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English Worldwide – A look at varieties of English and the impacts on ELT
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Stephan Hughes – M.A. in Linguistics, Specialist in Distance
Education and E-moderation.
Aims
• Talk about the spread of English (from Kachru's 3 circles to today)
• Examine the (symbiotic) relationship between British and American English
• Explore the rise (in larger or minor scale) of other varieties e.g. Australian, Canadian, Indian, South African, Caribbean
• Study the case for Global English or ELF as a teaching resource
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
What is/are World English(es)?
• According to Bolton (2006):– tterm that refers to the differing approaches
to describe and analyze English worldwide– The “new Englishes” from the Caribbean, West
and East African societies to Asian Englishes
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
• The British Empire up to the Victorian era• The rise of the US as superpower• The advent of radio, film and TV• The birth of the computer and the Internet• The social media boom and the generation Connect
craze• The status of English as language for business,
politics, global issues of all kinds
Different spreading phases
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
The spread of English conceived in 3 concentric circles. At the core is the Norn-providing group, the Norm-developing group forns the middle layer and the norn-dependent the outer crust. This representation, however, fails to depict the fluidity betwwen these so-called layers.
• Norm-providing: USA, UK• Norm-developing: India,
Nigeria• Norm-dependent: Brazil,
China
The 3 groups of English speakers (Kachru, 1992)
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
With the Outer Circle continually expanding,
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
The vast majority of ESL and EFL teachers are non-native speakers.
This leads us to the perennial debateThis leads us to the perennial debate
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Who is a native speaker?And is that important?
Who is a native speaker?And is that important?
What can a NNEST do better? What can a NEST do better?
Canagarajah (2006) argues
• The circles are leaking– Reasons:
– Human migration– Technology (ICTs)
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
The Americanization of British English
The Britishisation of American English
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Americanisms the Brits don't like
• Where you at?• Take-out food• Bi-weekly• Alphabetize• They’ve got issues
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
See the article “Americanisms: 50 of your most noted examples”, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19670686
Britishisms that amuse Americans
• Go missing• Chat somebody up• Sell-by date• Spot on!
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
See the article “Britishisms and the Britishisation of American English”, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19670686
Conclusion: The two varieties mutually affect each other.
Does that mean the intralingual differences no longer exist?
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
What about the differences in other Englishes?
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Which English should be taught in language classrooms?
• Watch the videos to find out:– http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=0XT04EO5RSU– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hd6rjsxs5U– http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=dxbDwmclUcM
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
One thing must be pointed out
• Despite the phonological, lexical and (to a lesser extent) syntactic differences, speakers of each variety have little or no difficulty understanding each other.
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
For Kandiah (1998a), the reasons for varieties are twofold:
• Development of language in ‘new and unfamiliar contexts’
– Contexts marked by different ecological, cultural, linguistic, social, etc. characteristics.
Is it always easy for English speakers of different varieties to understand each other?
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Simon. G'day Peto.
Simo you too. G'day
Les. Good morning gentlemen good morning gentlemen I find you both well. You are very well.
Yes I'm yih absolutely dynamic. Chipper is the phrase I believe.
Is that right. I I'm the best I've been for ages. Hey good good. Grr. Oh he is too hubba hubba wing ding that carpenter's got everything.
Pete how are . Who was that singer recently that kept singing. Oh Chubby Checker.
No no the the woman singer with the the uh the vamp y'know that that the sh not I forget her name.
Canadian English
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Indian English Classic 19th-century literatureEuropean words that have been Indianized
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Caribbean Creole English
Morphology, phonology and syntax from West African languages
Varies from country to
country
Varies from country to
country
Lexcion from Indian languages – Hindi, Urdu, Persian (Trinidad and Guyana)
Lexicon from British English
Examples of CCE (phonological –lexical-syntactic)
• He rich• She tell meh everyting• I wash de clothes yesterday• Students does go on like that• He does go to church every week• My fadder workin 2 job• We limin tomorrow?
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
CCE along a continuum (Gibson, 1986)
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Standard English
AcrolectAcrolect
Mesolect
BasilectBasilect
Trinidad English
• We get the redeye, not the pinkeye.• Overweight people have big skin, not big
bones.• When friends meet, they say wha’ going on,
not wassup?
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Overlap (Clachar, 2006; Le Page, 1985; Nero, 2000)
Overlap (Clachar, 2006; Le Page, 1985; Nero, 2000)
Caribbean Creole English
Caribbean Creole English
South African English
In both varieties
• Hand refers to the arm• Foot refers to the leg• A next one means another one• Object pronouns generally replace subject
pronouns
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Why are two billion people learning English?
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxbDwmclUcM
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Global English
The pros and cons of internationalizing the language
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
In the words of Canagarajah (2006)
• There is no such thing as a universal English Language, nor a World Standard English (WSE)
• People construct English according to the communicative purpose and context
• Functionality and pragmatics dictate communication in English today.
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Global English – implications
• Need for a global language in a globalized world• Decadence of other languages (cultural genocide)• Practicality of learning English• Reduction of problems in translation (gain on one
end, loss on the other)
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
What is Global English?
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
English as a Lingua Franca
• The manager don’t like when people arrive late• The company who has grown steadily over the past
years now faces its biggest challenge to date.• They have a respect for all of us• The knowledges we gain from learning another
language is undeniable
English as a Lingua Franca
• Can you take a look at this files?• There are some points of the contract we need to
put more attention to.• You’ve met the new CEO, isn’t it?• Could you please ask him to phone to me as soon as
he gets in? We need to discuss about the new project.
Global English seems to present forms generally considered incorrect
These changes or imperfections are not limited to only one aspect of language.
Bibliography
• BOLTON, K. Current perspectives on teaching world Englishes and English as a Lingua Franca. TESOL Quarterly. (2006)
• CANAGARAJAH, S. Negotiating the Local in English as a Lingua Franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 197-218, CUP. (2006)
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Bibliography
• CLACHAR, Arlene. Re-examining ELL Programs in Public Schools: A Focus on Creole-English Children’s Clause – Structuring Strategies in Written Academic Discourse. Forum on Public Policy: A Journal of the Oxford Round Table (Fall, 2006). 1-38.
• GIBSON, Kean. The Ordering of Auxiliary Notions in Guyanese Creole. Linguistic Society of America. (September 1986) 571-586.
• KACHRU, B. The Alchemy of English: the spread, functions and models of non-native Englishes. University of Illinois Press. (1990)
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
Bibliography
• KANDIAH, T. Why New Englishes. In: English in New Cultural Contexts: Reflections from Singapore, J. Foley, T. Kandiah, B. Zhiming, A. Gupta, L. Algasoff, C.L. Ho, L. Wee, L.S. Talib, W. Bokhorst-Heng (eds), 1-40. OUP. 1998ª.
• LE PAGE, R.B. & TABOURET-KELLER, Andree. Acts of Identity. Cambridge , Great Britain; CUP, 1985, Print.
• NERO, Shondel J. The Changing Faces of English: A Caribbean Perspective. TESOL Quarterly. Vol. 34, No.3 (Autumn, 2000) 483-510.
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes
For more on World Englishes
• Varieties of English around the world: http://www.benjamins.com/cgi-bin/t_seriesview.cgi?series=veaw
• World Englishes: http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-WENG.html
Stephan Arthur Solomon Hughes