EnglishGrammar

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Contents – alphabetically 02Articles - kendeord The indefinite article – den ubesemte artikel (kendeord) 03

The definite article – den bestemte artikel (kendeord) 03Nouns - navneord Regular nouns – regelmæssige substantiver (navneord) 04

Irregular nouns – uregelmæssige substantiver (navneord) 04Genitive - ejefald Genitive – genitiv (ejefald) 05Verbs - udsagnsord Regular verbs – regelmæssige verber – udsagnsord) 05

The passive – passiv (lideform) 06To be – at være 06The continuous tense – udvidet tid 07The gerund – ing-form 08To have – at have 08To do – at gøre 09

Modal verbs The modal verbs – modalverber - mådesudsagnsord 10Irregular verbs – uregelmæssige verber - 10At blive 11At skulle 12

Irregular verbs - list Irregular verbs – uregelmæssige verber (alfabetisk) 13-16Irregular verbs - groups Irregular verbs – uregelmæssige verber – grupper 16-18Adjektiver – tillægsord Adjektives – adjektiver – tillægsord 19Adverbier – biord Adverbs – adverbier – biord 20Nations Nations – nationer 20Pronouns – stedord Personal pronouns – personlige pronomier - personlige stedord 21

Possessive pronouns – possessive pronomier - ejestedord 22Reflexive pronouns – refleksive pronomie–tilbagevisende stedord 22Demonstrative pronouns – demonstrative pronomier –påpegende stedord 23Relative pronouns – relative pronomier – henførende stedord 23Interrogative pronouns – interogative pronomier – spørgende stedord 24Indefinite pronouns – indefinitte pronomier – ubestemte stedord 24

Numerals - talord Numerals – numeralier – talord 25-26Prepositions - forholdsord Prepositions – præpositioner – forholdsord 27-30

Prepositions – præpositioner – forholdsord - gruppevis 31-35Conjunctions – bindeord Conjunktions – konjunktioner – bindeord 36Pronunciation – udtale Pronunciation – udtale 37Vigtige fejltyper Fejltyper, der skal have Jeres særlige opmærksomhed 37Skriftlige opgaver Om at arbejde med skriftlige opgaver 38Fejltyper - udsagnsord Fejltyper - udsagnsord 39Fejltyper – andre ord Fejltyper – andre ord 39-40Ordbog Brug af ordbog 41Deling af ord Deling a ord 41Stavning Huskeregler til stavning 41Pas på! Pas på! 42Store bogstaver Store bogstaver 42Apostrof Apostrof 42Komma Komma 43Ordstilling Ordstilling 43Vendinger Vendinger og overgangsord – alfabetisk 44Andre vendinger Andre almindelige vendinger og overgangsord – alfabetisk 44

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The Indefinite article – den ubestemte artikel (kendeord)a - Foran ord, der begynder med konsonantlyd.an - Foran ord, der begynder med en vokallyd.

Eksempler:

a - a man, a cat, a house, a door, a book, a ballan - an uncle, an aunt, an island, an hour, an old woman

- - - - - - - - -

The definite article – den bestemte artikel (kendeord)

the udtales ðə Foran ord, der begynder medkonsonantlyd.

udtales ði Foran ord, der begynder med en vokallyd.

Eksempler:

ðə the dog, the mouse, the sea, the sister, the doctor

ði the owner, the hour, the act, the island, the axe

Anvendes: Ved verdenshjørner, ordenstal, floders navne, offentligebygninger, foran of-forbindelser.

Eksempler: in the North of France, the 3rd price, the Thames,the owner of the house

Anvendes ikke: Ved begreber i almindelighed, årstider, højtider, måltider, gaderOg byer (dog undtagelser).

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Regular nouns – regelmæssige substantiver - navneord

Tilføjer -s i flertalEksempler: a dog - two dogs - a nose - many noses

Ved navneord, der ender på o - ss - sh - ch - s - xtilføjes –es i flertalEksempler: a fox - two foxes - a kiss - many kisses

Specielle regler:l. - y - ændres til - ie - efter en konsonant foran - s -

Eksempler: an enemy – the enemies - a lady – the ladies

2. Nogle ord der ender på -f danner flertal ved at ændref til -ve foran - s -Eksempler: knife – knives - half – halves - wife – wives

3. Andre ord, der ender på –f, bibeholder -fEksempler: roof – roofs - chief – chiefs

Irregular nouns – uregelmæssige substantiver (navneord)

1. Ord, der er uforandrede i flertal.Eksempler: a sheep – five sheep - a deer – four deer

2. Ord, der får omlyd i flertal.Eksempler: a man – two men - a woman – two women

3. Ord, der ender på -en i flertal.Eksempler: an ox – seven oxen - a child – nine children

4. Ord, der bruges i ental, men har flertalsbetydning.Eksempler: much money - a piece of advice - many pieces of furniture

5. Ord, der bruges i flertal.Eksempler: contents, arms, oats, wages

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The genitive – genitiv (ejefald)

1. s-ejefald dannes ved at tilføje ‘s, der benyttes i forbindelse medpersoner og ved tids- og målbestemmelser.

Eksempler: the king’s castle, the girl’s hat.

Ord der ender på –s tilføjer kun ‘ (apostrof)Eksempler: Moses’ laws, the boys’ names (drengenes).

2. of-ejefald dannes ved at omskrive med of og benyttes i forbindel-se med betegnelser på ting.

Eksempler: the roof of the house, the names of the tools.

Regular verbs – regelmæssige verber (udsagnsord)

To play Presentnutid

Pastdatid

ental1 I play 1 I played2 you play 2 you played3 he, she, it plays 3 he, she, it played

flertal1 we play 1 we played2 you play 2 you played3 they play 3 they played

A. Der tilføjes –s i 3. Person, ental, nutid – efter hvislelyd tilføjes –es(he wishes)

Der tilføjes –ed i datid og kort tillægsform. (Kort tillægsform ender på –t på dansk).

To play perfect førnutid

plusperfectførdatid

ental1 I have played 1 I had played2 you haveplayed 2 you had played3 he, she, it has played 3 he, she, it had played

flertal1 we haveplayed 1 we had played2 you have played 2 you had played

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3 they have played 3 they had played

B. Førnutid og førdatid dannes af nutids- og datidsformerne af to Have (hjælpeudsagnsordet) + kort tillægsform.

C. Y ændres til –ie efter en konsonant før –s og –d.

The passive – passiv (lideform)

A. Passiv dannes af to be + kort tillægsform

passiv Presentnutid

Pastdatid

ental1 I am asked 1 I was asked2 you are asked 2 you were asked3 he, she, it is asked 3 he, she, it was asked

flertal1 we are asked 1 we were asked2 you are asked 2 you were asked3 they are asked 3 they were asked

B. I have been asked, I had been asked er førnutid og førdatid.Genstandsled i en aktiv sætning (handleform) bliver grundled I en sætning med passiv.

Eksempler:

Aktiv Passiv

Nutid:

The girl takes the ball. The ball is taken by the girl.The man helps the child. The child is helped by the man.My wife kisses me. I am kissed by my wife.

Datid:

The girl took the ball. The ball was taken by the girl.The man helped the child. The child was helped by the man.My wife kissed me. I was kissed by my wife.

To be - at være

he is, he was, he has been, he had been, he will be

A. to be + ing-form danner udvidet tid.B. Passiv dannes af to be + kort tillægsform.C. Bemærk at forkortelser kun må bruges i direkte tale (som ikke

må bruges i stile, medmindre der er tale om skuespil).

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The continuos tense – udvidet tid

A. Udvidet tid dannes af to be + ing-form.

To play Presentnutid

Pastdatid

ental1 I am playing 1 I was playing2 you are playing 2 you were playing3 he, she, it is playing 3 he, she, it was playing

flertal1 we are playing 1 we were playing2 you are playing 2 you were playing3 they are playing 3 they were playing

B. Udvidet nutid beskriver en uafsluttet handling.

Eksempler: They are singing. He is dancing. Peter is sleeping.

C. Almindelig nutid beskriver facts, det alment gældende.

Eksempler: My mother smokes too much. I like good stories. They always speak like that.

D. Udvidet datid beskriver en handling, der foregik, da noget andet indtraf.

Eksempler: She was playing tennis when the car stopped. I was sleeping when the boy called.

E. Almindelig datid beskriver noget afsluttet.

Eksempler: The lived in England at that time. I hated him when he was a child.

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The gerund – ing-form

1. Ing-form dannes ved at tilføje –ing til en navnemåde.Eksempler: Going, singing, drying, walking, laughing.

2. Anvend ing-form after forholdsord.Eksempler: He thought of doing it again. They left without

Saying good-bye.

3. Anvend ing-form efter følgende udsagnsord:Avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, mind

ofte efter see, hear, feel.Eksempler: I enjoyed walking in the wood. Would you mind

Helping me?

4. Anvend ing-form efter følgende tillægsord:Busy, no good, like, worth.

Eksempler: I am busy sewing. That film is not worth seeing.

5. Anvend ing-form som del af en sætning.Eksempler: I know the people living next door. Knowing the

Facts I cannot tell a lie.

6. Ing-form som navneord.Eksempler: No parking. No smoking.

To have – at have

he has, he had, he has had, he had had, he will have

Førnutid og førdatid dannes af nutidsformerne og datidsformerne af to have + kort tillægsform.Førnutid og førdatid af andre udsagnsord dannes på samme måde.

Eksempler: He has helped the man. We have often tried. Theyhad seen the dog. She had talked to him. You have

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killed him. It has been here.

To do – at gøre

To do nutid datid førnutid/førdatid

ental1. I do did have/had done2. you do did have/had done3. he, she, it does did has/had done

flertal1. we do did have/had done2. you do did have/had done3. they do did have/had done

A. Der omskrives med do, does, did i spørgende hoved-sætninger.

do + grundled + navnemåde + andre ord

Do you know him?

Does he like the hat?

Did they go home?

B. Der omskrives med do, does, did i nægtende sætninger, derIndeholder not.

grundled + do + not + navnemåde + andre ord

The man does not like the children.

They do not run quickly.

She did not buy anything.

C. Der omskrives ikke med do, does, did i forbindelse med modal-verber samt have og be, og når et spørgende stedord er grundled.

Eksempler: Have you got an umbrella? Will she go there again? Are they afraid of him? Who told her the truth? Must you tease

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him? Has she never tried it before? Is it your book? What happened to the stranger? He would not help me. This is not my book. I have not seen her lately. We are not afraid. They cannot read the book. You should not do it. She has not been here. You have not tried.

The modal verbs – modalverber (mådesudsagnsord)

shall will can may must ought

Infinitivenavnemåde

Presentnutid

Pastdatid

Perfectførnutid

to be obliged to he shall he should he has been obliged to

to want to he will he would he has wanted to

to be able to he can he could he has been able to

to be allowed to he may he might he has been allowed to

to have to he must he must he has had to

to have to he ought he ought he has had to

A. Modalverberne forekommer kun i nutid og datid. Navnemåde ogførnutid er omskrivninger.

B. Modalverberne tilføjer ikke –s i 3. Person, ental, nutid.Eksempler: She may go now. He must help me. He can read.

Modalverberne har ikke omskrivning med to do i spørgende og nægtende sætninger.Bemærk at forkortelser kun må anvendes i direkte tale (der ikke må anvendes i stile, medmindre der er tale om et skuespil).

Irregular verbs – uregelmæssige verber.

A. Der tilføjes –s i 3. Person, ental, nutid. Efter hvislelyd tilføjeses (he catches).

B. Datidsformerne er uregelmæssige.C. Kort tillægsform er uregelmæssig.D. De uregelmæssige udsagnsord findes i ordbogen.

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At blive

1. to become (ofte om navneord og tillægsord)

He became a teacher han blev lærerIt has become warmer det er blevet varmere

2. to get (ofte om tillægsord)

She got wet hun blev vådHe got angry han blev vred

3. to grow (ofte gradvis, lidt efter lidt)

Jim has grown tired Jim er blevet trætMrs Smith grewvery irribable fru Smith blev meget irritabel

4. to stay, to remain (forblive, blive ved med at være)

They stayed for lunch de blev til frokostAl stayed in bed for 3 weeks Al blev I sengen I 3 ugerTed remained sitting in the Ted blev siddende I armchair lænestolen

5. to turn (ofte pludseligt)

she turned pale hun blev bleghe turned nasty han blev ubehagelig

6. to be (i lideform)

Many pigs are killed mange grise bliver slagtetThe apple-pie was eaten æblekagen blev spist

NB: she fell in love hun blev forelsket

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he fell ill han blev syggo on singing bliv ved med at synge

(fortsætte med)he kept on for a long time han blev ved længe

At skulle

Should Husk at should ofte er lig med ought to (burde) – desuden bruges should ofte sammen med like lig med vil, ville gerne.Ex: You should not go there – du skulle/burde ikke gå derhen I should like to travel – jeg ville så gerne ud at rejse.

Must påbud, befalingEx: She said that I must do it – hun sagde, jeg skulle gøre det.

Had to nødvendighedEx: She had to work hard to keep the job – hun måtte/skulle arbejde hårdt for at beholde sit arbejde.

Was/were to efter aftaleEx: She was to meet him in Rome – hun skulle møde ham i RomThey were to leave at ten – de skulle gå kl. 10

Was/were going to om fremtidEx: Jim was going to Bristol the next day – Jim skulle til Bristol næste dag.The pupils were going to learn Latin – eleverne skulle lære latin.

Was/were about to skulle lige til atEx: I was about to leave when Henry entered – jeg skulle lige til at gå, da Henry trådte ind.We were just going to write – vi skulle lige til at skrive.

NB: We told him to go – vi sagde til ham, at han skulle gå.We did not know what to do – vi vidste ikke hvad vi skulle gøre.

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Nogle uregelmæssige udsagnsord ordnet alfabetisk.

Navnemåde og nutid *

undtagen

Nutid 3. person

ental

Datid Kort tillægsmåde(+have/has/had)

Dansk

to be * is was been værebe able to * can could been able to kunneto be allowed to *

may might been able to Måtte (gerne)

to bear bears bore born fødeto beat beats beat beaten slåto become becomes became become bliveto begin begins began begun begyndeto bend bends bent bent bøjeto be obliged to *

shall should been obliged to

skulle

to bid bids bade bidden befale, bydeto bind binds bound bound bindeto bite bites bit bitten bideto blow blows blew blown blæseto break breaks broke broken brækketo bring brings brought brought bringeto build builds built built byggeto burn burns burnt/burned burnt/burned brændeto burst bursts burst burst bristeto buy buys bought bought købeto catch catches caught caught fange, gribeto choose chooses chose chosen vælgeto come comes came come kommeto cost costs cost cost kosteto creep creeps crept crept krybeto cut cuts cut cut klippe, skæreto dig digs dug dug graveto do does did done gøreto draw draws drew drawn tegne, trækketo dream dreams dreamt/

dreameddreamt/dreamed

drømme

to drink drinks drank drunk drikketo drive drives drove driven drive, køreto eat eats ate eaten spise, ædeto fall falls fell fallen faldeto feed feeds fed fed fodreto feel feels felt felt føle

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to fight fights fought fought kæmpeto find finds found found finde

Navnemåde og nutid *

undtagen

Nutid 3. person

ental

Datid Kort tillægsmåde(+have/has/had)

Dansk

to flee flees fled fled flygteto fling flings flung flung kaste, kyleto fly flies flew flown flyveto forbid forbids forbade forbidden forbydeto forget forgets forgot forgotten glemmeto freeze freezes froze frozen fryseto get gets got got blive, få,

kommeto give gives gave given giveto go goes went gone gå, rejse,

tageto grow grown grew grown blive, vokseto hang hangs hung hung hængeto have has had had haveto have to * must must has had to måtte (skulle)to hear hears heard heard høreto hide hides hid hidden gemme (sig)to hit hits hit hit rammeto hold holds held held holde, rummeto hurt hurts hurt hurt gøre fortrædto keep keeps kept kept holde,

beholdeto kneel kneels knelt knelt knæleto know knows knew known kende, videto lay lays laid laid læggeto lead leads led led føreto lean leans leant leant læne (sig)to leap leaps leapt leapt hoppeto learn learns learnt/learned learnt/learned lære (selv)to leave leaves left left forladeto lend lends lent lent låne (ud)to let lets let let lade, udlejeto lie lies lay lain liggeto lie down lies down lay down lain down lægge sig nedto light lights lit/lighted lit/lighted tændeto lose loses lost lost miste, tabeto make makes made made gøre, laveto mean mean meant meant betyde, meneto meet meets met met møde* ought ought burde

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to pay pays paid paid betaleto put puts put put lægge, sætteto read reads read read læse

Navnemåde og nutid *

undtagen

Nutid 3. person

ental

Datid Kort tillægsmåde(+have/has/had)

Dansk

to ride rides rode ridden køre, rideto ring rings rang rung ringeto rise rises rose risen rejse sig. stå

opto run runs ran run løbeto say says said said sigeto see sees saw seen seto seek seeks sought sought søgeto sell sells sold sold sælgeto send sends sent sent sendeto set sets set set gå net, sætteto sew sews sewed sewn syto shake shakes shook shook rysteto shine shines shone shone skinneto shoot shoots shot shot skydeto show shows showed shown viseto shut shuts shut shut lukketo sing sings sang sung syngeto sink sinks sank sunk synketo sit sits sat sat siddeto sit down sits down sat down sat down sætte sig nedto sleep sleeps slept slept soveto slide slides slid slid glideto smell smells smelt smelt lugteto sow sows sowed sown/sowed såto speak speaks spoke spoken taleto spell spells spelt/spelled spelt/spelled staveto spend spends spent spent give ud,

tilbringeto spill spills spilt/spilled spilt/spilled spildeto spin spins spun spun spindeto split splits split split flækketo spoil spoils spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled ødelæggeto spread spreads spread spread spredeto spring springs sprang sprung springeto stand stands stood stood ståto steal steals stole stolen stjæleto stick sticks stuck stuck fæste, klæbeto sting stings stung stung stikketo strike strikes struck struck slå

15

to swear swears swore sworn bande, sværge

to sweep sweeps swept swept feje

Navnemåde og nutid *

undtagen

Nutid 3. person

ental

Datid Kort tillægsmåde(+have/has/had)

Dansk

to swim swims swam swum svømmeto swing swings swung swung svingeto take takes took taken tageto teach teaches taught taught lære,

underviseto tear tears tore torn sønderriveto tell tells told told fortælleto think thinks thought thought tænke, tro,

synesto throw throws threw thrown kanseto tread treads trod trodden trædeto wake wakes woke/waked waked vække, vågneto want to will would wanted to villeto wear wears wore worn bære, have

på, slideto weep weeps wept wept grædeto win wins won won vindeto wind winds wound wound snoto wring wrings wrung wrung vrideto write writes wrote written skrive

Nogle uregelmæssige udsagnsord, ordnet i grupper efter bøjningsmønstret.

Der findes en lang række udsagnsord, hvor datid og kort tillægsmåde er ens.

Navnemåde og kort tillægsmåde er ens i disse ord.Navnemåde og nutid *

undtagen

Nutid 3. person

ental

Datid Kort tillægsmåde(+have/has/had)

Dansk

to become becomes became become bliveto come comes came come kommeto run runs ran run løbe

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Navnemåde, datid og kort tillægsmåde er ens i disse ord.Navnemåde og nutid *

undtagen

Nutid 3. person

ental

Datid Kort tillægsmåde(+have/has/had)

Dansk

to broadcast broadcasts broadcast broadcast udsendeto burst bursts burst burst bristeto cost costs cost cost kosteto cut cuts cut cut skære, klippeto hit hits hit hit rammeto hurt hurts hurt hurt skade, to let lets let let lade, udlejeto put puts put put lægge, sætteto set sets set set sætte, gå nedto shut shuts shut shut lukketo trust trusts trust trust stole påto upset upsets upset upset forvirre,

ophidse

Navnemåde har “i”, datid “a”, kort tillægsmåde “u” i disse ordNavnemåde og nutid *

undtagen

Nutid 3. person

ental

Datid Kort tillægsmåde(+have/has/had)

Dansk

to begin begins began begun begyndeto drink drinks drank drunk drikketo ring rings rang rung ringeto sing sings sang sung syngeto sink sinks sank sunk synketo swim swims swam swum svømme

Navnemåde + n er lig med kort tillægsmåde i disse ordNavnemåde og nutid *

undtagen

Nutid 3. person

ental

Datid Kort tillægsmåde(+have/has/had)

Dansk

to blow blows blew blown blæseto draw draws drew drawn tegneto forgive forgives forgave forgiven tilgiveto give gives gave given giveto grow grows grew grown vokseto know knows knew known kende, videto see sees saw seen se

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to shake shakes shook shaken rysteto show shows showed shown viseto throw throws threw thrown kaste

Datid + n er lig med kort tillægsmåde i disse ordNavnemåde og nutid *

undtagen

Nutid 3. person

ental

Datid Kort tillægsmåde(+have/has/had)

Dansk

to break breaks broke broken brækketo choose chooses chose chosen vælgeto speak speaks spoke spoken taleto steal steals stole stolen stjæleto wake wakes woke woken vågne,vække

Navnemåde + en er lig med kort tillægsmåde i disse ordNavnemåde og nutid *

undtagen

Nutid 3. person

ental

Datid Kort tillægsmåde(+have/has/had)

Dansk

to be is was been væreto eat eats ate eaten spise, ædeto fall falls fell fallen falde

Navnemåden “i” bliver i datid til “o”, kort tillægsmåde tilføjer“n” i disse ord.

Navnemåde og nutid *

undtagen

Nutid 3. person

ental

Datid Kort tillægsmåde(+have/has/had)

Dansk

to drive drives drove driven køreto rise rises rose risen stå opto write writes wrote written skrive

Disse udsagnsord er særligt vanskelige at bøje.Navnemåde og nutid *

undtagen

Nutid 3. person

ental

Datid Kort tillægsmåde(+have/has/had)

Dansk

to do does did done gøreto fly flies flew flown flyveto forbid forbids forbade forbidden forbyde

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to go goes went gone gåto ride rides rode ridden ride, køreto lie lies lay lain ligge

Adjectives – adjektiver - tillægsord

1. Endelser: -(e)r, -(e)st

the positivegrundform

the comparativehøjere grad

the superlativehøjeste grad

great greater greatestpolite politer politestgay gayer gayest

Anvendelse:Ved enstavelsesord + tostavelsesord der ender på y, er, ow, le og

tostavelsesord med tryk på sidste stavelse.

2. More og most

the positivegrundform

the comparativehøjere grad

the superlativehøjeste grad

splendid more splendid most splendidexcellent more excellent most excellent

Anvendelse:Især ved flerstavelsesord.

3. Adskillige tillægsord har uregelmæssig gradbøjning.

the positivegrundform

the comparativehøjere grad

the superlativehøjeste grad

good better bestbad worse worstlittle less leastmuch/many more most

Stor – lillesmall bruges om størrelsesforholdlittle bruges ofte om sød lilleshort bruges ofte om højde

big bruges ofte overført (Big boys do not cry).large er ofte om udstrækning og rummelighedgreat er ofte berømt, mægtig, noget, der ikke kan måles.tall bruges om højde.

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Adverbs - adverbier - biord

Hovedregler for biords placering.

1. biord, der lægger sig til udsagnsledet placeres mellem grundled og udsagnsled, dog aldrig foran to be.Eksempler: He often told the same story. She never tried to

understand him. They are not here.

2. Biord placeres mellem hjælpeudsagnsord og hovedudsagnsord.Eksempler: They have almost learnt everything. We could always hear him.

3. Mådesbiord placeres efter udsagnsledet.Eksempler: They work carefully. He behaved naturally.

4. Lange biordsforbindelser samt tids- og stedsbestemmelser placeres først eller sidst i sætningen.Eksempler: Yesterday I saw a new building in the town. Later on

he went upstairs.

5. Biord er ord, der lægger sig til udsagnsord, tillægsord, andre biord.

Eksempler: He ran slowly. They were terribly nervous. They came too quickly.

6. Biord, der dannes af tillægsord, tilføjer som hovedregel -ly.Eksempler: happy - happily - awful - awfully - polite - politely

perfect - perfectly - pretty - prettily

7. Mange småord er ægte biord:

always, never, often, now, soon, too, well, tomorrow, there

8. Biord fortæller ofte oma) stedb) tidc) måde

9. Nogle biord har samme form som tillægsordet.daily, early, fast, hard (hardly = næppe)

Nations - nationer

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På engelsk skrives nationalitetsord, også tillægsord, med stort.

Eksempler: Denmark, Dane, Danish.

Personal pronouns - personlige pronomier - personlige stedord

som grundled som andre led

ental1. person I me2. person you you3. person he, she, it him, her, it

flertal1. person we us2. person you you3. person they them

A. He og she anvendes om personer, it om andet.

B. Det oversættes ved he, she, it i forbindelse med tidligere nævnte personer og ting.

Eksempler: Det er min bror = He is my brother.

C. It benyttes i forbindelse med udtryk om afstand, vejr og vind.

Eksempler: It is snowing. It is s long way to go. What time is it? How far is it from here to Leeds? In the paper itsays it is true.

D. There is + ental (there is a man)There are + flertal (there are three men)

E. I nogle forbindelser kan det være lig med so.

1. Sammen med udsagnsord som hope, say, seem, suppose, think.2. I begyndelsen af en sætning og efter and kan so betyde ….. også.

Eksempler: Are you all right? I hope so. Is this your ball? Yes, I suppose so. You say you can swim. So can I. I liked Tommy and so did everyone else.

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Possessive pronouns – possessive pronomier - ejestedord

kort lang

Ental1. person my Mine2. person your yours3. person his

herits

hishersits

Flertal1. person our ours2. person your yours3. person their theirs

A. Kort form anvendes, når stedordet star tillægsagtigt, d.v.s. foran et navneord.Eksempler: It is my cat. Here is our house.

B. Lang form anvendes, når stedordet står navneagtigt, d.v.s. oftest alene.Eksempler: It is mine. This is yours.

C. Note: They lost their way. He had his pipe in his mouth. She is a friend of mine. He is a friend of hers.

Reflexive pronouns – refleksive pronomier - tilbagevisende stedord

Ental FlertalI myself we ourselvesyou yourself you yourselveshesheit

himselfherselfitself

they themselves

1. Anvendes ubetonet, når de viser hen til grundleddet.Ex: He washed himself. She cut herself. They scolded themselves.

2. Anvendes betonet, når de oversættes til dansk selv.Eksempler: She did it herself. They saw it themselves.

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3. Nogle engelske udsagnsord følges ikke af self-formerne. De almindeligste er: Feel, hurry, marry, move, lie down, sit down

Ex: Lissy feels hungry. – Lissy føler sig sulten.Ken hurried to the station. – Ken skyndte sig til stationen.Lillian will marry Ian. – Lillian gifter sig med Ian.

Demonstrative pronouns – demonstrative pronomier - påpegende stedord

ental flertalthis thesethat those

A. This og these anvendes om ting og personer, der befinder sig i umiddelbar nærhed.

Eksempler: This house belongs to me. ‘These books are mine.

B. That and those anvendes om ting og personer, der befinder sig I nogen afstand.

Eksempler: That dog down there looks very angry. Those people opposite the street may be very dangerous.

NB: in this country - her I landetthis year - I årthis morning - I morges(I nat: tonight - den kommende nat

last night - den foregående nat)

Relative pronouns – relative pronomier - henførende stedord

who which that what

1. Who viser hen til personer.Eksempler: He saw a man who sold pictures.Whom er genstandsled.Eksempler: Here is the girl who you helped.Whose er genitive (ejefald).Eksempler: He is the man whose wife left him.

2. Which viser hen til dyr eller ting.Ex: Where is the bird which you gave me.

3. That kan benyttes I sted for who og which I sætninger, DER ER NØDVENDIGE FOR FORSTÅELSEN.Eksempler: The house that is for sale is empty. The people that told me about it were stupid.

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4. What viser frem, which viser tilbage til en hel sætning.Eksempler: He hated him, which was bad, but what was sores, he wanted to kill him.

Interrogative pronouns – interrogative pronomier -spørgende stedord

what which who whom whose1.Who, whom, whose bruges I spørgsmål om personer.Eksempler: Who lives there? Who stole the bag? To whom are you writing? Whose book is this? Whose are these pencils?2.What bruges I spørgsmål om ting eller dyr.Eksempler: What do you want? What is your name?3.Which bruges om ting og personer I forbindelse med spørgsmål om noget begrænset.Eksempler: Which do you like best, apples or bananas? Which girl in your lass is the cleverest? Which of these boys wanted to help him?

NB: Which do you like best, beer or wine? Begrænset antalWhat do you like best? Ubegrænset antal

Indefinite pronouns – indefinite pronomier - ubestemte stedord

1 some somebody someone something2 any anybody anyone anything3 every everybody everyone everything4 no nobody no one nothing5 each6 all

A.Some og forbindelser med some anvendes I almindelige fremstillende, bekræftende sætninger. (nogen, en eller anden)Eksempler: I saw some children in the garden. I saw somebody, too. I saw someone in the house. I saw something, too.

Any og forbindelser med any anvendes som hovedregel i spørgende (?), benægtende (not) og sammenlignende (if) sætninger. (noget som helst)Eksempler: Do you have any money? No I have nothing. I have not any money either. If I had any, I would give it to you.

B.Some, any, every, no anvendes foran navneord.Some, any, every, none anvendes foran of + underforstået navneord.Eksempler: Have you got any of the books? None of them saw me.C.

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Øvrige former anvendes, når de står navneagtigt.Eksempler: He looked at something. We gave them nothing.D.Every betyder alle uden undtagelse, hver eneste.Each betyder, hver, hver især, pr. stk.All betyder alt, al, alle.

Numerals – numeralier - talord

A. Mængdetal, en, to, tre osv., der bruges om antal.B. Ordenstal, første, anden, tredje, der bruges om rækkefølge (f.eks.

datoer).

mængdetal ordenstal ordenstalforkortet

01 one the first 1st02 two the second 2nd03 three the third 3rd04 four the fourth 4th05 five the fifth 5th06 six the sixth 6th07 seven the seventh 7th08 eight the eighth 8th09 nine the ninth 9th10 ten the tenth 10th11 eleven the eleventh 11th12 twelwe the twelfth 12th13 thirteen the thirteenth 13th14 fourteen the fourteenth 14th15 fifteen the fifteenth 15th16 sixteen the sixteenth 16th17 seventeen the seventeenth 17th18 eithteen the eighteenth 18th19 nineteen the nineteenth 19th20 twenty the twentieth 20th21 twentyone the twentyfirst 21st22 twentytwo the twentysecond 22nd23 twentythree the twentythird 23rd24 twentyfour the twentyfourth 24th30 thirty the thirtieth 30th40 forty the fortieth 40th50 fifty the fiftieth 50th60 sixty the sixtieth 60th70 seventy the seventieth 70th80 eighty the eithtieth 80th90 ninety the ninetieth 90th

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Numerals – numeralier - talord

Nul:A. Nul skrives med 0 ved telefon og bilnumre (udtales [ou]).B. Nu skrives zero ved temperaturangivelser.C. Nul skrives nil om fodboldresultater.D. Nul skrives love om tennisresultater.

One bruges om nogle tidsbestemmelser.

One day I went to London. - En dag tog jeg til London.One evening in May - En aften I Maj.One winter night - En vinteraften.

Hundred - Thousand - Million

Disse ord kan ikke stå ”alene” – dvs. de får enten et flertals-s efter sig eller et talord eller ”a” foran, MEN aldrig begge dele.Eksempler: One hundred soldiers died. A hundred people ran away. Thousands of cows were killed. Millions of people die from starvation.

DatoerIn foran året og måneden.Eksempler: She came in 1980. He came in June.On foran dage og dato.Eksempler: Freddy left on a Monday. Sam arrived on 6th May.KlokkesletEksempler: What is the time? It is two o’clock. It is ten minutes past two. It is half past two. It is a quarter to three.

At bruges ved klokkeslet.Eksempler: The train arrived at five. The bus left at 4.15.

once = een gang

twice = to gange

three times (thrice) = tre gange

many times = mange gange

some times = nogle gange

(NB: sometimes = sommetider)

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Prepositions – præpositioner - forholdsord

Forholdsord er ord som ad, af, fra, I, på, til m.fl.

Almindelige engelske forholdsord i alfabetisk rækkefølge.

About om, omkring (i) bruges ved

1. stedJeff walked about the streets

2. tid, afstand = circaIt will take you about two hours.

It is about three miles from here.

3. Emnet for tale, fortælle, skriveCelia talked about her trip.

He told us about his friend.

She wrote a book about lions.

Above over, oven overThe plane flew above the clouds.The stars above us.A general is above a colonel.

Across over, tværs over, over på den anden sidePenelope ran across the xtreet.Geoff swam across the river.

Against mod, imodPeter leant againsty the tree.They fought against the enemy.

Ago for – siden (KUN ET ORD PÅ ENGELSK)I saw her two days ago.Long, long ago.

Along ad, henad, langs, langs med, medThey drove along the new road.Houses were built along the lake.Are you coming along.

Among blandt, iblandt, mellem, imellemHere I am among friends

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The small boys ran among the big boys.(SE OGSÅ BETWEEN)

At I, på, hos, ved

1. om stedWe live at BrightonThey stayed at a hotel.At school Ann loved English.Now she is studying at the University.Buy fresh meat at the butcher’s.They were all silent at the table.

2. om tid, tidspunkt som klokkeslet, højtiderYou must be here at two o’clock.We have a holiday at New Year, at Christmas, and at Easter.

Before før, inden, foranBefore you say anything, think!He lived before B.C.It was not long before she turned up.He sat with a book before him.(SE OGSÅ TILL)

Below under, neden under, lavere endMost of an iceberg is below water.It was below freezing point.Raymond was hit below the belt.

Behind bag, bagved, bagefterEddie stood behind him.The oak was behind the house.Kitty came walking behind the others.

Between mellem, imellem, ofte om et begrænset antalThe distance between Hull and Leeds.Let nothing come between us.The lift stopped between the 9th and 10th floor.

By ved, vede siden af, med, af

1. stedThere was a new chair by the fire.The house stood by the river.

2. transportmiddelAlistair went by bus to the station.Peggy likes to go by train.

3. passive/lideform

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The book was written by Kipling.

The farm was built by my uncle.

During under, I løbet afDuring his stay in London.The house was built during the summer.During the meal they were silent.

For for, I, til, efter1. som på dansk

What can I do for you?What did you pay for your ticket?

2. om tidNan stayed in Paris for two years.I have not seen Jim for four years.

3. som til = bestemt tilHere is a letter for you.Who is this present for?

4. som efter eller på – sammen med visseudsagnsord

Gertie is looking for a knife.I long for a holiday.We must wait for the postman.

From fra, afThe ship sailed from Norway to Italy.Agatha suffered from a bad headache.

In I, på, om

1. stedMy aunt remained in York.Her mother was ill in bed.Jean liked to live in town.Tom lived in the country.The dog ran in the street.

2. tidMaud was born in 1973.Ted will arrive in two hours.I saw Sean early in the morning.Alan finished the job in three days.

3. visse udtrykI like him in a way.Do not do it in that silly way.She said it in English.

Into om bevægelse fra et område til et andetThe girls ran into the house.The woman jumped into the water.On Sundays the went out into the country.

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The farmer went into the field.

Of ofte = af, på, omThis shoe is made of rubber.What are you thinking of?Mothers like to talk of their children.

On på, oven på1. sted

There were pictures on the wall.The cat was on the table.There were many cars on the road.

2. dage og datoerHER HAR VI INTET FORHOLDSORD PÅ DANSKWe shall arrive on April 5th.Come and see me on Tuesday.My birthday is on June 29th.

NB:Kate put on her new cap.Ann took off her new blouse.Will you switch on the light?What is going on here?Go on, please.Did you hear it on the radio?No, I saw it on TV.How are you getting on?

Till, until til, indtil - sammen med not = ikke førPeggy wrote till (until) five.James slept till (until) ten.His wife did not arrive till (until) two.Now they will not meet till (until) tomorrow.

To til, ofte om retningI am going to CornwallIan threw the ball to *Eve.

NB:We go to school.Cindy goes to bed.Doris talked to Jim.

Towards mod, hen imodThe girls walked towards the wood.(SE OGSÅ AGAINST)

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With med, hosCome with me to Canterbury.Does Paul still live with his uncle.(Does Paul still live at his uncle’s)She was angry with Joan.

Prepositions – præpositioner - forholdsord – gruppevis

I forbindelse med tidin – for – during – ago – on – at

Ex: He broke his leg three years ago.My mother-in-law stayed with us for two years.He has promised to come on Saturday.You must be there at two o’clock.We are leaving in a fortnight.He did the job in two hours.I spent a lot of money in/during my summer holidays.

Engelsk Dansk… ago for … siden hvor længe sidenfor (i) tiden hvor længeon (på) en bestemt dag/datoat (til/ved) angivelse af nøjagtigt tidspunkt/klokkeslætin om hvornår i fremtidenin på tiden der medgårin* i/under/om tidsrummet inden for hvilket noget foregår/er

Bemærk at nogle tidsprepositioner ofte udelades på dansk – derfor ( ).

”During” kan anvendes, hvis man ønsker at lægge vægt på handlingens udstrækning, forløb eller proces, altså tiden som tidsrum. Der findes situationer, hvor kun den ene af dem med rimelighed kan anvendes.

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I forbindelse med sted Ion – in – at

The wine bottles are in the cellar.There was much furniture in the room.The bird was singing in its cage.The boys were standing at the corner.The two lines cross at B.She was at the foot of the staircase.A huge spider was crawling on the ceiling.He was sunbathing on the roof.The pencil was lying on the floor.The portrait was hanging on the wall.

on in at

NB: There was only a little left at the bottom of the shipThere were written some numbers on the bottom of the ship.

Note the following (fixed) expressions which you often need in daily conversation in class:

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Byer - øerin – on – at

Ex:Christie’s “Ten little Niggers” takes place on Indian Islanda very small island off the Devon Coast.You meet some lovely villages when you travel in Sicily.

Ved små eller fjerne eller ukendte øer (“punkter”) bruges onVed store eller bekendte øer (”områder/flader”) bruges inEx:In London you will meet people from all over the world.Right now he studies at Cambridge, but he is consideringa move to Oxford.

Ved mindre byer, der opfattes som “punkter” bruges atVed større byer, der opfattes som områder bruges in

Note the following use of at/inShe is a nurse and works at the hospitalHe is in hospital now – he has broken his leg

Dad is very excited at the thought of working in his new officeShe is never at the office on SundaysHer father was at the station to meet herWhile he was in the station his car was stolen

1, Beskæftigelse, adresse - at2. Sted, rum (med møbler) - in

I forbindelse med sted IIin-into about-around between-among towards-against

In / intoHe is standing in his garden He went into his gardenThe penknife was in his pocket He put his wallet in(to) his pocketShe was in the water He jumped into the water to join

her, but immediately she jumpedout of the water.

in into

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About / aroundThe girl walked about in the wood The ship sailed around the islandMan about the house She wrapped paper round the ball

about around

I forbindelse med sted IIIover above under/below across/over at/by with/at+s

over/above under belowJohn pulled his blanket over his head.The boy carried his fishing rod over his shoulder.The star was right above his head.The top of the building is 300 yards above sea level.He placed his watch under his pillow.The child hid his book under his bed.The submarine was operating 100 years below the surface.The barometer stood below 29 F.

Over, hen over, ofte I kontakt med = overOver, hævet i niveau op over = aboveUnder, neden under, på undersiden af = underUnder, i niveau under = below

across/overThe ship sailed across the Ocean.The car bumped over the rough ground.The girl walked across the floor to fetch her doll.She looked over the hedge at me.

A B

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at/byHe was standing at the counter, filling in the form.He was standing by the piano while she was singing.He was sitting at the table, drinking a cup of coffee.He was sitting by the table, reading the magazine.at = betegner placering, beskæftigen sig med

by = betegner udelukkende placering (ved siden af)

He lives at his uncle’s (house) adresseWe met at ther father’s (house) adresse

He lives with his uncle i samvær medI am staying with friends i samvær med

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Conjunctions – konjunktioner - bindeord

Bindeord er ord, som knytter ord, led eller sætninger sammen.

As da, fordi, som, ligesom

1. tidAs I closed the door the bus passed the house. Fran arrived as I was taking a bath.

2. årsagAs I had no money I could not go by bus.

3. I egenskab af, sammenlignendeHugh is working as a waiter in his holidays.She was there as a friend of the family.Elsie was as old as Kit.Sean did it as well as he could.

Either - or enten - ellerOur pupils speak either French or Spanish.

Neither – nor hverken – ellerNeither you nor I know the answer.

When da, dengang da, nårCissy started when she was ten.When I came home, my mother had left.Let us leave when it is over.

While mens, imensAlan wrote an essay while I slept.While I was doing the housework my wife read a magazine.

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Pronunciation – udtale

Udtalebetegnelsen står altid I skarpe klammer [ ][ ’ ]

[ · ]

[a·][ai][au][ä][b][d][dʒ]

[ð][Þ]

betegner tryk (accent); det sættes foran den stærke (accentuerede) stavelses begyndelse, f.eks. city [’siti] med tryk på første, insist [in’sist] med tryk på anden stavelse. Står tegnet to steder, betyder det ligelig eller vaklende accentuering eller lige stærkt tryk på begge stavelser.betegner at den foregående lyd er lang; f.eks. seat [si·t], mens sit [sit] udtales med kort vokal.som i far [fa·], father [fa·ðə]som I eye [ai]som i how [hau]som i hat [hät]som i bed [bed], ebb [eb]som i do [du·], bed [bed]som i judge [dʒʌdʒ], join[dʒoin]som i then [ðen]som i thin [Þin]

[e][ei][ə·][ə]

[f][g][h][i·][i][i ə][j][k][l][m][n][ɳ]

[ou][o][oi]

som i let [let]som i hate [heit]om i hurt [hə·t], her [hə·] som i inner [’in ə], about[ə’baut], hear [hiə], poor [puə], area [’æəriə]som I find [faind]som I go [gou]som i hat [hät]som I feel [fi·l]som i fill (fil)som i hear, here [hiə],som i you [ju·]som i can [kän]som i low [lou], ell [el]som i man [män]som i no [nou]som i singer [’siɳ gə], finger [’fiɳ gə],som i no [nou]som i phonetic [fo’netik]som i boy [boi]

[p][r][s][ʃ][tʃ][t][u·][v][w][z][ʒ][æ]

[å·]

[å][ʌ]( )

[fr.]

som i pea [pi·]som i red [red], area [’æəriə]som i so [sou]som i she [ʃhi·]som i chin [tʃin]som i toe [tou]som i fool [fu·l]som i vivid [’vivid]som i we [wi·]som i nose [nouz]som i measure [’meʒə]som i hair [hæə], area [’æəriə]som i caught [kå·t], court [kå·t]som i cot [kåt]som i cut [kʌt]omslutter tegn for lyd, som kan medtages eller udelades, f.eks. empty [’em(p)ti], (·) angiver vaklende længde, f.eks. across [ə’krå(·)s] med langt eller kort [å]betegner, at ordet udtales som på fransk

Fejltyper, der skal have Jeres særlige opmærksomhed:

1. Concord (kongruens) – at grundled og udsagnsled passer sammen2. Enumerate the tenses of the verb – bøje udsagnsordene i tid 3. Irregular verbs – uregelmæssige verber4. Spelling – stavning5. Plural -s and genitive-s – flertals-s og genitiv-s6. Contractions – sammentrækninger – NEVER in written assignments.7. Subject before verb – grundled før udsagnsled.

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Om at arbejde med skriftlige opgaver

a. Skriv straks på engelsk (altså ikke først på dansk og så oversætte til engelsk).b. Lad ordbøger ligge parat, når du skal skrive, benyt ordbøgerne flittigt og rigtigt.c. Læs det, du har skrevet, kritisk igennem, bl.a. er det klogt at se efter, om navneord

og stedord, - der bruges som grundled – er i overensstemmelse med udsagnsordenes form (om der er kongruens).Eksempel:

The boy was affraid, the girls were afraid x o x oThere is one book, there are two books

x o xThe girl who is there, the girls who are there

x o x oThe house which is white, the houses which are white

x o x o

Om at skrive stile med frit eller opgivet emne

a. Før du går i gang, er det vigtigt, at du har læst overskriften og den eventuelle instruktion meget nøje, således at du er helt klar over, hvad det er, du vil/skal skrive om.

b. Skriv dine ideer ned og prøv at få de vigtigste dele af emnet med.c. Lav en disposition (ofte kan den være som til en dansk stil)

1. Indledning - gerne kort – 3-5 linier er nok2. Emnet – prøv at give udtryk for din personlige mening og begrund

den, hvis emnet giver mulighed derfor. Du må endelig bruge din fantasi her.

3. Slutning – kort, men ikke for brat.

d. Sørg for en varieret anvendelse af gode vendinger og overgangsord – sæt i det daglige streg under sådanne udtryk for at vise dig selv, at du har anvendt dem.

Optræder der personer i stilen, så giv dem navne.Anvend samme tid i hele stilen, f.eks. datid.Husk at de danske vendinger sjældent kan oversættes direkte til engelsk.Stilens længde fra 350 til 450 ord.Kritisk gennemsyn – de fleste fejl findes i den sidste tredjedel af en engelsk stil.Gem og læs dine rettede stile, før du skriver en ny, derved undgår du lettere at lave samme fejl igen.

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Fejltyper – udsagnsord

to fall she fell down hun faldt to make the carpenter made a chairTom made a cup of tea

tømreren lavede en stolTom lavede en kop te

to feel she felt sick hun havde kvalme to do she did her homework

he did the shopping

hun lavede sit hjemmearbejdehan købte ind

to hide he hid in the wood han skjulte sig i skoven

to ride she rode by bus every morning

hun kørte med bus hver morgen

to hit he hit the tree han ramte træet to drive she drove to the station in her new car

hun kørte (selv) til stationen I sin nye bil

to lay she laid the book on the grass

hun lagde bogen i græsset

to rise Jim and the sun rose at 5

Jim og solen stod op klokken 5

to lie she lay in bed for a week

hun lå I sengen i en uge

to raise he raised his hand han løftede hånden

to learn he learnt his grammar

han lærte sin grammatik

to shoot she shot the deer hun skød hjorten

to teach he taught them English

han lærte dem engelsk

to shut she shut the door hun lukkede døren

to lend she lent me her bike

hun lånte mig sin cykel (låne ud til)

to spend he spent a lot of money

han brugte en masse penge

to borrow she borrowed a book from the library

hun lånte en bog på biblioteket (låne af/fra)

to use he used his new pencil

han brugte sin ny blyant

to lose he lost an expensive ring

han tabte (mistede) en kostbar ring

to take she took the letter to the post office

hun bragte brevet til posthuset (fra)

to drop he dropped a cup and it broke

han tabte en kop, og den gik itu

to bring she brought me the letter

hun bragte mig brevet (til)

Fejltyper – andre ord

få lidta few nogle stykker She had a few

booksa little noget, en smule I know a little

aboutfew meget få Al had few books little meget lidt,

næsten intetI know little about

at least I det mindset, mindst

Al smokes at least 40 cigarettes a day

meat kød They like tender meat

at last til sidst, endelig At last she stopped

meet mode, mødes I should like to meet herThey meet every night

buy købe Hardy buys a pound of cheese

death død, døden At his father’s deathAs pale as death

by ved, af The house stood by the river

dead død He was dead when the doctor

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The car was driven by Liz

came

bye farvel ”Bye.bye”, she shouted.

died død He died of hunger

know kende, vide Do you know Perry?

praise rose, ros You must praise RoseShe was given much praise

no nej Do not say no price pris It was a high pricenow nu Now it is ten

o’clockprize præmie She got the first

prize

passed passerede They passed the pub

peace fred We want world peace

past forbi They went past the pub

piece stykke We want a piece of the cake

still endnu, stadigvæk He is still here their deres Here is their house

yet endnu (sammen med not)

Do not go yet there der There is their houseTheir house is there

these disse These are my best shirts

wait for vente på I will wait for you

this denne, dette This is my new shirt

wait on opvarte We were waited on by ten waiters

through igennem Pat ran through the wood

to at, til To walk to the hill

though skønt, selv om Though it was very dark

too også, alt for These shoes are too big, too

thought tænkte Marion thought of Elvis

two to Maggie had two brothers

weak svag She had a weak heart

were var They were at school

week uge Every week I go to Leeds

where hvor Where were they?

which som, der The house which is white

witch heks Here lives an old witch

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Brug af ordbogDet gælder om at være fortrolig med følgende:

a. Betydningen af de almindeligste forkortelser og tegn.b. I hvilken form glosen er opført

Ex: Navneord er oftest i ubestemt ental (calf)Tillægsord er i grundformen (good)Udsagnsord er i navnemåde (eat)

c. At der ofte vil være flere muligheder, man skal derfor give sig tid til at finde frem til den rette glose.

d. At man sjældent kan oversætte direkte fra dansk til engelsk, undersøg derfor om vendingen står i ordbogen.Ex: den går ikke – hedder – that will not do (that won’t do)

hvordan går det I skolen? – hedder – how are you getting on at school?

e. At der er en liste med de uregelmæssige udsagnsord sidst i ordbogen.

Deling af ord

a. Hovedregel: undgå at dele ordb. Enstavelsesord udtalt som én stavelse kan ikke deles

Ex: come, stopped, played

c. Flerstavelsesord kan i nødstilfælde deles efter deres bestanddeleEx: Englishman = English-man

afternoon = after-noonunkind = un-kind

Huskeregler til stavning

Vi skriver all, till, full med to l’er – men sammen med andre ord eller stavelser, er der kun et l.Ex: almost, already, always, awful, beautiful, wonderful

NB: all right (to ord!)

På dansk skriver vi onkel – på engelsk uncle, mange engelske ord ender på -leEx: able, apple, little, middle, people

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Pas på de ord der er uforandrede I flertal på dansk, men ikke er det på engelsk.

Ex: et år, mange år one year, many yearsen sko, mange sko one shoe, many shoesen ting, mange ting one thing, many things

ikke at forveksle et flertals-s med et genitive-s

Ex: the boy’s ball drengens boldthe boys play ball drengene spiller bold

Husk at endelsen er ed I frightened og happenedEx: It had happened

She was frightened

Store bogstaver

a. Alt fra kalenderen (dage, måneder, højtider)Ex: They arrived on a Tuesday de kom en tirsdag

I like December jeg kan lide decemberI wish it was Christmas gid det var jul

b. Om nationer, også sprogetEx: She likes English hunk an godt lide engelsk

He reads a French book han læser en fransk bogThe German team played well det tyske hold spillede godt

c. Ordet jegEx: Peter and I left school together Peter og jeg forlod skolen

sammen

ApostrofVed genitiv (ejefald)

(Når du læser, støder du på sammentrækninger)

Ex: she doesn’t she does notthey can’t they cannotit’s big it is bighe won’t he will not

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Komma

a. Efter 1) overskriften i breve og efter 2) brevafslutningenEx: 1) Dear Joan,

2) Yours faithfully,

b. Foran direkte tale (på dansk bruger vi :).Ex: He said, ”I shall leave London.”

c. Ofte for at skille indskudte ord fra den øvrige sætning Ex: Sir John, however, did not like beer.

d. Ofte når hovedsætningen kommer efter bisætningen.Ex: When he saw me, he stopped.

e. Omkring en henførende sætning, som kan undværes.Ex: My bike, shich is brown, has cost £100

NB: Intet komme, hvis bisætningen er nødvendig for at opfatte hovedsætningen rigtigt.Ex: Joan asked me where I lived.

He said that he was tired (ikke komma foran that)We are glad (that) you can come (that kan ofte udelades

Ordstilling

a. Ligefrem ordstilling (dvs. grundled før udsagnsled)Ex: I go home jeg går hjem

b. Omvendt ordstilling (dvs. udsagnsled før grundled)Ex: Are you at home? er du hjemme?

På engelsk er ligefrem ordstilling meget anvendt, også når sætningen indledes med et biled – dette er modsat dansk sprogbrug.

Ex: At seven o’clock my mother came homekl. 7 kom min mor hjemEvery morning we run a milehver morgen løber vi en mile

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Vendinger og overgangsord - alfabetiskOm tida few days ago for et par dage

sidennowadays nutildags

a little time agoa short time ago

for lidt siden now and thenon and off

nu og da

a little laterpresentlysoon afterlater

lidt efteron Friday på Fredag

at that time på den tid on 7th May den 7ende majat this time på denne tid once a year engang om åretat two o’clock klokken to one day en dagduring I løbet af, under some time ago for nogen tid sidenearly in the morning tidligt om morgenen sometimes undertidenfor hours I timevis suddenly pludseligfor a week I en uge this evening tonight I aftenin March I marts tomorrow I morgenin summer om sommeren until, till indtilin a minute om et øjeblik up to now hidtillast night I aftes what time is it? hvad er klokken?last week sidste uge while mens, imens, medenslately for nylig yesterday I går

Andre almindelige overgangsord og vendinger- alfabetiskactually i virkeligheden,

faktiskinstead of i stedet for

almost næsten in spite of tilt rods foralthough skønt, endskønt just after lige efteranyway I hvert fald last but not least sidst, men ikke mindstfinally til sidst, endelig little by little lidt efter lidtbecause fordi maybe måskebecause of på grund af naturally naturligvisby the way forresten never aldrigcertainly bestemt, ja vist of course selvfølgeligespecially særligt, især perhaps måskeeven though selv om probably sandsynligviseverywhere alle vegne, overalt really virkelighappy ending lykkelig slutning somehow på en eller anden mådehardly næppe somewhere et eller andet stedhow nice hvor dejligt unfortunately uheldigvis, desværrehowever imidlertid unless med mindreindeed virkelig, faktisk, I

virkelighedenusually sædvanligvis

in short kort sagt whenever når som helst

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