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(Adapted from: Philip Dirige, LU, 2015)

Eugene Ben-Awuah, PhDBharti School of Engineering

Laurentian University

Office: F211Tel: 705-675-1151 ext. 2195

Email: ebenawuah@laurentian.ca

Occupational Health EngineeringENGR 3126

Lecture 01c Introduction

Occupational Health Engineering

Cross-Disciplinary Area Concerned with Protecting the Health and Welfare of People Engaged in Work

International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1950 and Subsequently in 1995:

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Occupational Health (OH)

Thestateofcompletephysical,mentalandsocialwellbeingandnotmerelytheabsenceofdiseaseandinfirmity(1946WorldHealthOrganization(WHO)).Thepromotionandmaintenanceofthehighestdegreeofphysical,mentalandsocialwellbeingofworkersinalloccupationsbypreventingdeparturesfromhealth,controllingrisksandtheadaptationofworktopeople,andpeopletotheirjobs(1950InternationalLabour Organization(ILO)/WHO). healthandsafetyisrelatedonlytophysicalconditionsand

risksintheworkplaceandsocouldnotbeconcernedwiththelengthofaworkingday.

Occupational Health (OH)In1998,theOccupationalHealthAdvisoryCommittee(OHAC),whichispartoftheHealthandSafetyExecutive(HSE)producedareportthatdescribedOHas: Theworkeffectonhealth,whetherthroughsuddeninjuryor

longtermexposuretoagentswithlatenteffectsonhealth,andthepreventionofoccupationaldiseasethroughtechniqueswhichincludehealthsurveillance,ergonomicsandeffectivehumanresourcemanagementsystems.

Goodoccupationalhealthpracticeshouldaddressthefitnessofthetaskfortheworker,notthefitnessoftheworkerforthetaskalone. Rehabilitationandrecoveryprograms. Helpingthedisabledtosecureandretainwork. Managingworkrelatedaspectsofillnessandhelpingworkers

tomakeinformedchoicesregardinglifestyleissues.

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Occupational Health Engineering

OccupationalHealthshouldaimat: Thepromotionandmaintenanceofthehighestdegreeof

physical,mental,andsocialwellbeingofworkersinalloccupations;

Thepreventionamongstworkersfromdeparturesfromhealthcausedbytheirworkingconditions;

Theprotectionofworkersintheiremploymentfromrisksresultingfromfactorsadversetohealth;

Theplacementandmaintenanceoftheworkerinanoccupationalenvironmentadaptedtohisphysiologicalandpsychologicalcapabilities;and,

Summarizingtheadaptationofworktomanandeachmantohisjob.

In Canada

Workers Covered by Federal or Provincial LabourCodesFederal Legislation (Canada Labour Code)

Mining, Transportation, and Federal Workers

All Others Are Covered by Provincial LegislationIn 1978, the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (www.ccohs.ca) was Created by Parliament

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Ontario Mining Industry

35

31

19 18

14

9

42

0

6

14

1 00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

SlipsandFallsofPerson

Unconsciousness/MedicalCondition

PowerHaulage/Transp.offsite

FallsofGround Falling,RollingorSlidingRockor

Material

Machinery HandlingMaterialManually

Num

bero

fRep

ortedIn

jurie

sFatal and Critical Injuries 2006 - July 2011

CriticalinjuriesFatalinjuries

Sources: Ontario Ministry of Labour, MIS, 2006- July 31, 2011.Workplace Safety North, Mining Group Fatality Database, as of July 31, 2011.

Top 7 incident categories

Traumatic Fatal Injury Rates per 100,000 FTE Workers by Industrial Sector

Industrial Sector 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2006 to 2010

Construction 11.4 6.8 4.6 8.6 8.3 7.9Education 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.1Electrical 2.5 9.4 5.7 3.4 3.2 4.8Farm Safety 12.3 12.2 5.9 7.9 5.8 8.8Forestry 17.7 0.0 25.2 0.0 21.8 12.9Health Care 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4Industrial 1.0 1.4 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.9Mining 17.9 20.5 9.3 5.7 0.0 10.6Municipal 3.0 5.7 5.5 0.0 2.5 3.3Pulp & Paper 1.4 1.4 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.9Services 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5Transportation 8.0 9.6 9.3 7.9 7.0 8.4Total 2.0 2.2 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.8

Source: WSIB EIW, as of August 31, 2011.

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Ontario Mining, Steel, Other Smelting & Refining Industries

WSIB Allowed Lost-time Injuries 2006 to 2010

CSA Incident Type # claims %Contact with objects and equipment 640 25.2%Falls 329 12.9%Bodily reaction and exertion 1,128 44.4%Exposures to harmful substances or environments 229 9.0%Transportation incidents 127 5.0%Fires and explosions 23 0.9%Other events or exposures/NA 67 2.6%Total 2,543 100.0%Source: WSIB EIW, as of August 31, 2011.

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International Mining and Quarrying Industry

2007 Fatal Injury Rates

26.8

4.7

27.0

11.0

5.1

14.4 12.8

70.6

25.0

7.8

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

Argentia Australia Canada India Italy Norway Poland Sweden Turkey USA

Fatalin

jurie

sper

100,00

0workers

Source: International Labour Organization Statistics, 2011

12

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Mining and Mining and Occupational Occupational HealthHealth::The Beginnings The Beginnings Ancient TimesAncient Times

The history of occupational healthcan be traced into antiquity. Observations of increased rates of illnesses and mortality among miners date back to Greek and Roman times. In the 4th century BC, Hippocrates noted lead toxicity in the mining industry. In the second century AD, the Greek physician, Galen, recognized the hazardous exposures of copper miners to acid mists.

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Occupational Occupational HealthHealth::George George BauerBauer

15561556Georg Bauer (Agricola) publishes De re metallica (On the Nature of Metals), a discussion of the methods of mining, and the dangers and diseases of miners. The book included suggestions for mine ventilation and worker protection, discussed mining accidents, and described diseases associated with mining occupations such as silicosis.

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HISTORYOFWORKPLACEHEALTH&SAFETYLEGISLATIONANDINITIATIVESINONTARIO

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Occupational Health:Ramazzini and Ellenborg

1700Bernardini Ramazzini publishes

first edition of Diseases of Workers

1743Ulrich Ellenborg publishes a

pamphlet on occupational diseases and injuries among

gold miners

Top10ReasonsWhyYouNeedtoKnowHowtoManageOccupationalHealthandSafety

1. Itismandatedbylaw2. IgnoranceofOH&Sregulationsandmanagementcanbothhurtyou

andkillyou3. ItmakesgoodbusinesssensetomanageworkersinOH&S

effectively4. Asamanageryoumustmaintaincertainrightsandresponsibilities5. Itisajobrequirementformanagers6. Avoidanceoflitigation/lawsuits7. Itisconnectedtoallhumanresourcesaspectsoftheworkplace

(recruitment/retention/internalresponsibility/productivity/employeeengagement)

8. Toprotectacompanysreputation9. Tohelpavoidindustrialrelationsdisputes/grievances/work

stoppages10. Youaremorallyobligatedtoprotectyourworkers

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WhyOccupationalHealthandSafetyisnecessary:

Canada 1100workrelatedfatalities 1millionworkplaceinjuries $6.7billionindirectcosts $40billionestimatedtotalcosts(directandindirect)

Ontario 230workrelatedfatalities 355,000workplaceinjuries $2.9billionindirectcosts $17billionestimatedtotalcosts(directandindirect)

Source: 2007HumanResourcesandSocialDevelopmentCanadaReport(HistoricalSummaryofOccupationalAccidents&TheirCostsinCanada19962005)

GeneralOverviewofOccupationalHealthandSafetyManagementinCanada

FEDERAL(CanadaLabour Code)

InterprovincialTrucking

Railways

Airports&Airlines

BankingInstitutions

RadioandTelevision

Telecommunications

FederalPublicService(10%oftotal workplaces)

PROVINCIAL/TERRITORIAL(OHSA)

Construction

Industrial

Mining

Allothernonfederalsectors(90%oftotalworkplaces)

14TotalJurisdictionsforOH&SinCanada:

10Provinces3Territories1Federal

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3ComponentsofWorkplaceSafetyManagement

Systems

RegulatorySystems

TechnicalSystems

TheinternalresponsibilitysystemoutlinedintheOccupationalHealthandSafetyActestablishesclearrolesandaccountabilityforworkplacepartieswithdirectandcontributoryresponsibilityforhealthandsafety.

InternalResponsibilitySystem

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CONTRIBUTORYRESPONSIBILITY

INTERNAL

DIRECTRESPONSIBILITY

CONTRIBUTORYRESPONSIBILITY

EXTERNAL

JOINTHEALTH&SAFETYCOMMITTEES

SAFETYDEPARTMENTS

ENGINEERINGDEPARTMENTS

PURCHASINGDEPARTMENTS WORKER

SUPERVISOR

MANAGER

PRESIDENT UNIONS

SAFETYASSOCIATIONS

SUPPLIERS

WSIB

MinistryofLabour

InternalResponsibilitySystem

EMPLOYER SUPERVISOR WORKER

CreateandpostaworkplaceHealthandSafetyPolicy

Makesurethatworkersobey alllawsandregulations

Obeythelaw

Providenecessarytrainingforworkers/supervisors

Provideinstructionandensurethatworkersfollowallrules

Worksafelyanddontfoolaround.Followinstructionsgivenduringtraining

Providesafeequipmentandprotectivedevices

EnsurethatworkerswearandusePPEeffectively

Useandwearanyrequiredsafetyequipment

Providecompetentsupervision

Makesurethatworkersworksafelyatalltimes

Usemachinesandequipmentsafely

Informworkersandsupervisorsaboutworkplace hazards

Informworkersaboutallhazardsassociatedwiththeirjobs

Reportworkhazardstothesupervisor

ResponsibilitiesUndertheOccupationalHealthandSafetyAct(WorkSmart Campus,Module#2(SafetyRules)(p.22)) (www.worksmartcampus.ca)

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WORKERSRIGHTSUNDEROCCUPATIONALHEALTH&SAFETYLEGISLATION

Therighttoknow(jobtraining,safetytraining)Therighttoparticipate(WorkerHealthandSafetyRepresentatives,)Therighttorefusetopartakeindangerouswork

Therighttorefusetopartakeindangerousworkrequiresknowledgeofprimaryhealthandsafetyissuesforvariousworksectors:

1. Forestry2. HealthCare..3. Police/Fire/Security.4. PublicInstitutions5. Automotive..6. Education.7. Service/Retail..8. Manufacturing9. Construction10. Mining11. Petrochemical.

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Weneedtounderstandbasichumansystems

andhowsomehazardoussubstancespresentinworkingenvironmentsmayaffectthem.

Depression of System Brain Poisoning

Oxygen Depravation to

Brain

Nerve Function Disorders

Acetates Carbon Disulphide Asphyxiating Gases (CO2)

Organo-Phosphate Pesticides

Alcohols Hydrogen Cyanide CO Heavy Metals

Bromated Chemicals Hydrogen Sulphide Aresenic

Chlorinated Chemicals

Stibine Hg

Ethers Pb

Ketones Mn

TheBrainisPartoftheCentralNervousSystem

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Thehazardsaremanyandvaried

andknowledgeofprovenwaysinwhichengineeringcanmitigatetherisksneedstobegained

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Theacceptableexposurelevelstosuchhazardsmustbeunderstood

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)

TLV-TWA, TLV-STEL, TLV-CUpdated Annually by the ACGIH and Should Only be

Considered RecommendationsIncludes Chemical and Physical AgentsChemical Agents

Dust or GasPhysical Agents

Heat, Noise, and Radiation

Threshold Limit Values (TLVs):

theconceptsandterminologyofriskmanagementmustbecomprehended

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andhazardandriskmanagementsystemsshouldbevalued,toreduceriskofaccidentsandchronichealthissuesforworkers.

ENGR 3126EL Occupational Health Engineering