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ESPAÑOL III El 8 de diciembre de 2016 2016 Midterm and Capítulo 3A
ESPAÑOL IIIEl 8 de diciembre de 2016 2016
Midterm and
Capítulo 3A
Realidades-2
Possessive adjectives and Possessive Pronouns
(NOTEBOOKS)
5-10 minutes each night reviewing gramar and vocbulary of the current lesson.
In your NOTEBOOKS
To be completed in the regular notebooks (or JOURNALS)Monday through Friday
JOURNAL (Notebook)Every school night 5-10 minutes!!!!!
Remember work that was due-
Mini Lessons -5 minutes at least every school night in notebooks (JOURNALS)
La Lecci ón de hoy
OBJETIVO Midterm y Capítulo 3A
Midterm and Capítulo 3A1. Vocabulario de la ciudad- Lugares importantes
VOCABULARIO DE LOS LUGARES EN UNA CIUDAD
English-Spanishairport el aeropuerto
bank el banco
bookshop la librería
brasserie la cervecería
café la cafetería
department store
el almacén
fire station la estación de bomberos
hospital el hospital
inn la posada
kindergarten la guardería
library la biblioteca
market el mercado
municipality la municipalidad
museum el museo
petrol station la gasolinera
Spanish-Englishla acera pavement,
sidewalk
el aeropuerto airport
el almacén department store
el banco bank
la biblioteca library
la cafetería café
la cervecería brasserie
el escaparate shop window
la escuela school
la estación de bomberos
fire station, firehouse
la estación de ferrocarril
railway station
el estadio stadium
la farmacia pharmacy
la gasolinera petrol station
pharmacy la farmacia
police station la policía
railway station
la estación de ferrocarril
restaurant el restaurante
school la escuela
shop la tienda
shop window el escaparate
sidewalk la acera
stadium el estadio
stop la parada
la guardería kindergarten
el hospital hospital
la librería bookshop
el mercado market
la municipalidad
municipality
el museo museum
la parada stop
la policía police station
la posada inn
el restaurante restaurant
la tienda shop, store
Correo
DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS:
PART IThe object that directly receives the action of the verb is called the direct object.Bill hit the ball.
“Ball” receives the action of the verb “hit.”Sherry reads the book.
“Book” receives the action of the verb “reads.”
The direct object can also be a person.Sherry hit Bill.
(DO=Bill)
The direct object answers the question
“what?” or “whom?” with regard to what the subject of the sentence is doing.Bill hit the ball.
Bill hit what?Bill hit the ball.
Often, it is desirable to replace the name of the direct object with a pronoun.
Example 1Paul bought the flowers. He took the flowers home and gave the flowers to his wife.
Example 2Paul bought the flowers. He took them home and gave them to his wife.
When the pronoun replaces the name of the direct object, use the following pronouns:
Direct Object Pronouns(Gramática Realidades 2 página 138)
me (me)te (you-familiar)lo, la (him, her, it, you-formal)nos (us)os (you-all-familiar)los, las (them, you-all-formal)
In an affirmative statement with one verb, the direct object pronoun comes immediately before the conjugated verb.
Tengo = I haveTengo la pluma. = I have the pen.La tengo. = I have it.
The pronoun (la) comes immediately before the verb (tengo).
Notice that if the subject of the sentence changes, this does not affect the direct object pronoun.
Juan la tiene.Juan tiene = John hasJuan tiene la pluma. = John has the pen.Juan la tiene. = John has it.and
María la tiene.María tiene = Mary hasMaría tiene la pluma. = Mary has the pen.María la tiene. = Mary has it.
However, if the direct object of the sentence changes to a masculine noun, the masculine pronoun must be used.Juan lo tiene.Juan tiene = John hasJuan tiene el libro. = John has the book.Juan lo tiene. = John has it.
But
Juan la tiene.Juan tiene = John hasJuan tiene la pluma. = John has the pen.Juan la tiene. = John has it.
Likewise, if the direct object of the sentence changes from singular to plural, the plural pronoun must be used.
Juan lo tiene.Juan tiene = John hasJuan tiene el libro. = John has the book.Juan lo tiene. = John has it.
But
María los tiene.María tiene = Mary hasMaría tiene los libros. = Mary has the books.María los tiene. = Mary has them.Look at how Spanish and English are different.“Lo tengo” and “La tengo” BOTH mean “I have it.”
Differences:1. “It” has two forms in Spanish: lo, la2. “Tengo” one word in Spanish = two
words in English (I have)3. The word order is different. In
Spanish, the pronoun (lo, la) comes before the verb; in English, the pronoun (it) comes after the verb.
When you try to translate literally from English to Spanish, sometimes it works very well:John eats the soup.John = JuanJohn eats = Juan comeJohn eats the = Juan come laJohn eats the soup = Juan come la sopa.Other times, direct translation doesn’t work so well:
I eat the soup.I = YoI eat = Yo comoI eat the = Yo como laI eat the soup = Yo como la sopa.Because “como” means “I eat,” the word “yo” is redundant.
A better translation might be:
I eat the soup.Como la sopa.
Sometimes, when you try to translate literally, you run into much bigger problems:
I eat it. (the soup – la sopa)I = Yo
I eat = Yo como
I eat it. = Yo como la.
This is completely incorrect!The correct translation would be:I eat it. (the soup)La como.
As you can see, directly translating sentences with direct object pronouns doesn’t work, so … don’t do it! There is a better, easier way.
Learn to translate groups of words, rather than individual words. The first step is to
learn to view two Spanish words as a single phrase.
Try to think of each line as a single phrase, not two separate words:la comolo comola leo
lo leo
la veo
lo veo
la tengo
lo tengo
la compro
lo compro
Read each line again. Before you do, glance at the translation beneath it. Then, read each line thinking of it as a phrase that has the same meaning as the English phrase below it.
la comoI eat it (feminine DO – la sopa, la comida, etc.)
lo comoI eat it (masculine DO – el pollo, el arroz, etc.)
la leoI read it
lo leoI read it
la veoI see it
lo veoI see it
la tengoI have it
lo tengoI have it
la comproI buy it
lo comproI buy it
In the previous examples, it is clear that the subject of the sentence is “I” because the verbs are all conjugated in the “yo” form. With other verb forms, it is often desirable to add a word to clarify the subject.
Juan la come. (la comida)Juan eats it.
María lo tiene. (el libro)María has it.
El chico la compra. (la pluma)The boy buys it.
La chica lo ve. (el edificio)The girl sees it.
Ustedes lo leen. (el periódico)You-all read it.
Now, some examples of plural direct objects.
Juan come dos sándwiches.Los come. or Juan los come.
María tiene tres libros.Los tiene. or María los tiene.
El chico compra dos revistas.Las compra. or El chico las compra.
La chica ve dos coches.Los ve. or La chica los ve.
Ella compra dos televisores.Los compra. or Ella los compra.Tenemos dos mesas.
Las tenemos. or Nosotros las tenemos.Now, some examples where the direct object is a person.
I know you.Te conozco.
She loves him.Ella lo ama.
She loves me.Ella me ama.
Juan sees her.Juan la ve.
They call us.Ellos nos llaman.
We call them.Los llamamos.
Just as no one has ever learned to ride a bicycle by reading about it, neither will you learn to use direct object pronouns simply by reading this lesson. The key to success, as always, is to practice, practice, practice.
DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS: PART II
Remember, a direct object receives the action of the verb.Bill hit the ball.“Ball” receives the action of the verb “hit.”
Sherry reads the book.“Book” receives the action of the verb “reads.”
And, the direct object can also be a person.Sherry hit Bill.(DO=Bill)
Also, the direct object answers the question “what?” or “whom?” with regard to what the subject of the sentence is doing.
Bill hit the ball.Bill hit what? The ball.Sherry hit Bill.
Sherry hit whom? Bill.
Often, it is desirable to replace the name of the direct object with a pronoun.
Example 1Paul bought the flowers. He took the flowers home and gave the flowers to his wife.
Example 2Paul bought the flowers. He took them home and gave them to his wife.
When the pronoun replaces the name of the direct object, use the following pronouns:
me (me)te (you-familiar)lo, la (him, her, it, you-formal)nos (us)os (you-all-familiar)los, las (them, you-all-formal)In a negative sentence with one verb, the direct object pronoun is placed between the negative word and the conjugated verb.
Affirmative SentenceI buy the books.Compro los libros.
Los compro. (I buy them.)Negative Sentence
I don’t buy the books.No compro los libros.
No los compro. (I don’t buy them.)Compare the following affirmative statements with their negative
counterparts.Los compras.No los compras.
Guadalupe siempre lo estudia.Guadalupe nunca lo estudia.Ellos nos conocen.Ellos no nos conocen.
Remember, don’t try to translate word-for-word. Instead, think in terms of phrases,
or concepts. For example, the sentence “No los compras” contains two concepts:
1. los compras (you buy them)2. no (makes the whole sentence
negative)
fin
Sports equipment store
golf clubel palo de golfskateslos patinesballla pelotatennis racketla raqueta de tenis
toothbrushel cepillo de dientesshampooel champúsoapel jabóntoothpastela pasta dental
REMEMBER THE FOLLOWING:REPASOS/REVIEW!
Reflexive Verbs and PronounsReflexive pronouns work with a reflexive verb to indicate that a person is performing the action toward or for him- or herself. These types of verbs are not very common in English, but are used frequently in Spanish. Many actions related to personal care or daily routines are reflexive, but other verbs can be reflexive as well.
Me ducho cada mañana. (I shower (myself) every morning.)
Te peinas el pelo. (You brush your hair (yourself).)
Se hablaba. (He was talking to himself.)
Me veo en el espejo. (I see myself in the mirror.)
The subject is performing the action on him- or herself, making the object of the verb, the same as the subject. Compare two sentences in which one is reflexive and one is not.
I wash myself. (Me lavo.) - myself is the object of wash
I wash the dog. (Lavo el perro.) - the dog is the object of wash
When the object of the verb is the same person as the subject, you will need to use a reflexive pronoun that matches the subject of the verb in both number (singular, plural) and person (1st, 2nd, 3rd).
MORE ONREFLEXIVE VERBS below
Me lavo. (I wash myself.) Te lavas. (You wash yourself.) Se lava. (He washes himself./She washes
herself./It washes itself./You wash yourself.)
Nos lavamos. (We wash ourselves.) Os laváis. (You wash yourselves.) Se lavan. (They wash themselves./You
wash yourselves.)
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns have almost the same forms as indirect object pronouns except se is used in place of le and les for the third person.
The reflexive pronoun will always be the same person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and number (singular, plural) as the subject of the sentence.
Reflexive Pronoun Forms
Singular Plural
1st person
me (to, for, from, or off myself)
nos (to, for, from, or off ourselves)
2nd person
te (to, for, from, or off yourself)
os (to, for, from, or off yourselves)
3rd person
se (to, for, from, or off himself, herself, itself, yourself)
se (to, for, from, or off themselves, yourselves)
Reflexive Pronoun UsesReflexive verbs will require the use of reflexive pronouns to indicate that the direct object of the verb is also the subject, that the subject is performing the action on him- or her-self. Notice that the reflexive pronoun has the same person as the verb ending.
lavarse (to wash one’s self) - Me lavo las manos. (I wash my hands.)
sacarse (to take something off one’s self) - Nos sacamos los guantes. (We our gloves off (ourselves).)
despertarse (to wake up) - Se despiertan a las seis cada mañana. (They wake themselves up at six o’clock every morning.)
As mentioned before, you can also add reflexive pronouns to verbs not regularly reflexive verbs in order to make them reflexive.
verse (to see one’s self) hablarse (to talk to one’s self) escribirse (to write to one’s self) comprarse (to buy (something) for one’s self)
Reflexive verbs can also be used to indicate an emotional response to something. When a person becomes angry, sad, happy, etc., you can express this by using reflexive verbs.
Me enojé rápidamente. (I got angry quickly.) Te alegras de hablar español. (It makes you
happy to speak Spanish.) Se aburre en la clase de matemáticas. (He
gets bored in Math class.)
Reflexive pronouns can also be used to add emphasis to a seemingly regular situation. The pronouns are not normally translated directly into English, but the sense of something extra is there in Spanish.
Comí el pastel. (I ate the cake.) Me comí el pastel. (I ate up the cake/I ate the
whole cake.) Estúdialo. (Study it.) Estúdiatelo. (Really study it./Study it
thoroughly.)
Reflexive Pronoun PlacementReflexive pronouns are placed immediately before simple conjugated verbs and negative commands.
sacarse - Yo me saco los guantes. (I take off my gloves.)
afeitarse - Tú te afeitas la cara. (You shave your face.)
acostarse - Ellas se acuestan. (They go to bed.)
escribirse - No se escriba notas. (Don’t write notes to yourself.)
Reflexive Pronouns are attached to affirmative commands and in the case of compound verbs (present progressive, ir+a+infinitive, etc.) the pronoun can either be attached to the infinitive or present participle or go before the conjugated verb.
ducharhse - Estoy duchándome. / Me estoy duchando. (I am showering (myself).)
quitarse - Quítate el sombrero. (Take off your hat.)
sentarse - Voy a sentarme. / Me voy a sentar. (I am going to sit (myself) down.)
Reflexive Verb ExamplesBelow is a list of common reflexive verbs. This is not a complete list, but rather a reference to help you understand which kinds of verbs are reflexive.aburrirse (de) (to get bored with)
despertarse (to wake up)
enojarse (con) (to get mad about)
quitarse (to take off)
acordarse (de) (to remember)
destaparse (to uncover)
irse (to leave)
reponerse (to get better)
acostarse (to desvestirse (to limarse (las secarse (to
go to bed) get undressed)uñas) (to file)dry off)
afeitarse (to shave)
disgustarse (de) (to become upset about)
maquillarse (to put on makeup)
sentarse (to sit down)
alegrarse (de) (to be glad about)
distraerse (to distract oneself)
mirarse (to look at oneself)
sostenerse (to support)
bañarse (to bathe)
divertirse (con) (to enjoy oneself with)
olvidarse (de) (to forget about)
subirse (to get up)
cepillarse (to brush)
dormirse (to go to sleep)
peinarse (to comb one's hair)
taparse (to cover up oneself)
convertirse (en) (to become)
ducharse (to shower)
pintarse (los labios) (to put on lipstick)
torcerse (to twist)
desayunarse (to eat breakfast)
enfermarse (to become ill)
probarse (to try on)
vestirse (to get dressed)
despedirse (to say good-bye)
enloquecerse (to go crazy)
ponerse (to put on)
volverse (to become)
FIN de la lección de hoyMas de la gramáticaReflexive Verbs with Meaning ChangesMaking a verb reflexive can change its meaning in ways that you wouldn’t find very logical. Some are more subtle than others, while some
are quite different. Some of these verbs are listed below.
abonarto pay money
abonarseto subscribe to (a magazine, newspaper, etc.)
abrir to open abrirseto open up (confide in someone)
acordarto agree/to decide
acordarse to remember
acusar to accuse acusarse to confess
callar to be quiet callarse to become quiet
cerrar to close cerrarseto close oneself off emotionally
combinar
to combine combinarseto take turns
dormir to sleep dormirse to fall asleep
ir to go irse to go away
llevar to carry llevarse to take away
poner to put ponerse to put on/to wear
salir to leave salirseto leave unexpectedly/to leak
REGULAR PRETERITE VERBS
The preterite tense is used to refer to actions that occurred at a fixed point in time.
I called at 1:00.
Llamé a la una.The preterite tense is also used to refer to actions in the past that were performed a specific number of times.
I called you twice.Te llamé dos veces.
The preterite tense is also used to refer to actions that occurred during a specific enclosed period of time.
He lived there for 5 years.
Él vivió allí por cinco años.
The preterite is also used for actions that are part of a chain of events.
I bought a hat, sat down on a bench and fell asleep.
Compré un sombrero, me senté en un banco y me dormí.The preterite is also used for sudden changes of mood, feelings or opinions.
At that moment, I was not afraid.En ese momento, no tuve miedo.
The preterite is frequently associated with phrases that pinpoint a particular occasion or specific time frame.
ayeryesterday
ayer por la mañanayesterday morning
ayer por la tardeyesterday afternoon
anteayerthe day before yesterday
anochelast nightdesde el primer momentofrom the first moment
despuésafterwards
durante dos siglosfor two centuries
el año pasado last year
el lunes por la nocheMonday night
el mes pasadolast month
el otro díathe other day
en ese momento at that moment
entoncesthen
esta mañanathis morning
esta tardethis afternoon
hace dos días, añostwo days, years ago
la semana pasadalast week
If the action is in the past, and you can determine precisely when it occurred, or how many times it occurred, then you will use the preterite.
Regular forms of the preterite are formed by adding the following endings to the stem of the verb:
-ar verbs example: hablar
éasteóamos
habléhablastehablóhablamos
asteisaron
hablasteishablaron
-er verbs, -ir verbs examples: comer, vivir
íisteióimosisteisieron
comícomistecomiócomimoscomisteiscomieron
vivívivistevivióvivimosvivisteisvivieron
There are a fair number of verbs with irregular conjugation forms in the Preterite.
These Irregular forms in the Preterite are said to have "radical" changes, that is, vowel and consonant changes in the root (or stem of the verb.)
Furthermore, these changes occur in all of the conjugations (including the nosotros form.) These Irregular preterite changes are NOT for orthographic (spelling) reasons (like the verbs ending in -Car, -Gar and -Zar) nor are the changes in vowels similar to regular stem-changing verbs which affect certain -Ir conjugations in the Preterite.
Verbs which have an Irregular Preterite form have their own conjugation - different from the established -Ar, -Er/-Ir Preterite conjugation pattern.
All Verbs with grossly irregular changes in the
Preterite follow this conjugation:
-Ar, -Er, -Ir Irregular Verbs
Yo -e
Tú -iste
Él, ella, usted
-o
Nosotros -imos
Ellos, ellas, ustedes
-ieron*
* Verbs with a "J" at the end of the stem drop the "i" and just use: -eron
Notice that none of these conjugation endings have accent marks!
Here are some common Irregular verbs in the Preterite:
Yo túél,
ella, usted
nosotros ellos, ellas, ustedes
Andaranduv
eanduvis
teanduv
oanduvimo
sanduvieron
Conducir*
conduje
condujiste
condujo
condujimos
condujeron
Decir* dije dijiste dijo dijimos dijeron
Estarestuv
eestuvist
eestuv
oestuvimos estuvieron
Hacer hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicieron
Poner puse pusiste puso pusimos pusieron
Poder pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudieron
Querer quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisieron
Saber supe supiste supo supimos supieron
Tener tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvieron
Traer* traje trajiste trajo trajimos trajeron
Venir vine viniste vino vinimos vinieron
Hacer in the third person singular changes out the "c" for a "z" to reflect the correct pronunciation.Irregulars which use a "J" in the Preterite only add "-eron" (NOT "-ieron") to the third-person plural
Other verbs which are irregular in the Preterite
Dar di diste dio dimo dieron
s
Dar is often humorously referred to as the "cross-dressing" verb, because in the PreteriteDar takes on the -Er/-Ir preterite verb endings rather than -Ar verb endings.
Ver vi viste viovimo
svieron
Verbs with only 2 or 3 letters, such as Dar, Ser, Ir and Ver, also do not wear accent marks in the Preterite.Remember that Spanish only uses accent marks when required for pronunciation or differentiation.
Ir & Ser fui fuiste fuefuim
osfueron
Notice that Ir and Ser share the same forms in the Preterite. This is not as confusing as it may appear. Since Ser refers to existence and identification, it is nearly impossible to use this in the Preterite which handles only completed actions. This preterite conjugation form will nearly always be Ir (an action verb) rather than Ser (a descriptive verb) which is usually conjugated in the Imperfect Past tense.Also the context of a sentence or a conversation will let you know which is being used. For example:
Fui al supermercado clearly means "I went to the supermarket," not *"I was to the supermarket."
While there are more irregulars in the Preterite past tense than in any other tense, the good news is that Spanish makes up for it with a 99.99% regular Imperfect past tense!
Fin
