English Peppered MothExample

Before industrial revolution After industrial revolution

English Peppered Moth Example

Galapagos Ground FinchStudy by Rosemary and Peter Grant

In dry years average beak depth increases-birds with large bills survive better-more large seeds available

In wet years average beak depth decreases-birds with small bills survive better-more small seeds available

Reznick/Endler Study on Guppies

• Guppies in Trinidad (Caribbean)

• Correlated changes in life history characteristics with type of predator

• Small predator (Killifish) preys on juvenile guppies

• Large predator (Pike Cichlid) preys on large sexually mature guppies

• Guppies with cichlids repro at younger age

The Experiment

• Experimental Group: guppies transplanted from pike cichlid to killifish pools

• Control Group: guppies that remained in pike cichlid pools

• What happened??

• Experimental Group/transplanted guppies gained an average of 14% greater mass

Inorganic Chemistry

• Atom, Molecule

• Subatomic Particles:protons (+), electrons (-), neutrons

• Atomic nucleus: protons + neutrons

• Atomic number = # protons

• Atomic Weight = # protons + # neutrons

• # Protons = # Electrons

Isotopes

• Differ in number of neutrons

• 12C 6p 6n 6e-

• 14C 6p ?n 6e-

• 14C 6p 8n 6e-

• Isotopes are radioactive

• Can be used as tracers

• Can date materials

Dangers of Isotopes?

• 1986 Chernobyl

• 1979 Three Mile Island

• Strontium?

Energy

• Capacity to do work

• Potential vs. Kinetic

• Different states of potential energy for electrons

• Electron arrangement in outer shell

• 3 Main Bonds: Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen

Ionic Bond: Transfer of electrons

Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons

Hydrogen Bond: weak bond between a polar bonded hydrogen and a polar bonded oxygen or nitrogen

WATER: polar covalent andhydrogen bonds

Properties of Water: Cohesion and Adhesion

Cohesion: holds water together within a vesselAdhesion: water sticks to vessel wall resisting gravity

High Surface Tension

Properties of water:(Due to hydrogen bonding)

• Cohesion/Adhesion

• High surface tension

• High specific heat

• High heat of vaporization

• Lower density as a solid than a liquid

• Good solvent

Solute + Solvent = Solution

Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic

• Hydrophilic: water-loving, attracted to water and dissolves easily in water

• Hydrophobic: water-fearing, does not dissolve easily in water (nonpolar)

Acids, Bases and Buffers

Acid: high H+

Base: low H+

pH: measure of H+

Acid Rain:Destroys Lakes

Buildings and Statues

Ocean Acidification

• Overproduction of carbon dioxide through fossil fuel combustion

• Oceans absorb carbon dioxide

• Ocean acidification: CO2 dissolves in seawater and reacts with water to form carbonic acid (lowers ocean pH)

• Less carbonate for reef calcification

CO2 dissolved in ocean reacts with water to form carbonic acid

Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

Hydrogen ions form more bicarbonate with carbonate ions making them unavailable for calcification by marine animals such as coral

Coral reefs increase biodiversity,protect shorelines, feeding ground for fish species (fisheries), tourism

Figure 4.9 P. 64

Origin of life(Miller)

ATP = Cellular Energy

Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

How macromolecules are made and broken down

Monosaccharides- 1 sugar

Major nutrient for cells, stored as di or poly saccharide

Linear and Ring Forms

Disaccharides- 2 sugars

2 monosaccharides joined by condensation synthesis

Polysaccharides- 3 or more sugars

Many monosaccharides joined by condensation synthesis

Cellulose

Storage Polysaccharides

• Starch storage molecules in plants-repeating units of glucose

• Glycogen storage of glucose in animals• Cellulose also polymer of glucose in

plants, but different 3-D configurationMakes up cell walls in plantsDifficult to digest• Chitin makes up exoskeleton in insects

Lipids

Saturated: no double bonds saturated with HSolid at room temp.

Unsaturated: double bonds cause bendsLiquid at room temp.

Phospholipids

Amphipathic: both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

Properties of water shape cell membranes

Amino Acids

How proteins are made: amino acids are the building blocks

Primary Structure

Secondary Structure

Tertiary Structure-globular

Quaternary Structure

Nucleic Acids

DNA