (=, )

maymight,

. :

- We may goto the USA.- Wmight goto the USA.


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(b) may might

Continuous:may/might be doing

will be doing(.Unit 10a,Unit 10b:

- Don't come at 6. I'll be watchinmy favourite film on television.

- Don't come at 6. I may(or migh

be watchingmy favourite film on

television.(= perhaps I'll be in themiddle of watching it.)


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Continuous (may/might be

doing) ,

.

:

- He's goingto the USA in May.

()- Hemay (ormight)be goingto tUSA in May.()

:


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- Hemay/might goto the USA inMay.

(c)May as well, might as well

:

A:- Where shall we go tonight?

B: - I don't know. Any ideas?

A: - Well, there's a party at Brig

A lot of people will be there.

B: - We might as wellgo therethen. There's nothing else to do.


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may/might as well,

,

-, ,

, ,

.We might as wellgo there

:

.

- I'll have to wait half an hour fo


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the next train, so I might as well

walk.

- We may as wellgo to thr partyWe've nothing else to do.

- Shall we go shopping now? - W

might as well.

may might. Unit 2

may Unit 31.


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Unit 31

Can, could, mayand wou

(a) .

can could

,

- -:

-Canyou wait a moment,please?

-Dan,canyou help me,please?


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-Excuse me.

Couldyou tell where the

theatre is?- Do you think Icoulduseyour pen?

- I wonder if theycouldhelp us.

-,

:Can I have..?/Could I have..?/Mahave..?

- Can I havethese shoes, please?( )


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- Could I havethe sugar, please?( )

(b) .

an,could may,

:

- Hello, can Ispeak to Ted, plea

( )- 'Could Iuse your track?' `Yes,


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course.'

- 'Do you think I couldgo with

you?' `Yes, sure.'- 'May Itell her about this?' `Ye

please do.'

,

can may( could):

- You can (may) visit us if yolike.

an/can't,


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-,

( ):

- You can drivefor a year inBritain with an international

license.

- If you're under 18, you can'tdrivea car in Russia.

(c) can


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- :

- `Can I get youlemonade?'`That's very nice of you.'

- `Can I help you, sir?' `No thankyou. I'm being served.'

(d) - ,

Would you like(

`do you like'):

- Would you likesome whiskey?


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`do you like')

- Would you like to playgolf with

me tonight?( `do you like toplay')

I'd like(= I would like):

- I'd likesome information aboutnew services, please.

- I'd likeyou to be more attentiv


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Unit 32

Mustand have to

(a)

-, must(d

have to(do).

:

- You must (have to) have apassport to visit most foreign

countries.


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, must

have to. must , , :

- You musthelp your sister.

- He mustnot smoke so much.

- He mustbe at home now.

- The book is not on the shelf. Jemustbe reading it now.

- It is six o'clock. She musthave


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come home.

have to

, .

:

- I have a terrible tooth

I have to go to the dent

.


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.

- We are tomeetat 5 o

,

.

- I can't meet you on Friday. I ha

to work.

(b) Must


247/1036

.

Must

- must .

- We musthelp her in her work.

Have to .

:

- I had togo to hospital.(past)


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- She has torewrite hercomposition. (infinitive) - (Presensimple)

- Have you ever had togo tohospital? (present perfect)

, do/does/didchave to

,

:

- What doI have todo get a driv


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license? ( 'have I to do')

- Why didyou have togo to

hospital? ( 'had you to do')(c) Must't don't have to

. 'Youmust't dosomething'

:',

':

- You mustn't gothere.

- You mustnot do such things.- He mustn'tleave the room for


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while.

- You mustnot tell anyone what

said.

. Unit 33a.

'You don't have to do something

:

; ':

- I don't have towear a suit towork but I usually do.

- You don't have toborrow this


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book from the library. I'll give it

you.

(d) have to have got to.

:

-He have togo right now. -has got togo right now.

-He have tosell his house. -He has got tosell his house.

MUST TO


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Past

- - - - - - - -

- - - - -

I wa

mee

Wa

to...

Thewer

Present

We must

go nowMust you

I ammee

Shego..


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go there Are

com

Future - - -

- - -


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Unit 33

Must, mustn't, needn't an

needn't have

(a) Must,mustn'tneedn't

(You) must(do) -:


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You haven't got much t

hurry.

You can tell Tom what

keep it a secret.

(You) mustn't(do)

():


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The baby is asleep. You

(= , You can tell Tom what

mustn'ttell anybody el

(= ,

(You) needn't(do)

:


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You've got plenty of tim

hurry. (= I can hear you quite cle

shout. (=

(b) needn't

don't/doesn't need to:

- You've got plenty of time. Youdon't need tohurry.


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, `don't neetohurry',

`needn't hurry'( to).

(c)Needn't have(done)

:

,.

20 .


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Tom needn't have hurr

).

`Tom needn't have hur ,

Needn't have,

-,


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:

- Ann bought some eggs but whe

she got home she found that she

already

had plenty of eggs. So she needn

have boughtany eggs.

- Thank you for doing the washin

up but you needn't have doneit

really.

I was going to do it later.

(d) Didn't need toDidn't need to( `didn'thaveto')


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,

- . :

- I didn't need to go, so I didn't g

- I didn't need to gobut I decided

to go anyway.

needn'thave,


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:

- I needn't have gone. (= ,

, .)


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Unit 34

Should(1)

(a) should

,

. . should

,

, must.


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, should

: :

- You should not smokeso much.

- It's late. The boy should goto

bed.- They should be invitedto our

party.

Should


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. 'You shouldn't dsomething'

, - .

:

- You shouldn't be sittingin the

sun, move out of it into the shade

- You should have toldme about

- You shouldn't feelso unhappy

over such trifles.

(b) shoul


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-.

I think/I don'tthink/

do you think?

- I don't thinkyou should works

hard.- I think the government should d

something about the economy.

(c)Should ,


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- ,

:

- Those children shouldn't be

playing.

- They should beat school.

(d) should have done shouldn't hav

done.


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.

, ,

:

- He looks very ill. He

at hom ,

, -


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, ,

-

- Bill, you shouldn

, (,

).(e) ought

should.

- It's really a good film. You ough


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to/should goand see it.

- You should/ought to be polite.

should.Unit 35.


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Unit 35

Should(2)

(a)

Unit 34, should

, -

:

- He usually comes home at 6

o'clock. now it is eight. He shoul


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beat

home. (,

- She knows the subject very weShe shouldn'thave problems at h

examination.

(b)Should , :

suggest propose recommend insidemand ..

- She insistedthat we shouldcomto the meeting.

- He suggests that they shouldte


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her everything.

- I demandthat he shouldapolog

to me.

suggest.

(to do / to play ..). :

- They suggestwegotogether.- Mom suggested(that)Iinvitedmy friends.


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( Momsuggested me to invitallmy friends.)

suggest-ing.Unit 53.

(c)Should wonderful

naturalimportantinterestingsurprising

impossibleunlikely ..:

- It isinterestingthatsomebody(something)shoulddo(


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done).

- It is very strangethat she shou

speakto him in such a tone.

that

,

perfectinfinitive

(have done) should.

- It is much better that they shou

have foundeverything before it


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too late.

(d)If....should.

if

should,

.

- Ifyou comein time we'll go to

cinema together.

- Ifyou shouldcome in time, wemay go to the concert.


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,

.

Should

( ).

-Should you come in time, we'llmanage to go to the concert.

- Shouldshe be more careful, she

wouldn't make so many mistake


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Unit 36

Ifsentences

(present/future)

(a)

:

Zag:I think I left my

suitcase in your house. Haveyou seen it?

Jane:No, but I'll have a look. If

findit, I'llgive it to you.


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, . :`If Ifind... I'll...'

(. Unit 9c).

Jane:If I found$500 in the streeI wouldkeep it.

. .

, . :`If I foundwould...'


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they would be very angry.

- She wouldn't lend us any mone

we askedher to.

(b)Would

if- :

- Everyone would be veryfrightened ifsomeone pointeda

gun at him.

( `if someone would point')- Ifwe didn't cometo her birthda

party tonight, she would be angr


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( `if we wouldn't come')

i... would,

-

-:

- I would be very grateful ifyou

wouldinform me about new pric

as soon as possible.( )

- `Shall I open the window?' `Ye

please, ifyou would.'


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(c)

( if-) would/wouldn't.Would

'd,

:

- If you stopped drinking, you'd

probably feelbetter.

- He wouldn't cometo the party you invited him.


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could might:

- Sally might beangry if I didn't

come to her.(= perhaps she woulbe)

- If it stopped snowing, we could

somewhere.(= we would be able

to go out)

(d) wh ,

( ):


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- Duke would be angry ifI didn't

visit him.( `when I didn't visi

- What would you cry ifyou saw

snake?( `when you saw')

.Unit 9c.

if.Unit 37Unit 38.


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Unit 37

Ifand wishsentences

(present)

(a)

T , .

-If I knewher address,her.


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T `If I knew h

,

.

, if pa

tense(`I did/I was/I knew' ..).


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, :

- I would buy it ifI hadmoremoney.( )

- Ifhe didn't wantto see us, he

wouldn't come.( )

- We wouldn't have any job ifwe

didn't lookfor it.( )


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(b)

wish.

Wish

, , ,

:

He w

her


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I wishit

wasn't so

rainyin

England.(

.)

(Do

you

(

The

ovewish

so m(


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I wi

holi

(

if wish

were was:

- If I wereyou, I wouldn't go the

( `If I was you')

- I'd go out if it weren'training shard.( `if it wasn't raining')


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- I wish my work wereeasier.(`I wish my work was easier.')

(d) would

(if) wish:

- If I wererich, I wouldbuy a car

for you. ( `if I would be rich')

- Iwishyou were cleverer.( wish you would be cleverer.)

I


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wish...would....

.Unit 39.

Could `would bable to'

`was able to':

- She could(= would be able to) dthe work faster if she could

(= was able to) type.


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if wish.Unit 36,Unit38,Unit 39.


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Unit 38

If and wishsentences (pa

(a) :

Last month

Mary didn'tfeel well. Ted

didn't knowthis, so he


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didn't go to see

her. After

Mary got betterthey met again.

Ted said:

-If I had

knownthat you

were ill, Iwould have

If


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visited you. (

,

past perfect (I had done/I

had been/I had known

..) if.

- If I had knownyou were in ParIwould have shown

you the city.(

- Iwould have goneout with youI hadn't hadso much work.


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( )

- If he had been lookingwhere hwas going, he wouldn't have

walkedinto

the wall. ( )

would(have)

(if) :

- If I had met youyesterday, I

would have invitedyou to the


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party.

( `if I would have met')

would had 'd:

- If I'd met (=hadmet)you, I'dhave invited(= wouldhave invite

you to the party

(b) past perfect

(I had done) wish,


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-, ( )

:

- I wish I had known that Tim wa

ill. I would have come to see him

(I didn't know that he was ill.)

- I feel sick. I wish I hadn't eaten

fish for dinner.(I ate fish.)- Do you wish you had studied

maths instead of languages?

(You didn't study maths.)- The weather was terrible. We

wish it had been warmer.(It was


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warm.)

wouldhave wish:

- We wish it had beenwarmer.(

`would have been')

(c)Would have (done)- would (do):

- If she had gone to the partyyesterday, she would betired no


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( -present

- If she had gone to the party

yesterday, she would have seen( -past.)

would have

might have could have:

- If we'd trained harder, we migh

have won.(= perhaps we wouldhave won)

- We could have goneout if it

hadn't been raining.(= we would


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have been able to go out)

if wish.U36,Unit 37,Unit 39.


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Unit 39

Would would would have if

() .Unit 36, Unit 37Unit 38.

would , ..

. Unit 31. would.

(a) wou


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I wish...

:

It is raining.

Don wants to go out, but not in th

rain.

He says:

I wishit would stopraining.

, ,

. I wish would...,

, -


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- - .

.

- I wishsomeone wouldhelp us tcarry the boxes. They are so

heavy.

- The music next door is very louI wishthey wouldturn it down.

I wish ...wouldn't

:


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- I wishyou wouldn'tgo out so

lately. I begin to worry.

I wish... would, ,

- , -

.

`I wish I would ...'.

wish


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.Unit 37 Unit 38.

(b)Would/wouldn't past will/won't:

present Lucy: I'lllend you my

computer, Tommy.

past Lucy said that he wouldlenTommy his computer.

presentSam: I promise I'lldo it

you.

pastSam promised that he would


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do it for you.

presentFred: Damn! The car wo

start.

pastFred was angry because the

car wouldn't start.

would,

,

:

- In the childhood we lived by the


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sea. In summer, if the weather

was fine, wewouldall get upver

early and gofor a walk.- Whenever Harry was angry, he

wouldjust break chairs and desk

used to:

- ... we all used to get upearly an

go...

.Unit 25 used to


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Unit 40

In case

(a) :

-

, ,

.He wears two watches


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stop

In case one of them sto

, .

incase:

- John might phone tonight. I don

want to go out in case he phones

(= , ,)

- I'll draw a map for you in case


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you can't find our house.(= ,

)

(b) willcase; ,

:

- I don't want to go out tonight in

case John phones.( `in caseJohn

will phone')


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(c) In case

if. :

- We'll buy some more foodifTocomes.(= , ,

; ,

; ,

.)- We'll buy some food in caseTo

comes.(= , ,


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;

; ,

.)

:

- This letter is for Ann. Can you

giveit to her if you see her?

- This letter is for Ann. Can you

takeit with you in caseyou see

her?


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(d) in cas ,

- - :

- We bought some more food incaseTom came.(=

, )- I drew a map for her in casesh

couldn't find our house.

- We rang the bell again in casethey hadn't heard the first time.


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(e) `In caseof...' case. In case

of fire `

- In case of fire, please leave the

building as quickly as possible.- In case of emergency, telephon

this number.(=

)


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Unit 41

Unless,as long asand

provided / providing(tha

(a) Unless :

. ,


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Joe can't hear unless yo

:`Joe canshouUnless

Unless

unless:


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- Don't tell Ann what I said unles

she asks you.(= ,

)

- I'll come tomorrow unless I hav

to work.(= , )

- I wouldn't eat fish unless I was

extremely hungry.(=

)

unless :


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- We'll be late unless we hurry.( )

- Unless you work harder, you're

not going to pass the examinatio

(= )

- The man said he would hit me

unless I told him where the monewas.

(=

unless ifnot:


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- Don't tell Ann what I said ifshe

doesn'task you.

- We'll be late ifwe don'thurry.

(b) As long as/ provided (that)/providing (that)

but onif

( , ):

- You can use my car as long as

( `solong as')you drive


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carefully.

(= ,

)- Travelling by car is convenient

provided (that) you have

somewhere topark.(= , )

- Providing (that) she studies harshe should pass the examination.

(=

(c) ,


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willunless,as long as,provided

providing.

:

- We'll be late unlesswe hurry.( `unless we will hurry')

- Providingshe studieshard ...(`providing she will study')

.Unit 9(

).


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Unit 42

Passive(1) (be done/hav

been done)

(a)

(Active Passive). :

Somebodybuilt this ca(active)subjectobject


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This castlewas built insubject Somebody

. ,

,

.

,


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, , .

- Your sonbrokemy window. Mywindow was brokenby your son.

- Her words shock me. I amshockedby her words.

C ,

-


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,

.

- Englishisspokenall over theworld.

- Iwasntinvitedto the party.

, ,

by:


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- This wall was paintedbymyhusband. (= my husband painted it

- We are worriedbyher silence.(=her silence worries us).

(b)

to be(is/are/was/were/have been .

+ the Past Participle(taught, buisold,

answered ..): (be) taught (be

built

(be) sold (be) answered.


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past participles

(done/seen/written ..) Appendix 2.

Passive presentpast tenses

. Unit 43.

(c)

(to)be done/ be opened/be broug ..

(will, can, must ..)


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(:be

going to,want to).:

Infiniti

Active:We mustfinish

as possible.

This workmus


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Passive:soon as possibl

- This book can be boughteverywhere.

- His letterought to be translateat once.

- A new theatreis going to be

openednext year.- Go away! I want to be leftalon

Passive

Infinitive (have been


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done/opened/brought).

Perfect Inf

Active: Somebody shouthe car.

Passive:The carshouldwashed.

- My bag has disappeared. Itmuhave been stolen.


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- You were too careless. Youmighave been hurt.

- The weather was awful. Theflightought to have been cancell


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Unit 43

Passive (2) (Present and

Past Tenses)

(a)

(Present) (Past):

Present S

A:show(s)/clean(s) So


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.. ne

:am/is/areshown/cleaned

..

Wfil

H

ve

co

Ico

Htr


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Past Sim

A:showed/cleaned

..

So

ne

:was/were

shown/cleaned ..

W

filTh

heW


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bo

Present Con

A:am/is/are

showing/cleaning

..

Sous

m

:

W

a m


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am/is/are being

shown/cleaned

..

T

cl

E

ho

re

Past ContA:

was/wereshowing/cleaning

Sosh


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.. w

:was/were being

shown/cleaned ..

Wsh

w

I f

be

Present P

A:have/hasshown/cleaned So


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.. sh

:have/has been

shown/cleaned

..

Wsh

H

th

I h

bi

Past PeA: had So


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shown/cleaned

..us

he

:had been

shown/cleaned ..

W

a

ca

Ji

he


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U

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