Date post: | 26-Mar-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | samantha-frost |
View: | 430 times |
Download: | 15 times |
English Pronunciation PracticeEnglish Pronunciation Practice英语语音技巧突破英语语音技巧突破
Lecture 4 Liaison and Assimilation
连读与同化
Liaison(or Sound-linking)
连 音
LiaisonIn English one word is not separated from a
nother by pausing or hesitating; the end of one word flows straight on to the beginning of the next , e.g.
first of all /'fә:st◡ әv 'ɔ:l/◡some of us /'sΛm әv әs/◡ ◡The linking of words in connected speech m
ay be divided into the following types:
1.consonant + vowel
Examples: put it on /'puti'tɔn/
look at it /'lukәtit/
think of it /'θiŋkәvit /
2.vowel + vowel
a) ending with an unrounded-lip sound, add a /j/ sound.
Examples:
the other /ði j 'Λðә/◡◡ he is my uncle. /hi: j iz mai j 'Λŋkl/◡◡ ◡◡ she ate some./ ʃ i: j әt sәm/◡◡
b) ending with a rounded-lip sound, add a /w/ sound.
Examples: two others /'tu: w 'Λðәz/◡ ◡ do it /'du: w it/◡ ◡ how old /'hau w 'әuld/◡ ◡
3. r-linking
3) When a word ending with “r” or “re” goes before a word beginning with a vowel sound /r/ is usually pronounced as a link.
Examples: for ages /fәr 'eiʤiz/
her own /hә:r 'әun/
share out /'ʃεә r 'aut/
far away /'fa:rә 'wei/
However, there are special circumstances in which a final “r” is silent even when the following word begins with a vowel.
• a) When there is a /r/ in the same syllable, e.g. • a roar of laughter /ә 'rɔ : әv 'la:ftә/• a rare animal /ә 'rεә 'æniml/• nearer and nearer /'niәrә әn 'niәrә/
• b) when a pause is permissible between the two words (even if no pause is actually made) .e.g.
• He opened the door and walked in.• /hi: 'әupnd ðә 'dɔ: әnd 'wɔ:kt in/
4) some English people link a final /ә/ or even /a:/ and /ɔ:/ to an initial vowel in the same group by inserting a /r/ sound even if there is no letter r in the spelling. The /r/ sound added in this way is called “intrusive r”. Its existence should be known but not imitated.
Examples:
China and Japan /'ʧainәr әn(d) ʤә'pæn/
drama and music /'dra:mәr әn(d) 'mju:zik/
law and order /'lɔ:r әn(d) 'ɔ:dә/
I saw a man /ai 'sɔ:r ә 'mæn/
AssimilationIn connected speech, sounds, under the
influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both the original sounds.
This process is called assimilation.
3 types of assimilation
1) Progressive(顺同化 )
2) Regressive(逆同化 )
3) Reciprocal, or double(相互同化 )
Progressive
The assimilated sound is influenced by the preceding sound. For example:
What’s this? /'wɔts 'ðis/
Attention !• The strong voiceless consonant of a pai
r replaces the weak voiced consonant in the closely connected speech, but do not make it a general rule to replace the weak voiced consonant by the strong voiceless in other cases.
• A voiceless plosive (爆破音 ) or fricative (摩擦音 ) is not assimilated to a voiced plosive or fricative which follows it.
Examples:
not very /'nɔt 'veri/, not /'nɔd 'veri/
black door /'blæk 'dɔ:/, not /'blæg 'dɔ:/
this boy /'ðis 'bɔi/, not /'ðiz 'bɔi/
if they come /'if ðei 'kΛm/,
not /'iv ðei 'kΛm/
Regressive The preceding sound is influenced by th
e one following it. For example,:
/z/ news /nju:z/
/s/ newspaper /nju:speipә/
Reciprocal or Double
Assimilation the neighboring sounds influence each other. For example:
/t/ /w/ twenty /twenti/
The usage of assimilation
1. Assimilation changing the work of vocal cords(声带 ). Examples:
/z/→ /s/
is/iz/ It’s easy./its 'i:zi/
has/hæz/ What’s happened?
/'wɔts 'hæpnd/
used/ju:zd/ I used to. /ai 'ju:st tu/
2. Assimilation changing the position of the lips:
Before the bilabial sounds/m,p,b/,/n,t,d/ change to /m,p,b/ respectively. For example:
in /in/ in bed /im 'bed/
ten/ten/ ten minutes /'tem 'minits/
don’t/dәunt/don’t be late./'dәump bi 'leit/
good/gud/ good-bye/gub bai/
3. Assimilation changing the place of articulation:
a) Before the velar sounds /k,g/, /n,t,d/ change to /ŋ,k,g/
in /iŋ/ in case /iŋ 'keis/ don’t /dәunt/ I don’t care. /ai 'dәuŋk 'kεә/ good /gud/ good girl /gug 'gә:l/
b) Before /ʃ,j/, /s,z/ change to /ʃ,ʒ / respectively.
this /ðis/ this shape /'ðiʃ'ʃeip/
this year /'ðiʃ'jiә/
has /hæz/ has she come
/'hæʒ ʃi 'kΛm/
where’s yours
/'wεәʒ 'j :ɔ z/
c) The combinations of sounds /tj/ and /dj/ have changed into /ʧ/and/ʤ /in an unstressed syllable:
education /,eʤukei'ʃn/ not/,edjukei'ʃn/
situation /,siʧuei'ʃn/ not /,sitjuei'ʃn/
I’m glad to meet you.
/aim 'gæld tә mi:ʧu/
Did you like it? /'diʤu 'laik it/